The naval battle of Navarino took place. The Battle of Navarino took place. The end of the battle: complete victory of the allied fleet
Ackerman Convention, regaining strength Treaty of Bucharest 1812, however, did not resolve the issue of the Greeks rebelling against the Turkish Sultan. Nevertheless, Emperor Nicholas I was determined to put an end to the bloody Greco-Turkish war, which threatened to exterminate the unfortunate and Orthodox people, our fellow believers. After the conclusion of the Ackerman Convention, the Russian ambassador Ribopierre went to Constantinople and, together with the English envoy, offered the Turkish divan, according to Petersburg protocol of March 23, 1826, mediation of Russia and England for the reconciliation of the Porte with the Greeks on terms equally beneficial for both sides: Greece, remaining under the supreme rule of the Sultan, had to pay him an annual tax, but she was given the right of her own administration through dignitaries elected by the people and approved by the Porte . The demands of Russia and England were also supported by the French envoy, whose government joined the St. Petersburg Protocol.
With the obvious bitterness of the Greeks, firmly resolved to die with weapons in their hands rather than return to their previous state, under the yoke of unaccountable slavery, the Sultan Mahmud II had to thank the European cabinets for the work they took upon themselves to bring into obedience to the Porte the people with whom it was obviously unable to cope. However, the Turkish ruler did not want to hear about mediation and, declaring that it was in his power to execute or pardon disobedient slaves, he gave the order to the Turkish and Egyptian troops to completely destroy the Morea (Peloponnese) and the Archipelago islands. The bloodshed resumed with incredible cruelty. Commander-in-Chief of the Ottoman forces Ibrahim, son Muhammad Ali, Pasha of Egypt, did not spare either age or gender, burned cities and villages, devastated fields and uprooted olive trees. It seemed that Greece would inevitably turn into a deserted desert.
Then the allied courts, at the proposal of the St. Petersburg cabinet, were not slow to take their measures: in a treaty concluded in London on June 24 (July 6), 1827 between Russia, England and France, it was decided to again offer the Porte the mediation of the three powers to reconcile it with the Greeks, on on the basis of the St. Petersburg Protocol, with the order that if within one month the Turks or Greeks do not stop hostile actions among themselves, force them to do so by all means dependent on the allied powers.
Informing Divan of the contents of the London Treaty, the envoys of the three powers announced to him that if one side or the other refused, the allied fleets would be forced to stop the continuation of the war, which in essence was equally contrary to the safety of the seas, the needs of trade, and the moral sense of the European peoples. The Sultan did not listen to threats or persuasion, and the hard-hearted Ibrahim did not stop the bloodshed in ill-fated Greece. A large Muslim army raged in the Morea (Peloponnese), and a strong fleet, consisting of Turkish and Egyptian ships, destroyed the islands.
Battle of Navarino October 20, 1827
At that time, there were three allied squadrons on the waters of the Greek Archipelago: English, French and Russian, under the command of Codrington, Rigny and count Heyden. The admirals, fulfilling the orders of their offices, agreed not to allow the Turkish-Egyptian fleet to devastate the islands and forced it to enter Navarino harbor. Ibrahim had a meeting with them and, as a result of decisive convictions, gave his word to cease hostile actions for three weeks, until new instructions were received from Constantinople. Soon, however, he broke his promise in the most treacherous way: numerous detachments of the Turkish-Egyptian land army scattered throughout the western part of the Morea ( Peloponnese) with the evil intention of completing its devastation.
The allied admirals, seeing the glow of distant fires from their ships, hastened to send a letter to Navarino addressed to Ibrahim for general signature, with which they reminded in strong terms of the concluded condition and demanded an immediate answer whether he agreed to fulfill his word. The letter was not accepted on the pretext of the absence of the commander-in-chief and the unknown whereabouts of him. His obvious intention to gain time to carry out his evil plan prompted the admirals to resort to decisive measures: with common consent, they decided to enter the Navarino harbor in order to force Ibrahim to withdraw his troops from Morea by the threat of battle.
The Ottoman fleet, consisting of 66 warships with 2,200 guns and a crew of 23,000, occupied a horseshoe-shaped position, resting its flanks on the batteries erected at the entrance to the Gulf of Navarino. It was commanded by two admirals, Turkish and Egyptian. Ibrahim was on the shore. The fleet of the European allies stationed at Navarino consisted of 27 warships (including 8 Russians), with 1,300 guns and 13,000 crew. Admiral Codrington took charge of him as the senior in rank, and on October 8 (20), 1827, he led him to the Navarino harbor in two columns: the right one was made up of English and French ships; the left one is Russian. Both columns were supposed to march side by side and form a battle line in front of the Ottoman fleet. The right column, being closer to the Gulf of Navarino, identified the left one, flew into the harbor with full sail and dropped anchor in front of the Turkish ships. To explain the reasons for this act, Codrington sent an officer to the Turkish admiral, the officer was met with rifle fire and fell, pierced by bullets. Another officer was sent; he suffered the same fate. Following this, a cannon shot was heard from the Egyptian corvette at the French frigate, which responded with a salvo. The battle of Navarino began, and soon a cannonade opened from all ships; more than two thousand guns fired continuously; the ships disappeared in clouds of smoke. The sun has dimmed.
At this very time, in the midst of impenetrable darkness, under crossfire from coastal batteries set up at the entrance to the bay, the Russian squadron majestically and orderly entered the Navarino harbor, passed in menacing silence under a cloud of cannonballs, took its place on the left side and, standing on pistol shot from the enemy line, opened murderous fire on it. Admiral's ship of Count Heyden "Azov", under the command of a brave captain Lazarev, grappled with three frigates in battle and destroyed them in a few hours. Other Russian ships operated just as successfully in the Battle of Navarino.
Battle of Navarino. Painting by I. Aivazovsky, 1846
Four hours later the battle was over. The Ottoman fleet was destroyed as before at Chesma. Of all the ships that made it up, one frigate with a few small ships survived; the rest died in fire, in water, ran aground, or went to the winners. The enemy was almost twice as strong in the number of ships, guns and people; the allies triumphed with incredible courage, skill and rare unanimity. Russians, British, and French competed with each other during the Battle of Navarino in 1827 in feats of valor. Our sailors exactly fulfilled the will of Emperor Nicholas I, who, when the squadron departed from Kronstadt, said: “ I hope that in the event of any military action it will be done in Russian ».
The Battle of Navarino served as the main impetus for the start of the Russian-Turkish War of 1828-1829.
Based on materials from the book by N. G. Ustryalov “History of Russia until 1855”
On October 8 (20), 1827, a naval battle took place in the Navarino Bay of the Ionian Sea between the allied fleet (Russia, England and France) and the Turkish-Egyptian fleet.
After Turkey refused to comply with the requirements of the London Convention of 1827 on granting autonomy to Greece, a combined squadron of Russia, England and France under the command of the senior English Vice Admiral E. Codrington approached the Bay of Navarino, where the Turkish-Egyptian fleet under the command of Muharrem was located -bey.
The English squadron consisted of 3 battleships, 3 frigates, a sloop, 4 brigs and a tender (472 guns in total). The English squadron was commanded by Vice Admiral E. Codrington. In the French squadron of Rear Admiral A. de Rigny there were 3 battleships, 2 frigates, a brig and a schooner (362 guns). Under the command of the Russian Rear Admiral L.P. Heyden there were 4 battleships and 4 frigates (466 guns). In total, the combined fleet consisted of 10 battleships, 9 frigates and 7 small ships and about 1 thousand 300 guns.
The Turkish-Egyptian fleet consisted of 3 battleships, 5 two-deck 64-gun frigates, 18 frigates, 42 corvettes, 15 brigs and 6 fire ships (in total, according to various sources, from 2.1 thousand to 2.6 thousand guns). The entrance to the bay was shelled from both sides by 165 guns from coastal batteries located in the Navarino fortress and on the island of Sphacteria. The commander-in-chief of the Turkish-Egyptian troops and fleet was Ibrahim Pasha.
On October 8 (20), 1827, the allied squadrons began to enter the bay in a wake column and take up positions according to the previously accepted disposition. As soon as the ships of the English squadron began to lower their anchors, the Turks opened rapid rifle fire on them and killed an English parliamentary officer who was heading to negotiate with the Turkish admiral. At the same time, the first cannon shot was fired from the Egyptian corvette at the French flagship Sirena, and the fortress batteries opened crossfire at the flagship of the Russian squadron Azov, which was passing at the head of the detachment through the narrow strait into Navarino Bay.
A fierce short-range battle lasted for 4 hours, during which the allied squadrons acted in complete unanimity, providing each other with mutual support. The Turkish-Egyptian fleet was completely destroyed. The Russian squadron under the command of Rear Admiral Heyden acted most decisively and skillfully, destroying the entire center and right flank of the enemy fleet. She took the main blow of the enemy and destroyed most of his ships. The losses of the Turkish-Egyptian fleet amounted to more than 60 ships and vessels, including 3 battleships, 9 frigates, 24 corvettes, 14 brigs. Losses in killed and drowned alone amounted to more than 7 thousand people. At night, the Turks themselves burned almost all of their remaining ships. The Allies did not lose a single ship. Their losses in killed and wounded amounted to about 800 people.
The Russian flagship Azov, under the command of Captain 1st Rank M.P. Lazarev, especially distinguished itself in the battle. “Azov” sank 2 frigates and a corvette, burned a 60-gun frigate under the flag of Tahir Pasha, forced an 80-gun ship to run aground, and then, together with the British, destroyed the Turkish flagship.
For military exploits, the battleship Azov was awarded the stern St. George flag and pennant for the first time in the Russian fleet. Its commander, Captain 1st Rank M.P. Lazarev, was promoted to rear admiral. Rear Admiral L.P. Heyden became vice-admiral, holder of the Order of St. George 3rd degree, the French Order of St. Louis and the English Order of the Bath. Most of the officers of the Russian squadron received Russian, English and French orders and promotions in rank.
ULTIMATUM TO IBRAHIM PASHA
Your Mightiness!
According to rumors that reach us from all countries, and from reliable information, we learn that numerous detachments of your army have scattered in different directions throughout the western part of the Morea, devastating it, burning, destroying, uprooting trees, vineyards, all kinds of plants, etc. in a word, they are vying with each other to turn this country into a complete desert.
Moreover, we were informed that an expedition had been prepared against the Maina districts and that some troops had moved there.
All these unusually violent actions take place, one might say, in our eyes and in violation of the truce, which Your Lordship pledged on their word of honor to observe inviolably until the return of your couriers. In violation of such a truce, by virtue of which your fleet was allowed to return to Navarin on the 26th of last September.
The undersigned are in the unfortunate necessity of announcing to you now that such an act on your part and such an amazing violation of your promises puts you, Gracious Sovereign, outside the laws of the people and outside the existing treaties between the high courts of the allies and the Ottoman Porte. To this, the undersigned add that the devastation being carried out at this very time, at your command, is completely contrary to the benefits of your Sovereign, who, due to these devastations, may lose the significant benefits brought to him over Greece by the London Treaty. The undersigned demand from Your Lordship a decisive and speedy answer and present to you the seemingly inevitable consequences of your refusal or evasion.
Vice Admiral E. Codrington,
Rear Admiral Count Heyden,
Rear Admiral Chavalier de Rigny
HEROES OF "AZOV"
In the Battle of Navarino, the battleship Azov fought a heavy battle simultaneously with five enemy [ships. This is how Rear Admiral L.P. Heyden described it in a report to Nicholas I: “...The ship “Azov”... while it was surrounded by the enemy, it helped the English admiral a lot, who fought with the 80-gun ship, which had the flag of Mukharem Bey, for when the latter, due to the breaking of his spring, turned his stern to the Azov, then 14 guns were immediately detached on this subject from the left side and acted for about half an hour with such success that they smashed, so to speak, his entire aft, and when a fire broke out in the constapel room and his cabin and the people made every effort to extinguish it, the strong grapeshot fire from the Azov destroyed this intention, through which the enemy ship was soon enveloped in flames and, finally, was blown up into the air ...
To the honor of Captain Lazarev, I must add most obediently that strict discipline, daily gun drills and the order in which the servants were always kept were the reason, and to which I am absolutely obliged, that the ship "Azov" acted with such success in defeating and exterminating the enemy. With his strong fire he sank 2 huge frigates and a corvette, shot down an 80-gun ship, which ran aground and was finally blown up, destroyed a two-deck frigate, on which the commander-in-chief of the Turkish fleet Tahir Pasha had his flag and which burned down the next day, having, according to the pasha himself, out of 600 people on his team, up to 500 were killed and wounded.”
About how M.P. Lazarev behaved in battle, P.S. Nakhimov wrote in a letter to his friend Mikhail Reineke: “I still don’t know the value of our captain. It was necessary to look at him during the battle, with what prudence, with what composure he gave orders everywhere. But I don’t have enough words to describe all his commendable deeds, and I am confident that the Russian fleet did not have such a captain.”
During the battle, future naval commanders showed their worth on the Azov: Lieutenant Nakhimov, Midshipman Kornilov, Midshipman Istomin.
Zolotarev V. A., Kozlov I. A. Three centuries of the Russian fleet, XIX - early XX centuries. M., 2004http://militera.lib.ru/h/zolotarev_kozlov2/08.html
AFTER THE PRAYER SERVICE THE PEOPLE WERE GIVEN A GLASS OF RUM
Exactly at 6 o'clock we struck the all-clear, and, having thanked the Almighty in my soul for the glorious victory granted and protection from the destructive flame, I went down to the cockpit to look at my wounded brother. Thanks to God, his wound is not dangerous. There the priest read the funeral service for the dead, the doctor cut the leg of the wounded, the drunk... shouted “Hurray”, and the secretary fussed around the sick. Having delighted the wounded and those in the crew chamber with the news of a complete victory, I ran to the poop deck. It was already dark. It was a beautiful evening, completely calm, and nothing darkened the clear sky while such horrors were happening around us. The officers, having gathered, kissed like brothers, and the joy of seeing everyone safe was immeasurable. Everyone quickly told what happened in his detachment during the battle; As for me, in general I was very happy that day and cannot describe the feeling that possessed me. I was especially happy with our brave sailors, who fought with courage that surpassed all expression, and amazed me with the trust they showed towards their officers.
At half past 7 o'clock an officer from Count Heyden came to the ship to congratulate the captain and officers on the victory and thank him on behalf of the admiral for the quick occupation of the place and the glorious action of the guns. The ship "Azov" lost a lot of people and suffered a lot in its hull. We also have quite a few dead and wounded.
After the prayer service, the people were given a glass of rum and ordered to stand at the guns, where, after eating crackers, they went to bed, leaving two sentries at each gun. The officers, having gathered at the captain's, were very happy to find the rescued roast there, and spent a very pleasant hour at a cheerful dinner. The captain divided us into two shifts, entrusting the command of each of them to a staff officer, who was supposed to take care of putting the ship in order and maintaining the guard. I joined the first shift before midnight, the others went to rest at their guns. We, having examined the sentries, gathered on the poop deck to admire the extraordinary and majestic spectacle. The batteries on all the ships of the united fleet were illuminated, constant detours around the bay were plowed and caused a wide variety of calls from the sentries. "Who's rowing?" - we shouted... the French shouted... on the English ships. All this was mixed with rifle shots and at times drowned out by volleys of flaming Turkish ships or thunderclaps of a sudden explosion. All these sounds, without ceasing, shimmered in the mountains, illuminated by the bright flames of the dying enemy ships, scattered on the shallows off the coast and reflected in the quiet waters of the bay, filled with the dead and drowning, seeking the wrong salvation on the floating wreckage of broken ships. During my watch, from 7 pm to 12 pm, 7 explosions followed one after another. The Turks, in desperation, set their ships on fire themselves. In these cases, each time the fire spread roughly throughout the entire ship; due to the excessive heat, the red-hot cannons fired on their own, and an explosion soon followed. Everything that was above the hook chamber rose into the air, the rest was left to burn out on the water.
The author of the notes, Alexander Petrovich Rykachev, in 1816, at the age of thirteen, having excellent training, entered the Naval Cadet Corps and was immediately enrolled as a midshipman. In 1827, with the rank of lieutenant (on the ship Gangut), he took part in the Battle of Navarino. For his heroism he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree with a bow. 1877 A posthumous edition of A.P. Rykachev’s notes was published in Kronstadt
P.S
At Codrington’s presentation to the Order of Victoria - it was impossible not to award him, given the enormous international resonance of this battle - the English king wrote: “Deserves a rope, but I am forced to give him a ribbon.” The plans of the British government did not include the complete destruction of the Turkish fleet. When the jubilant public calmed down, Codrington was quietly dismissed.
The naval battle of Navarino, which took place on a sunny day on October 20, 1827 in the bay of the same name, is not only one of the most glorious pages in the history of the Russian fleet, but also serves as an example that Russia and Western European countries can find a common language when it comes to infringement of the rights and freedoms of various peoples.
Having acted as a united front against the decrepit Ottoman Empire, England, Russia and France provided invaluable assistance to the Greek people in the struggle for their independence.
The Russian Empire in the 19th century, especially after the victory over Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna, became a full participant in the international political process. Moreover, its influence in the 1810-1830s. was so great that her support was sought in all more or less significant situations.
Created on the initiative of Alexander I, the Holy Alliance, the main goal of which was the struggle for the preservation of the existing political regimes in European countries, became an important instrument of influence on all intra-European affairs.
One of the pain points of Europe in the first quarter of the 19th century was the gradually collapsing Ottoman Empire. Despite all attempts at reform, Turkey fell further and further behind the leading states, gradually losing control over the territories that were part of its empire. A special position in this process was occupied by the countries of the Balkan Peninsula, which, with an eye on possible assistance from Russia and other European states, increasingly began to fight for their independence.
In 1821, the Greek uprising began. The Russian government found itself in a rather difficult position: on the one hand, the clauses of the Holy Alliance did not allow supporting those who advocated revising the existing situation, and on the other, the Orthodox Greeks had long been considered our allies, while relations with Turkey were almost always distant from optimal. The initially rather cautious attitude towards these events gradually gave way to increasingly increasing pressure on the descendants of Osman.
The Battle of Navarino in 1827 was the logical conclusion of this process.
The Battle of Navarino showed that the times when the Turkish fleet was considered one of the best in Europe are irrevocably gone. The Sultan and his kapudan pasha Muharrey Bey managed to gather very impressive forces in the Mediterranean region. In addition to the Turkish frigates themselves, powerful battleships from Egypt and Tunisia were concentrated here.
In total, this armada consisted of 66 pennants, which had more than 2,100 guns. The Turks could also count on the support of coastal artillery, in the organization of which French engineers at one time played a major role.
The allied squadron, the overall command of which was exercised by the Englishman Codrington, consisted of only twenty-six pennants with almost 1,300 guns. True, they had more battleships - the main force in any naval battle of that time - ten versus seven.
As for the Russian squadron, it included four battleships and a frigate, and was commanded by the experienced warrior L. Heyden, who flew his flag on the flagship Azov.
Already in the area of the Greek archipelago, the allied command made a last attempt to peacefully resolve the conflict. Pasha Ibrahim, during negotiations on behalf of the Sultan, promised a three-week truce, which he violated almost immediately. After this, the allied fleet, through a series of roundabout maneuvers, locked the Turks in Navarino Bay, where they, under the protection of powerful coastal batteries, intended to give a general battle.
The Battle of Navarino was largely lost by the Turks even before it began. By choosing this rather narrow bay, they actually deprived themselves of a numerical advantage, since only a small part of their ships could simultaneously participate in the battle. Coastal artillery, on which the horseshoe of the Turkish fleet relied, did not play a special role in the battle. The Allies planned to attack in two columns: the British and French were to crush the right flank, and the Russian battle squadron was to complete the defeat by falling on the left side of the Turkish fleet.
On the morning of October 8, 1827, the Anglo-French squadron, which was closer to the enemy, lined up in a column, began to slowly move towards the Turks. Having approached the distance of a cannon shot, the ships stopped, and Admiral Codrington sent envoys to the Turks, who were shot with guns.
The shots became the signal for the start of the battle: almost two thousand guns fired simultaneously from both sides, and the entire bay was quickly covered in acrid smoke. At this stage, the Allied fleet failed to achieve decisive superiority. Moreover, the Turkish shells caused quite serious damage, the formation of Mukharey Bey remained unshakable.
At a time when the outcome of the battle was still far from obvious, Heyden’s Russian squadron began active combat operations, the attack of which was aimed at the left flank of the Turks. First of all, the frigate "Gangut" shot the coastal battery, which did not have time to fire even ten salvos. Then, standing within pistol shot range, the Russian ships entered into a fire duel with the enemy fleet.
The main burden of the battle fell on the flagship Azov, whose commander was the famous domestic naval commander M. Lazarev. Having led the Russian combat detachment, he immediately entered into battle with five enemy ships, quickly sinking two of them. After this, he hurried to the rescue of the English "Asia", against which the enemy flagship opened fire.
Russian battleships and frigates behaved exemplarily in battle: occupying their designated places in the battle formation, under fierce enemy fire they performed clear and timely maneuvers, sinking Turkish and Egyptian ships one after another. It was the efforts of Heyden's squadron that provided a radical turning point in the battle.
The Battle of Navarino lasted just over four hours and was characterized by a very high concentration of fire and intensity of maneuvers. Despite the fact that the battle was fought on Turkish territory, it was the Turks who were less prepared for it. Several of their ships immediately ran aground during their movements and became easy prey. By the end of the third hour, the outcome of the battle became clear, the allies began to compete to see who could sink the most ships. As a result, without losing a single warship, the allied squadron defeated the entire Turkish fleet: only one ship managed to escape, and even that one received very serious damage. This outcome dramatically changed the entire balance of power in the region.
The Battle of Navarino in 1827 became the prologue to the next Russian-Turkish war. Another result was a sharp change in the balance of Greek-Turkish forces. Having suffered such a crushing defeat, Türkiye entered a period of serious internal political crisis. She had no time for the ancestors of the Hellenes, who were able not only to win broad autonomy, but also soon achieve complete independence. The year 1827 in the history of Russia is another confirmation of its military and political power. Having secured the support of states such as England and France, she was able to take advantage of the situation to strengthen her position on the European stage.
famous sailing battleship (Navarin)
Alternative descriptionsCity in Russia, Rostov region, port on the Don River
The city named by the Turks after the first letter of the Slavic alphabet
The place where the battle took place in 1637-1643, Russia-Türkiye
Sailing battleship of the Russian Navy, which distinguished itself in the Battle of Navarino in 1827.
Turkish fortress Azak
Russian sailing ship, participant in the Battle of Navarino
Donskoy city named after the sea
A sailing ship, for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet, awarded the St. George's stern flag for military distinction in the Battle of Navarre
Hometown of Arctic explorer R. L. Samoilovich
The name of this Russian city comes from the Turkic “azak” - “mouth of the river”
This ship became the first in the Russian fleet to be awarded the St. George flag
The city in honor of whose capture the first triumphal gates were erected in Moscow
Since the victory over which city, Russia has ceased to be a land country?
City in Rostov region
The city taken by young Peter 1
City in Russia
Port city in Russia on the Sea of Azov, Rostov region
Ancient city of the Black Sea region
Port on the Don River
Port on Don
. "ABC" city and port
Port city in Russia
Russian sailboat
Tana, Azak, how are you now?
City in Rostov region
City near Rostov
The sea near Black (colloquial)
Russian sailboat
Heroic Russian sailing ship
City and port on the left bank of the Don
Rostov city
City near Taganrog Bay
Famous battleship (Navarin)
Fortress city of Rostov region
Sailboat of the Russian Navy
City near Rostov-on-Don
City in Rost. region
Ukr. sea (colloquial)
The sea near Rostov-on-Don
Both the city and the sailboat
Port in the lower reaches of the Don
Port in the lower reaches of the Don
The city taken by young Peter the Great
The city taken by young Peter I
Port in Rostov region
Famous sailboat
City in the lower reaches of the Don
Type of monitors of the twentieth century
Sailboat of the Russian fleet
Russian ship
Port on the Don River
City in the Russian Federation, Rostov region, port on the Don River
City in Rostov region
Russian sailing battleship (Battle of Navarino 1827)
Russo-Turkish War 1828–1829 was caused by Turkey's desire to preserve the disintegrating Ottoman Empire. Russia, supporting the uprising of the Greek people against Turkish rule, sent a squadron of L.P. to the shores of Greece. Heyden for military operations together with the Anglo-French fleet (see Archipelago Expedition of 1827). In December 1827, Türkiye declared a “holy war” on Russia. Russian troops successfully operated in both, the Caucasian and Balkan, theaters of war. In the Caucasus, troops of I.F. Paskevich took Kars by storm, occupied Akhaltsikhe, Poti, Bayazit (1828), captured Erzurum and reached Trebizond (1829). At the Balkan theater, Russian troops P.Kh. Wittgenstein crossed the Danube and took Varna (1828), under the leadership of I.I. Dibich defeated the Turks at Kulevcha, captured Silistria, and made a bold and unexpected transition through the Balkans, directly threatening Istanbul (1829). Under the peace treaty, Russia acquired the mouth of the Danube, the Black Sea coast from Kuban to Adjara and other territories.
Archipelago Expedition (1827)
Archipelago expedition of 1827 - expedition of the Russian squadron L.P. Heyden to the shores of Greece to support the Greek anti-Turkish uprising. In September 1827, the squadron joined the Anglo-French fleet in the Mediterranean for joint action against the Turks. After Turkey rejected the Allied ultimatum to cease hostilities against Greece, the Allied fleet completely destroyed the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Navarino. Heyden's squadron distinguished itself in the battle, destroying the center and right flank of the enemy fleet. During the subsequent Russian-Turkish war of 1828–1829. The Russian squadron blocked the Bosphorus and Dardanelles.
Navarino naval battle (1827)
The battle in Navarino Bay (the southwestern coast of the Peloponnese Peninsula) between the united squadrons of Russia, England and France, on the one hand, and the Turkish-Egyptian fleet, on the other, took place during the Greek national liberation revolution of 1821–1829.
The united squadrons included: from Russia - 4 battleships, 4 frigates; from England - 3 battleships, 5 corvettes; from France - 3 battleships, 2 frigates, 2 corvettes. Commander - English Vice Admiral E. Codrington. The Turkish-Egyptian squadron under the command of Muharrem Bey consisted of 3 battleships, 23 frigates, 40 corvettes and brigs.
Before the start of the battle, Codrington sent an envoy to the Turks, then a second one. Both envoys were killed. In response, the united squadrons attacked the enemy on October 8 (20), 1827. The Battle of Navarino lasted about 4 hours and ended with the destruction of the Turkish-Egyptian fleet. His losses amounted to about 60 ships and up to 7 thousand people. The Allies did not lose a single ship, with only about 800 men killed and wounded.
During the battle, the following distinguished themselves: the flagship of the Russian squadron "Azov" under the command of Captain 1st Rank M.P. Lazarev, who destroyed 5 enemy ships. Lieutenant P.S. acted skillfully on this ship. Nakhimov, midshipman V.A. Kornilov and midshipman V.I. Istomin - future heroes of the Battle of Sinop and the defense of Sevastopol in the Crimean War of 1853–1856.
The feat of the brig "Mercury"
The brig "Mercury" was laid down in January 1819 at the shipyard in Sevastopol, launched on May 19, 1820. Tactical and technical characteristics: length - 29.5 m, width - 9.4 m, draft - 2.95 m. Armament: 18 24-pounder guns.
There was a Russian-Turkish war of 1828–1829. In May 1829, "Mercury" as part of a small detachment under the flag of Lieutenant Commander P.Ya. Sakhnovsky, together with the frigate "Standard" and the brig "Orpheus", carried out patrol duty in the Bosphorus area. On the morning of May 26, a Turkish squadron consisting of 18 ships was discovered, including 6 battleships, 2 frigates and 2 corvettes. The overwhelming superiority of the enemy was undeniable, and therefore Sakhnovsky gave the signal not to accept the battle. Having raised all sails, "Standart" and "Orpheus" escaped the pursuit. "Mercury", built from heavy Crimean oak, and therefore significantly inferior in speed, lagged behind. The high-speed ships of the Turkish fleet, the 110-gun battleship Selimiye and the 74-gun Real Bay, rushed in pursuit and soon overtook the Russian brig.
Seeing the inevitability of a battle with the enemy, the brig commander, Lieutenant Commander A.I. Kazarsky gathered the officers. Traditionally, the first to speak was the youngest lieutenant of the corps of naval navigators I.P. Prokofiev expressed the general opinion - to accept the battle, and in the event of a threat of capture of the ship - to blow it up, for which purpose leave a loaded pistol near the cruise chamber.
The brig was the first to fire a salvo at the enemy. Kazarsky skillfully maneuvered, preventing the Turks from conducting aimed fire. Somewhat later, Real Bay was still able to take up a firing position on the left side and Mercury came under crossfire. The Turks showered the brig with cannonballs and cannonballs. Fire started in many places. Part of the team began to extinguish it, but the well-aimed fire from the Turkish ships did not weaken. The Russian gunners managed to inflict such significant damage to the Selimiye that the Turkish ship was forced to drift. But Real Bay continued to fire at the Russian brig. Finally, he also received a cannonball hit in the front mast and began to fall behind. This unprecedented battle lasted for about 4 hours. "Mercury", despite the fact that it received 22 hits in the hull and about 300 in the rigging and masts, emerged victorious and the next day joined the Black Sea squadron. For the feat, captain-lieutenant A.I. Kazarsky was awarded the Order of St. George, IV degree and promoted to captain of the 2nd rank, and the ship was awarded the stern St. George flag and pennant. In addition, the imperial rescript stated that “when this brig falls into disrepair, build according to the same drawing and in perfect similarity with it the same ship, named “Mercury”, assigning it to the same crew, to which it will be transferred and St. George's flag with a pennant."
This tradition, which has developed in the Russian fleet, continues to this day. In the wide expanses of the seas and oceans, the sea minesweeper "Kazarsky" and the hydrographic vessel "Memory of Mercury" fly the Russian flag.
The commander of the legendary brig A.I. Kazarsky was appointed to the retinue of Nicholas I in April 1831 and soon received the rank of captain 1st rank. On June 28, 1833, he died suddenly in Nikolaev. In Sevastopol according to the project of A.P. Bryullov, a monument to the brave sailor was laid. On the stone truncated pyramid there is a stylized model of an antique warship and a short inscription: “To the Kazars - as an example to posterity.”
