How to properly lay sewer lines. How to lay a sewer system in a private house with your own hands. Underground pipeline installation on the street

Regardless of whether it is connected a private house to a central or autonomous sewer system, a wastewater disposal system on the street must be equipped independently. Before you begin this work, you need to develop an installation scheme that allows you to get by with the minimum size of the pipeline and sewer network connections.

This will reduce the cost of purchasing material and increase the efficiency of the wastewater disposal system. Particular attention should be paid to the depth of pipe laying, the angle of their inclination and the reliability of flange connections, since the performance of the sewage system depends on these parameters.

Connecting a private house to the sewer system

Circumstances and layout of external sewerage

The external part of the sewer system in a private house connects the outlet of the internal drain with a pipeline network to a waste storage tank located on the site, or to the central sewer system. Read about the internal wiring in the house in the article. Laying outer sewer pipes carried out according to a pre-developed scheme, taking into account the following circumstances:

terrain features;
weather;
remoteness of wells and reservoirs;
the total volume of wastewater, depending on the number of people permanently residing in the house;
the depth of soil freezing and its composition;
access paths for a vacuum truck, if necessary.

In the layout of the external sewerage system, it is imperative to provide for its ventilation, since otherwise, over time, unpleasant odors will penetrate into the living quarters. Read about the rules for sewer ventilation in the article. Ventilation is arranged using a vent pipe, which can be placed on the lid of the septic tank or on a section of the pipeline running from the house to the wastewater storage tank.

Scheme of arrangement of autonomous external sewage system

The septic tank is installed at the lowest point of the geological terrain of the site. This arrangement allows for the most optimal installation of external sewerage. It should be laid in a straight line to the location of the outlet pipe of the internal wastewater disposal system.

Choosing a drain location

When choosing the location of the drain, you should first of all make sure that the unpleasant odor does not penetrate into the living quarters. As a result, it should be located no closer than five meters from the house. The optimal distance would be ten meters; it is also not worth placing the septic tank too far away, since this significantly increases the cost of laying the pipeline network. The external sewage system should not be connected to the house at a right angle. In addition, the following must be taken into account:

water sources should be located no closer than thirty meters;
a septic tank cannot be installed on the border of a neighboring plot;
for ease of pumping out sewage, it is better to locate the drain close to the road;
Particularly careful sealing of the storage tank is necessary when soil water is close to each other;
The laying of the pipeline network is facilitated by the natural slope of the area.

Rules for placing a septic tank on the site

The cesspool for sewage has been used since ancient times. Previously, no effort was wasted on sealing its walls, and when the hole was filled, they covered it with earth and dug a new one. Now the walls are laid out of brick, concrete rings and other building materials.

Liquid fractions of waste seep through the soil at the bottom, filtering, solid components gradually fill the mine, and after some time they need to be pumped out.

It is advisable to install a cesspool if the volume of wastewater in a private house does not exceed one cubic meter per day. If this norm is exceeded, environmental pollution will occur.

Instead of a cesspool, you can equip a sealed container to accumulate wastewater. In this case, the bottom and walls of the shaft are thoroughly waterproofed. This prevents the possibility of soil and drinking water contamination. The disadvantage of this system is the need for frequent cleaning, since the sealed container fills up quite quickly.

Deciding on the type of treatment plant

Sewage treatment plants for a private home are equipped in the form of a simple cesspool without a bottom or a sealed container for wastewater. A single-chamber septic tank with soil treatment or a two-chamber septic tank with a filter well can improve wastewater filtration. It is possible to build three chambers with a filtration field, as well as using a biofilter and an air supply system.

Septic tank with filtration from tires

A single-chamber septic tank is essentially a cesspool with a drainage layer. Crushed stone or gravel mixed with sand is poured into the bottom of the well. Passing through the filter layer, liquid waste fractions are purified before entering the soil. After some time, the drainage layer needs to be replaced, as silt deposits are deposited on it. A single-chamber septic tank is suitable for a private house with a small volume of wastewater.

A two-chamber septic tank consists of a storage tank and a filter well, which are connected by an overflow pipe. In the settling tank, the feces are partially clarified and then fall into a shaft with a drainage layer at the bottom. They seep into the soil already sufficiently purified.

A two-chamber septic tank is a popular sewerage option for a private home, as it does not require large financial costs for its equipment and works efficiently.

Installing a septic tank with two or more chambers, as well as a filtration field, virtually eliminates the possibility of environmental pollution. After settling in the first container, the partially clarified wastewater flows through the overflow pipe into the next chamber with anaerobic bacteria that decompose organic residues. Read about how to make a septic tank with your own hands from scrap materials in the article

Having consistently passed through all sections, the wastewater enters the filtration field, which is an underground area of about thirty square meters, where final soil purification occurs. If there is free space on the site, this method of arranging a sewer system is optimal.

Diagram of a septic tank with a biofilter

A septic tank with a biofilter is a deep sewage treatment station. According to the principle of operation, it is similar to a treatment system with a filtration field, only in this case it is replaced by a water separator and anaerobic bacteria introduced at the outlet of the overflow pipe into the fourth section, which purify the wastewater by approximately ninety-five percent. This water can be used for technical needs.

It is irrational to install deep cleaning stations in private houses with periodic residence, since if a sewer system of a similar design is not used constantly, the bacteria that decompose organic residues die. In addition, they are quite expensive.

Laying depth of sewer pipes

The depth of soil freezing is a fundamental factor when burying sewer pipes into the ground. They need to be laid below the freezing point, otherwise they will freeze in winter, and it will be impossible to use the sewer until the spring thaw. The appearance of even small ice build-ups on the internal surfaces of pipelines leads to a decrease in their permeability and the formation of blockages.

Map of standard freezing depths

In the southern regions, the depth of laying sewer pipes is fifty centimeters or more, in the central regions - seventy centimeters or more. You need to know exactly the depth of soil freezing in your region so as not to go deeper into the ground than necessary, since in this case the costs of doing the work will increase.

Organization of sewer pipe removal from the house

The organization of the removal of the sewer pipe from the house depends on the stage of readiness for operation of the building. If the house has just been built, the foundation may shrink, so it is necessary to drill a hole in it for the outlet of the sewer pipe with a noticeably larger diameter than the cross-section of the pipe itself.

Options for drainage schemes from the house

If the house is just being built, the outlet pipe can be walled up during the process of laying the foundation. The foundation of a house built several years ago will no longer settle, so the diameter of the hole drilled for the outlet pipe does not need to be increased. Plumbing fixtures should be located at a short distance from the common drain, since in this case it is easier to connect them to the common outlet. If the house has two or more floors, the bathrooms should be placed one above the other, and in this case you can get by with one riser.

Do-it-yourself installation of external sewerage in a private house

The external sewerage system consists of a cleaning tank and a pipeline system connecting the septic tank to the house. Before performing installation work, a diagram of the external sewerage system is drawn on the site plan.

Practical options for removing sewerage from the house

Then special pipes with a diameter of at least 100 mm are selected, intended for outdoor use. They are usually orange in color. A trench is dug to lay the pipeline. Its depth is selected depending on the climatic characteristics of the area, the composition and characteristics of the soil, as well as other factors. If necessary, the pipeline network is insulated.

The most labor-intensive part of the work when installing a sewer system with your own hands in a private house is digging a pit for a cesspool or septic tank. The optimal distance at which the septic tank is removed from the house is about ten meters.

The volume of the storage tank directly depends on the number of people permanently residing in the house and the frequency of their use of plumbing fixtures.

It is best to connect the storage tank to the outlet of the internal sewer drain in a straight line; bends and turns of the pipeline system increase the likelihood of clogging. For ease of cleaning, a long line in places where the direction changes should be equipped with inspection hatches.
This is what a properly equipped outdoor sewer system looks like

Wastewater moves through the pipeline system by gravity, under the influence of gravitational forces, so the correct angle of inclination must be maintained. If it is too small, large pieces of waste will be retained and the drain will become clogged.

If the slope is too great, solid fractions will be thrown towards the walls of the pipe, and again it will become clogged. You will find information about the correct slope of the sewer in the article

The required angle is maintained and controlled by the building level when digging a trench; its depth increases as it approaches the storage tank or central sewer. A shock-absorbing cushion is placed at the bottom of the ditch, which is a filling of sand, and pipes are laid directly on it. If it is necessary to change the slope angle of the pipes, sand is poured in the right place.

An important operational parameter of the sewer system is the depth of the pipeline network. It must be below the freezing point of the soil in a given region. Otherwise, in winter, frozen wastewater can rupture the pipeline network and damage the sewer system. For repair work We'll have to wait for the spring thaw.

How to properly insulate a pipe

To prevent emergency situations during the cold season, it is better to insulate the sewer system. Many have good thermal insulation properties. modern materials, for example polyurethane foam, fiberglass or mineral wool. You can properly insulate a pipe by simply wrapping it with insulation and placing it in a shell made of a mixture of asbestos and cement.

Options for insulating external sewerage

You can also attach plastic film over the thermal insulation. In cold northern regions, to protect sewer pipes from freezing, the insulating layer is additionally equipped with an electric heating system. In any case, the pipeline network must be laid below the level of soil freezing depth, especially if snowdrifts that melt in the spring form on the surface. An interesting experience in laying external sewer pipes can be gleaned from the following video.

Elements of the external sewerage system are subject to significant pressure from the soil layer, moisture and frost, so the installation of sewerage must be done according to all the rules. If you are going to lay the sewer yourself, you need to carefully select Construction Materials and take into account the features of installing the system in the ground.

Before laying a sewer system, it is necessary to choose the right pipes. The materials used for the installation of internal and external sewage systems are different. The yard (external) sewer pipeline combines discharges from a house or group of houses. It carries wastewater into the external sewerage network if available. centralized system. A septic tank is being built for sewerage in a private house. Until recently, the industry produced pipes for external sewerage:

cast iron;
steel;
asbestos-cement;
ceramic.

Today, the leading place in the building materials market is occupied by pipes for external installation made of plastic due to their availability, lightness and ease of installation. To understand which pipes are best to use for external sewerage on your site, let’s take a look at their advantages and disadvantages:

Polyethylene is durable, flexible, which reduces the number of joints during installation, and impact-resistant.
Polypropylene is tougher than polyethylene and can withstand high temperature and pressure, therefore they are often used when installing pipelines hot water and heating. Manufacturers guarantee 50 years of service if used correctly.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes of medium hardness are laid to a depth of 2 to 6 m. The maximum temperature of the wastewater should not exceed 40ºC. PVC pipe can crack even with a slight impact.

Plastic pipes are smooth inside, so they do not accumulate deposits and are resistant to any aggressive substances found in household wastewater and soil. For external sewerage in a private house, you can use pipes with a diameter of 110 mm. Larger diameter pipes are used to drain wastewater from high-rise buildings or industrial facilities. Please note that the sewer pipe for external installation is marked every 50-100 cm. It indicates the outer diameter, length, name of the material, manufacturer and permissible pressure.

To install external sewerage from plastic pipes, select the necessary shaped parts:

couplings;
knee;
plugs and more.

Required Tools

Strict requirements are imposed on the relative position of water supply and sewer pipes, since sewerage can become a source of contamination of drinking water.

It is prohibited to lay water pipes in the same trench together with sewerage.
If the installation involves the intersection of a water pipe and a sewer, then it must pass at a right angle. The water supply pipeline must pass at least 40 cm above the sewer line.
The distance between the sewer and water pipes entering the house must be at least 1.5 m.
It is forbidden to discharge wastewater in places where drinking water is collected.

After the sewer pipes are installed, it is necessary to check the correctness of the chosen slope and the tightness of the system. To do this, a small amount of water is poured into the sewer system and an inspection is carried out. Identified deficiencies are eliminated. The laying of sewer pipes in the ground ends with their introduction into the septic tank. After this, the ditch is filled up.

As a rule, the laid pipeline is covered with previously selected soil, while removing stones and crushing dense blocks. The best option- This is to fill the trench with sand. Compaction of the filled soil above the pipe begins after its layer is 30 cm thick. A trench with a mound is filled in, and over time it will settle.

Laying sewer pipes in a private house can be done independently. Before performing work, a novice craftsman must familiarize himself with the requirements of construction and sanitary standards, as well as have skills in working with metalwork tools. To build an external sewer in the ground, the following tools are needed:

angle grinder;
hacksaw for metal;
file;
roulette;
level;
shovel;

How to determine the slope of a pipe in a trench

To determine how to properly lay a sewer system, you need to draw up a project that takes into account:

soil freezing depth;
the depth of the sewer pipe entrance into the septic tank or common pipe;
number of turns;
closeness groundwater.

Proper laying of sewer pipes in a trench requires maintaining the slope. The slope of each linear meter of pipe with a diameter of 110 mm must be at least 2 cm towards the drain. With a lower slope, water will flow into the general sewer slowly, without a self-cleaning effect. Since when draining wastewater from a house, its temperature is 15-20ºC, it is enough to deepen the exit from the building by 50 cm. If it is not possible to lay the pipe at such a depth, it must be well insulated. The pipeline is not buried if groundwater is close to the groundwater; in this case, it is insulated along its entire length. The following materials can be used for underground sewerage:

foamed polyethylene;
Styrofoam;
expanded clay

The trench for pipes should have a minimum number of turns, optimally straight. If there are bends in the trench and the system length is more than 12 m, inspection wells are installed to eliminate blockages and breakdowns. The laying of external sewerage at the first stage involves excavation work. For pipes with a diameter of 110 mm, dig a trench 60 cm wide and 10-15 cm deep below the one designed to create a shock-absorbing cushion.

The bottom of the trench is well leveled and compacted. Pour sand or fine gravel onto the bottom. As a rule, the assembly of the sewer pipeline is carried out outside the trench due to the inconvenience of working in it. Then the pipes are carefully lowered into the trench and laid on a sand bed according to the calculated slope. The slope angle is measured and sand is added if necessary. You should not make the slope very large; the water should not flow in a seething stream. Sewer pipes must be laid in the trench without sagging, under the guide cord.

Installation of pipeline in the ground

The technology involves laying a sewer pipe in the ground with a socket against the flow of wastewater, that is, away from the house. It is prohibited to shorten the pipe socket and fittings. Before laying the pipe you must:

clear internal cavity from possible contamination;
check the presence of o-rings;
prepare the necessary bends to change the direction of the pipe, if necessary.

Perhaps there is a bathhouse or other building on your site from which water needs to be drained. The pipe from this room will cut into the main system through bends. There are bends with elbow angles of 15, 30, 45 or 90º. At the junction, a round or square inspection well is made. Its walls are usually lined with baked bricks. It is enough if the inspection well is 70-80 cm wide. An inspection is installed at the pipe connection or turning point. To prevent groundwater and precipitation from entering the well, a clay castle is placed at the bottom of the well and around it. To connect pipes and fittings, it is recommended to use:

technical petroleum jelly;
silicone lubricants;
liquid soap.

These products promote tightness and simplify assembly. The assembly technology is simple: the smooth end of the pipe is lubricated along the length of the joint and inserted into the socket with a seal. During installation, preference is given to double-sided O-rings (with two protrusions).

Connecting pipes from different materials

In some cases, when installing a system, it becomes necessary to join pipes made of different materials. This could be a connection between an old cast iron riser and a plastic external sewer, or vice versa. In any case, cast iron and plastic will be combined. The connection is made using a rubber collar, which can be purchased at a plumbing store. The process technology is as follows:

The bell is cleaned of dirt, rust, paint and dried.
Plumbing silicone is applied to the inner surface of the socket so that it fills the existing recesses.
Silicone is applied to the outside of the cuff seal.
The cuff is inserted into the socket.
A plastic pipe is inserted into the cuff.

If the cast iron socket is damaged, it is cut with a grinder. The connection operations are almost identical, except that the cuff is put on the cast iron pipe. After these operations, it is necessary to allow the silicone to dry for 2 hours. Then they begin checking the system.

Treatment plants

In some cases, laying sewer pipes at the correct angle is not possible due to the terrain. Then a pump is installed and the sewage is removed forcibly. In addition, the problem of difficult terrain can be solved with the help of a modern deep biological treatment station (tanker), since it can be installed 2 m from the house. Aerobic bacteria process fecal matter, converting it into sludge, which is removed 1-2 times a year and used as fertilizer. Wastewater is 98% purified. The undeniable advantages of the tanker are:

the recycling process occurs tens of times faster than in a septic tank;
the purified liquid can be collected in a reservoir and used for watering plants;
the installation takes up little space and the soil underneath is not contaminated.

The disadvantage of the biological installation is that it high cost and the need to constantly monitor the living conditions of bacteria.

The location of the treatment plant is determined when planning the entire site. In addition to the sewage tank, the following disposal devices can be used in a private home:

Cesspool with filter bottom. The distance from the cesspool to the water intake must be at least 30 m. It is arranged so that the contents can be pumped out using sewage disposal equipment. This type of waste collection is suitable where people do not live permanently, for example, in dachas.
A cesspool without drainage is a sealed wastewater reservoir. The disadvantage of a sealed pit is that you will often have to turn to the services of sewer trucks.
A septic tank consists of 2-3 chambers connected to each other, each of which has a drainage pad so that the water goes into the ground. The cleaning ability of a septic tank is 60-70%. A septic tank is built 1 m above the depth of groundwater, at a distance of 25 m from the water intake and at least 5 m from the house to avoid soil erosion.

Depending on the number of people living in the house and the daily water consumption, each site owner chooses which local device is most suitable for him.

If the above conditions are met, the system will work effectively without causing harm environment. A properly designed and constructed sewer system will not bring you unnecessary worries and will be the key to your peace of mind.

Installing a sewer system in a private house with your own hands is a labor-intensive process that is not accessible to everyone. To carry out this difficult job, you will need sufficient skills, specialized equipment and professional assistance in drawing up the system design. Before installing a sewer system in a private house, you must first obtain sufficient theoretical training and consult with an experienced specialist.

Any city resident, in many cases without even thinking about it, uses the sewage system every day both at home and in in public places. In villages, there is usually no centralized sewerage system at all, which causes difficulties with the drainage and treatment of wastewater.

The sewerage system in a private house can be organized different ways. Firstly, special overflow settling tanks can be installed. Secondly, it can be created cesspool. The third way to install sewerage in a private house can be the installation of a septic tank or deep cleaning station.

Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and which one to choose is up to the owner of the house to decide.

The simplest system is usually installed in a home, in which all drainage points are located next to each other (in a one-story building) or above each other (in a multi-story building). Drainage points include showers, bathtubs, laundry rooms, kitchens, etc.

When designing an internal sewer system in a private house, you should consider not only the part in the building itself, but also the external part. First of all, you need to find out whether it is possible to connect the house to a centralized sewer system. In the event that the installation of a gravity line is complicated by the terrain or other conditions, it is possible to provide for the installation of a pressure sewer. Despite the fact that when installing such a private sewer system you will have to buy a pumping station, this option seems to be the least labor-intensive and convenient.

If there are no suitable networks nearby for connection, a local cleaning system should be installed. In this case, for the installation of sewerage in a private house, a system is designed that includes a wastewater treatment plant.

Rules for laying external sewerage in a private house

The location of the septic tank (septic tank or drainage pit), as well as the pipeline for laying external sewerage, must be thought out in advance, even before the foundation is built. This is due to the dependence of the progress of work on the installation of the outlet sewer pipe passing from the house through the foundation.

Thus, according to the rules for laying sewerage in a house, first of all, they determine the place where the sewer pipe will pass through the foundation. To do this, holes are made in the foundation, the diameter of which is slightly larger than the diameter of the sewer pipe used.

During the design of networks, a specification will be required indicating the number of pipes and fittings that will be used during construction. Before making a sewer system in a private house, you need to make sure that everything you need is available.

During pouring, you can place a water-filled foundation in the foundation. plastic bottle, wooden box or metal sleeve. When you need to move on to digging a trench for laying sewer pipes, you should remove this device from the foundation.

A pipe can be laid through the resulting hole. The free space remaining between the walls of the hole in the foundation and the pipe is filled with any filler specially designed for this purpose.

When organizing a sewer system in a house, you can use a standard scheme, which implies the presence of a riser and three mains, to which all plumbing equipment is connected.

The installation of external sewerage begins with excavation work, which is carried out manually or using special equipment. The latter option will significantly speed up the progress of work.

How to install a sewer system for a private home correctly so that it functions flawlessly throughout its entire permissible service life? When carrying out excavation work, the following requirements must be observed:

in the case of using a pipe with a diameter of 110 mm (a very common solution for private houses), the width of the trench should be 60 cm;
the depth of the trench must correspond to the value specified in the project. When digging a trench, it must be taken into account that its depth should be 5 cm greater than the planned pipe laying depth. This will allow you to pour a sand shock-absorbing cushion under the pipes;
The bottom of the trench intended for laying pipes should be leveled and compacted. There should be no areas of frozen soil, sharp stones or other solid inclusions. If, when compacting the bottom, it is necessary to remove stones, the places where they are located should be covered with soil and also compacted thoroughly.

A sand cushion for the external sewage system of a private house can be poured under the pipes in any soil. For this, sand and small gravel with a fraction size of up to 20 mm are used. There is no need to compact the cushion, the only exception being areas near inspection wells. In addition, pits must be made at the locations of the pipe sockets.

Once the trenches are ready, you can proceed to laying the external sewer pipes. Work begins with draining the sewer from the house.

At the next stage of sewerage installation in a private house, it is necessary to connect the sewerage outlet from the house with a pre-prepared cesspool. This will require plastic pipes, which are lightweight, easy to install and able to withstand heavy loads. During the joining process, plastic pipes are crimped with a rubber ring located in the socket. They are positioned by directing the socket against the slope of the trench.

To connect into a socket with a rubber seal, remove dirt from the outer surface of the smooth pipe and the inner surface of the socket, apply silicone grease to the smooth end of the pipe and the rubber seal and insert the smooth end of the pipe into the socket up to the mark. The pipes are connected manually and sequentially. When changing the direction of the pipeline, special bends are used. If the length of the external network exceeds 15 m, it is recommended to install an inspection at each turn of the pipeline.

When constructing a sewer system for a home, the use of cast iron or asbestos-cement pipes is allowed, although they are less convenient to install than plastic ones. Asbestos-cement pipes are connected using couplings.

To make a sewer system in a private house with your own hands, oiled tow is required to seal cast iron pipes. Finally, cement mortar is applied to the joint. The pipes of the external sewer network must be laid so that the required slope is maintained, otherwise there is a high probability of blockages.

In addition, as in the case of laying an internal pipeline, a number of conditions must be met. The bottom of the ditch should be untouched soil, and the pipes should be laid on a sand cushion, abundantly watered.

If provided for by the project, after laying the pipes, insulation of the external sewer system is carried out. When the insulation has already been put on all the pipes, a control measurement of the correct slope of the pipes is necessary.

Place a stone or brick under the pipe connections.

Cover the top of the pipe with a layer of sand so that it covers the pipes to a height of 10-15 cm, and pour it well with water. The sand must be compacted on the sides of the pipe, but under no circumstances should this be done above the pipe itself.

At the last stage, the trench should be filled with soil. At the same time, you need to fill it up in a heap, and not flush with the edges, as it will settle over time.

How to properly install internal sewerage in a private house: do-it-yourself installation

Internal sewage system is a system located inside buildings and structures and includes devices and pipelines that are used to collect inside the house and discharge used water and household waste into an external sewer system.

Plumbing fixtures include bathtubs, sinks, sinks, urinals, toilets, drains and shower trays, and the piping system includes sound insulation, ventilation risers, manifolds and connections, inspections for cleaning and shut-off valves at outlets.

How to lay internal sewerage for a private house correctly, taking into account everything necessary requirements? Installation of internal sewerage in a private house is carried out using plastic pipes and rubber sealing rings to seal socket-type connections. A ring is installed in the groove of the socket, after which the end of the pipe, which has a smooth surface, is placed into it. You can make the connection easier if you chamfer the smooth end of the pipe. Stop moving the pipe at the moment when the mark on the smooth surface of the pipe is at the level of the socket. If the parts connected to each other rotate easily, then the seal is positioned correctly. For the drainage device for a sink, bathtub or washbasin, a pipe with a clearance of 5 cm is used; the drainage and riser for the toilet bowl are made with an internal diameter of at least 10 cm.

After the internal sewerage system in a private house, laid with your own hands, has been prepared, they proceed to the final installation of the water supply system and the connection of plumbing equipment, having previously completed the thermal insulation of the hot water pipeline. Particular attention should be paid to window sill niches, the main riser and the expansion tank. Pipes in rooms and kitchens do not need thermal insulation. When installing internal sewerage in a private house, during installation of the bathtub, you should check whether there are rubber gaskets. It must be installed with a slope towards the hole. Sealing of the outlet, as well as the joint of the drain pipe, is carried out by sealing the gap of the ring, using a flax rope. Then the joint is closed with cement mortar or a mixture of cement and sand.

Installing plumbing in a private home requires a special approach. Connecting a sink or washbasin while simultaneously installing a modern plastic siphon on the outlet pipe is not difficult.

A metal siphon should be connected to a drainage pipe using an additional pipe having a diameter of 32-34 mm. During operation, you should pay special attention to whether the rubber O-rings are installed correctly (if the sink or basin is already attached to the brackets).

Depending on the placement, pipes are selected of different diameters: from the bathtub (or shower), swimming pool and toilet - 10 cm, from the washbasin - 5-6 cm, it is advisable to make the riser with a diameter of 11 cm. Internal sewerage consists mainly of pipes having a diameter of 10- 11 cm, although in large private houses where a complex sewer system is installed, their diameter can reach 15 cm.

The process of installing internal sewerage pipes comes down to connecting an S-shaped pipe or water seal with plumbing. If there is a significant difference in height between the inner and outer pipes, they are connected with elbows.

Pipes with a diameter of 5 cm are laid at a slope of 3 cm every meter, pipes with a diameter of 10 cm - at a slope of 2 cm every meter. The riser should extend 0.8-1 m higher than the roof. It is covered from above with a dome having a diameter 2 times larger than that of the pipe.

Rules for installing forced sewerage in a private house

Forced sewerage in a private house, or sololift, is a pump equipped with grinders. Typically, in private households, a place is allocated for laundry in the basement of the building, which in most cases is located below the entrance to the riser. In this case, you need to purchase a system consisting of a special wastewater tank and a built-in pump.

Installations of this type are compact, have an original design and can be placed in close proximity to a household unit. In addition, they produce virtually no noise, due to the carbon filter they do not allow unpleasant odors to escape and are easy to maintain.

You can connect to such a forced sewer system not only household appliances, but also a sink or shower. The undoubted advantage of this installation is ease of installation.

According to the rules for installing forced sewerage in a private house, the best option is considered to be such an arrangement of the pipeline in which its beginning has a strictly vertical position, and then it runs horizontally, with a slight slope.

Rules for installing sewerage in a private residential house according to SNiP

The rules for installing sewerage in a house, placing plumbing fixtures and sanitary standards are developed primarily for comfortable and safe use of the bathroom. The main ones should be listed.

In accordance with the current SNiP for sewerage installations in a private house, it is prohibited to place a bathroom above the kitchen or living rooms. The toilet should not be installed at a distance of more than 1 m, and other plumbing fixtures - more than 3 m from the riser. If this is not done, water from the siphons will be sucked into the air duct and it may break.

Plumbing fixtures and pipelines should not be attached directly to interior partitions and walls.

The current normative documents SNiP regulate the minimum dimensions of a bathroom.

If the bathroom is equipped with a bathtub and washbasin, washing machine can be installed provided that its minimum area is 3.3 m2. To install a toilet and washbasin, the toilet must have an area of at least 1.5 m2, and to install only a toilet - 1.2 m2.

The ceiling height in the bathroom must be at least 2.5 m, and on the approach to it the ceiling must be 2.1 m high.

If you plan to place a bathroom in the attic, the distance from the toilet to the inclined plane of the roof should be 1.05-1.1 m.

The current SNiP for sewerage systems in a residential building prohibits creating an exit from the bathroom to the kitchen or living room.

The door should lead to a corridor or hallway and open only outward.

If in a private house it is planned to place a bathroom in a room with a window, natural ventilation and lighting of the room will be provided automatically. In all other cases, according to SNiP, forced ventilation must be installed to help remove condensate that forms as a result of increased vaporization.

If the bathroom has a complex configuration, this may prevent the installation of a traditional shower tray. Then you can fix the shower panel to the wall.

When improving a private home, it is imperative to build a water supply and sewer system. Therefore, the laying of sewerage pipes must be carried out in compliance with certain rules. If errors are made during design or installation, the system will not be able to operate effectively. So, if you do not maintain a certain slope of the pipes, the sewer will often become clogged. Let's figure out how to lay sewer pipes in a private house.

If you decide to build it yourself, then the question of how to lay sewer pipes in a private house needs to be clarified for yourself even before installation begins. You should take the time to become familiar with the rules and requirements that are mandatory when constructing a pipeline.

If internal networks are installed in the same way both in a high-rise apartment and in a private house, then laying sewer pipes from the outlet from the foundation to the septic tank is a specific technology that only owners of private houses have to deal with.

Installation of internal networks

Internal networks include all plumbing fixtures in the apartment, as well as the pipes that connect them.

Materials for installation of internal networks

Currently, polymer pipes are used for installing sewer pipelines in apartments. As a rule, these are products made of PVC or polypropylene. In this case, to construct a riser and organize a drainage from the toilet, a sewer pipe with a diameter of 100 or 110 mm is used.

For outlets from the bathtub and other plumbing fixtures, it is recommended to lay pipes with a cross-section of 40-50 mm. The technology for assembling internal networks involves connecting sewer pipes various types fittings. In addition, you will need rubber seals, which are necessary to seal the joints, as well as clamps for securing the pipes.

Advice! The range and number of fittings is determined by the pipeline design.

Pipe cutting

Before laying sewer pipes in a private house, they need to be cut into pieces of the required length. Ideally, cutting pipes should be carried out with a special tool - a pipe cutter, which, simultaneously with the cut, forms a chamfer at the end of the cut section.

If such a tool is not available, you can cut the pipes with a regular hacksaw. You just have to spend time processing the cut site.

Advice! Unlike pipes, fittings must not be shortened.

Connection of internal sewerage pipes

How to connect pipes correctly? The joining of pipes and fittings occurs in the following order:

We check the presence and correct location of the O-ring in the socket, as well as the presence of a chamfer on the smooth pipe.
We clean all parts from dust and dirt.
A silicone-based lubricant is applied to the inserted end of the pipe or fitting.

Advice! Lubrication is necessary to reduce the friction force between parts; if necessary, silicone paste can be replaced with liquid soap. It is not recommended to lubricate the inner surface of the bell.

The lubricated end of the pipe or fitting is pushed into the socket hole until it stops. The insertion depth is marked on the pipe (the mark should be made with a marker or pencil). Now carefully pull the pipe back 10 mm. When installing shaped parts, it is not necessary to make a gap.

Pipe slope

In order for waste to move freely by gravity, compliance with the rules for laying sewer pipes is required; they must be laid with a slope. The amount of slope is determined depending on the diameter of the pipes.

The fact is that in order for the pipes to be able to self-clean and blockages to form in them less often, it is necessary to ensure that the drains move through them at a speed of 0.7 -1 m/sec.

Therefore, when using pipes with a cross-section of 50 mm, it is recommended to maintain a slope of 3 cm per meter of pipeline, and when using pipes measuring 100-110 mm, this figure will be 2 cm per meter.

Fixing pipes

The laid pipes must be fixed; the technology for performing the work involves the use of clamps fixed to the wall. The distance between two adjacent clamps should be:

On horizontal lines The spacing of the clamps should be equal to ten pipe diameters. For example, when installing pipes measuring 50 mm, the distance between fasteners should be 50 cm.
When installing risers, the spacing is 1 - 1.3 meters.

Advice! To reduce the noise of the pipeline, a rubber gasket is installed between the pipe and the clamp.

How are sewer system pipes laid using the hidden installation method? Pipes can be laid under a concrete floor screed or in grooves made in the walls. In this case, standard installation rules are observed.

If walls with a pipe laid in them will be plastered without sheet material being attached to them, the pipes should first be wrapped with a soft cushioning material, for example, corrugated cardboard. When laying pipes through the ceiling, it is recommended to use special protective casings.

Installation of external networks

The main difference between the installation of external networks is that it is necessary to lay a sewer pipe in the ground. This determines the nuances of installation.

Pipe installation methods

There are two ways to lay sewer pipes in a private house:

Open. In this case, the pipe is laid in a trench on a cushion made of sand.
Closed. When using this installation method, the sand cushion is made in exactly the same way, but a special tray made of reinforced concrete is used to lay the pipe. After laying the pipe, the trays are covered with a reinforced concrete slab.

Determining the pipe laying depth

One of the most difficult issues to be resolved during the construction of external networks is at what depth to lay the sewer pipe in the ground. How to lay the pipeline correctly? To solve this problem, you should take into account:

The level of ground freezing in a given area.
Calculated pipe strength coefficients.
Planned dynamic loads exerted by transport.
The location of the entry point is in the central sewer or septic tank.

Thus, climate is one of the determining factors, taking into account which the depth of sewer pipes is determined. Construction reference books contain tables that indicate the depth of soil freezing depending on the region.

However, you cannot focus only on the climate factor; you have to take other nuances into account. In particular, the characteristics of the compressive strength of the pipe. This indicator must be indicated by the manufacturer in the product description. There are restrictions on the depth of laying. Thus, in dry soils, sewer pipes can be laid no deeper than 8 meters, in moisture-saturated soils - 6 meters.

It should be noted that SNiP does not strictly define such an indicator as the depth of laying sewer pipes. The fact is that when determining this value, it is necessary to take into account such an objective factor as the location of the entrance to the central collector. There is no point in laying the pipeline below this point, since the wastewater simply will not enter the collector.

In this case, when deciding how to lay the pipeline, the entry point into the main pipe is taken as the lowest point of the pipeline; the rest of the pipeline is laid with the planned slope. If a local sewer system is equipped with the installation of a septic tank, then laying sewer pipes in the ground at great depths also does not make sense.

The depth of installation of a septic tank may be limited by the level of groundwater, as well as by economic considerations, since installing a septic tank too deep will lead to an increase in the volume of excavation work.

Installation of external sewerage

First, a treatment plant is installed, then the pipeline is installed.
Trenches for laying pipes are dug in such a way that the required slope of the pipeline can be ensured.

At the bottom of the trench, a shock-absorbing cushion of sand or small crushed stone is installed. There is no need to compact the sand; this should only be done in places where you plan to install wells.
External sewerage pipes are connected into a socket according to the same scheme as the connections of internal network pipes.
Inspection wells should be installed in places where the pipeline turns, as well as in straight sections every 15-20 meters in length.
Backfilling is carried out at the first stage with sand, then with soil. Tamping the backfill is carried out only along the edges, otherwise the laid pipes can be damaged. The soil is poured into a mound, as it will settle over time.

So, when carrying out work on laying pipes of both internal and external sewerage networks, it is imperative to comply with the rules and regulations of construction. Only in this case will the sewer system work without interruptions.

A big mistake is made by the developer who underestimates the importance and complexity of the work on installing sewer networks. Untimely design of the system, ignorance of the basics of how to properly lay a sewer system will lead to many problems both at the installation stage and in further operation.

As is known, domestic wastewater can include several fractions, the removal of which requires the use of pipelines of various diameters.

In this case, apply the following rule - if it is intended
discharge only water; pipes of 50 mm diameter are sufficient. When discharging fecal waste, the pipeline must have at least 110 mm in diameter.

If the total number of masses passing through the pipe is large, an even greater increase in the cross-section may be necessary.

At the same time, keep in mind that the sewerage laying technology does not allow the diameter to decrease along the entire length of the line; it can only increase.

Drawing up a project should be carried out even before starting work on the construction of the foundation; this will allow you to determine the location of the communications outside the building, and you can leave a technological opening in this place or install metal sleeves of larger diameter.

It is best to use plastic pipes as the material for constructing the network. Installation of plastic sewerage is much easier for even a non-professional.

Internal sewage system

First of all, decide on the installation location of all plumbing fixtures, this will allow you to select the appropriate pipe diameters, calculate the required length and determine the number of fittings required.

During installation internal systems The following rules must be followed.

Remember how to lay a sewer system to ensure its gravity-flow operation; the slopes of the pipes should be:

3 cm per 1 meter of network - for a diameter of 50 mm
2 cm - for pipes with a diameter of 110 mm and larger.

Toilets must be installed directly next to sewer risers (vertical sections of the network). Not allowed serial connection with other devices, this will lead to the breakdown of the water seal and the penetration of sewer odors into the room.

You also need to know how to install a sewer system with a ventilation outlet, and understand the need to install vent systems.

The air entering the system through the fan riser equalizes the pressure. Such ventilation should be directed to the roof, At the same time, observe its minimum height above the structure; for pitched roofs it is 0.5 m.

When carrying out hidden pipe laying, be sure to install cleaning inspections to which free access will be provided. This will allow you to carry out preventive work and eliminate emergency blockages.

I would also like to dwell on the question of how to lay a sewer through a wall. The fact is that plastic pipes have insufficient mechanical strength. In this regard, installation without the use of protective devices can lead to damage to the pipe during shrinkage of the building. Passage through building structures must be carried out using sleeves, metal pipes larger diameter.

All elements of the internal wiring must be securely fastened, so when purchasing pipes, take care of purchasing fasteners as well.

External sewage system

The operating conditions of external sewerage elements are much harsher; pipes may be exposed to soil pressure and suffer from negative temperatures. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account a number of factors that influence how to properly install a sewer system on the street.

The slope of external sewer networks should not be less than 2 cm per meter.

Try to lay the line as straight as possible; if turns are necessary, arrange special wells in these places.

The pipes are laid in specially prepared trenches. Wherein Keep in mind that the trench for the sewerage must have a depth that ensures the laying of pipes no higher than 0.3 m from the freezing level of the soil. Although, if opportunities allow, it is better to go deeper below the freezing level. Otherwise, you will have to resort to insulating the system.

The trench is dug with approximate compliance with the standard slope, which is finally formed by a sand cushion, directly onto which the pipes are laid.

Laying must be done with a socket facing the movement of the drains.

Before burying pipes, you need to make sure that the slopes are correct and that the drains flow by gravity. To do this, test the system with water; at this stage, check the tightness of the joints.

One of the basic rules on how to properly install a sewer system requires starting installation from a central collector or waste collection device. Otherwise, you risk not reaching the required level.

When installing receiving septic tanks and rotary wells, take care to ensure their reliable sealing, otherwise untreated wastewater can cause significant harm to the environment.