History of running as a sport. History of the development of middle distance running. History of long distance running

The book outlines the historical aspects of the development and establishment of relay running in the world, Europe, the USSR and Russia, and touches on the analysis of techniques and methods of teaching relay running. Experimental data regarding planning technology have been substantiated and systematized training process track and field sprinters specializing in the 4 × 100 and 4 × 400 m relay races. The presented materials of a methodological and research nature are recommended for students, undergraduates, graduate students, students of departments of additional postgraduate education, coaches and athletes, as they provide an opportunity to take a fresh look at existing problems sprinting and, to a certain extent, charge with optimism regarding the success of their solution.

A series: Athlete's library

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by liters company.

Historical aspects of the development of relay running

Historical data indicates that running relay races were held among the Aztec and Mayan tribes, and torch relay races were organized in Ancient Greece. The passing of the torch in the form of a running relay and the lighting of the torch has become a tradition at the opening ceremony of the modern Olympic Games.

So, for example, the Olympic torch, intended for the opening of the XXIX Olympic Games in Beijing (China, 2008), was lit on March 24, 2008 in Olympia, Greece, and its relay passed 97,000 km, across 5 continents, 21 country of the world and all provinces of China. 2,380 people took part in the relay.

As an athletics competition, relay running has spread widely in late XIX century. First, relay races appeared: 100 m + 200 m + 400 m; 100 m + 200 m + 400 m + 800 m; 200 m + 200 m + 400 m + 800 m, etc. These relay races, as a rule, consisted of various distance segments. Over time, relay races with equal distance segments became the most popular: 4 × 100 m, 4 × 200 m, 4 × 400 m, 4 × 800 m, 4 × 1500 m, 10 × 1000 m, etc.

The competition rules also changed. Thus, initially in the relay race there was no “transfer zone”, and the baton was passed on to the participant in the next stage who was standing still. They began to pass the baton on the fly in the late 90s of the 19th century, when a 20-meter “handover zone” was introduced. Since 1963, another 10-meter “acceleration zone” has been introduced in front of the “transmission zone,” which allowed athletes to achieve greater speed when receiving the stick. From this time on, the search begins for the most rational ways of passing and receiving the baton.

Relay racing made its debut in the program of Olympic competitions in 1908 at the IV Olympic Games in London and consisted of the following stages - 200 m + 200 m + 400 m + 800 m.

IN modern form The 4 × 100 and 4 × 400 m relay races were first held in 1912 at the V Olympics in Stockholm, where only men competed at these distances. The first winners were, respectively, the teams of Great Britain (42.4 s) and the USA (3.16.7 s - a world record). Subsequently, the level of achievements in relay racing began to continuously increase. For the first time, the US team ran the 4 × 100 m relay faster than 40 s (1936). Representatives of this country were the first to overcome the 3-minute barrier in the 4 × 400 m relay (1966). To this should be added the fact that only the US team is the world record holder in the 4 × 400 m relay (see section “Appendix”), which can be considered a kind of record for all disciplines of athletics.

For women, the 4 × 100 m relay began to be played at the IX Olympic Games (Amsterdam, 1928), and the 4 × 400 m relay began in 1972 (Munich, Germany).

There are memories of the tension and complexity of psychological struggle with which these relay races of this type took place. Thus, in the men's 4 × 100 m relay in 1912, everyone was confident that the German team would win, but it was disqualified because its participant ran out of the “handover zone.” The representatives of this country were also unlucky at the 1936 Olympic Games, despite the fact that in the preliminary race, German athletes in the 4 × 100 m relay set a new world record. In the final, by the third gear, the advantage of this team was about 10 m, which did not raise doubts about its victory. And the unexpected happened: I. Derffeldt, who took the baton from M. Dolinger, did not hold it tightly enough, and the baton fell onto the treadmill, thereby depriving the team of gold medals.

The last update of world records in relay running occurred in 2008 at the XXIX Olympic Games in Beijing, where the Jamaican men's team won with a new record (37.10 s), and the “oldest” is the achievement of German runners, who in 1985 set a world record in the 4 × 100 m relay race – 41.37 s (see section “Appendix”).

The first Russian record in the 4 × 100 m relay was set by a men's quartet in 1900 (59.2 s); in 1922 it became equal to 47.1 s (A. Tseyzik, N. Sokolov, S. Nazaretov, P. Laudenbach). In 1926, the 45 s mark was crossed.

For the first time at major international competitions, the USSR national team performed in 1946 at the III European Championship (Oslo, Norway). Then the women's quartet in the 4 × 100 m relay race (E. Sechenova, V. Fokina, E. Gokieli, V. Vasilyeva) won the bronze medal with a result of 48.7 s. In fact, this medal was the first in the history of the Soviet relay school at such a major international competition. And four years later, at the IV European Championship in Brussels, the USSR men's team was the best on the continent in the 4 × 100 m relay race, then repeated this achievement twice more (1982 and 1986). Our women performed even more successfully at the European Championships: in 1954, 1958, 1978, 2006 they became champions in this relay race distance, and in the 50-60s of the last century they even set world records several times.

Our relay teams have both great successes and disappointing failures to their credit. The men's 4 × 100 m relay team was second four times (1952, 1956, 1960, 1972) and twice (1980, 1988) its participants became Olympic champions.

Our sprinters of the 50-60s of the twentieth century performed consistently and at a high level: Y. Konovalov, V. Sukharev, B. Tokarev, A. Tuyakov, L. Bartenev, E. Ozolin, N. Politiko, G. Kosanov. Despite the low places in individual competitions, in the relay race, due to well-coordinated transmission, they achieved significant athletic results. In particular, this is due to the fact that for the first time in the world, after taking the stick, they did not transfer it to a “convenient” hand, as was customary in those days. For their high passing technique, the foreign press called them “wizards of the relay baton.”

Here is what they wrote at that time in the English magazine Athletics World: “The Russians fully deserved a resounding success for their truly brilliant running and technique of passing the baton” (24).

The traditions of their older comrades were supported by the sprinters of the 70-80s: V. Borzov, A. Kornelyuk, Y. Silovs, V. Lovetsky, A. Aksinin, N. Sidorov, A. Prokofiev, V. Muravyov, V. Bryzgin, V. Savin, V. Krylov.

The USSR women's team in the 4 × 100 m relay race first became a bronze medalist at the Olympic Games in 1968, then repeated this achievement twice more, and took second place at the Moscow Olympics (1980). At the same time, L. Zharkova-Maslakova ran as part of the team at four Olympics, eventually winning a silver and two bronze medals. G. Malchugina also has high achievements in relay racing, who received silver (Barcelona, ​​1992) and bronze (Seoul, 1988) awards. It is noteworthy that her daughter Yu. Chermoshanskaya supported her mother’s traditions, becoming an Olympic champion in 2008, and thus the eminent family has a full set of Olympic awards.

As for the 4 × 400 m relay, the hegemony of American “relay runners” began with the VIII Olympics (Paris, 1924), who managed to win 15 Olympic Games.

This type of relay race originates in the USSR on August 1, 1924, when the result shown by Moscow athletes - 3.38.0 s, was recorded as the first record Soviet Union. 45 years later, the first USSR record among women was set - 3.47.4 s.

The first success of Soviet runners in the 4 × 400 m relay race was associated with Athens, where the IX European Championship was held (1969). It was there that the USSR national team (E. Borisenko, B. Savchuk, Yu. Zorin, A. Bratchikov) first won such a significant award in the international arena - a silver medal. This was followed by gold at the XXII Olympic Games in Moscow (R. Valiulis, M. Linge, N. Chernetsky, V. Markin) and at the I World Championships in Helsinki (Finland, 1983), where they ran as part of the team : S. Lovachev, A. Troshchilo, N. Chernetsky and V. Markin.

The achievements of the women's relay teams are even more significant. The first major success of Soviet runners in the international arena was the bronze medal at the Montreal Olympics in 1976 (I. Klimovich, L. Aksenova, N. Sokolova, N. Ilyina). Afterwards there were medals of various denominations at other Olympic Games (in 1980, 1988 and 1992 our runners became Olympic winners), World and European Championships. And the pinnacle of achievements of Soviet athletes (T Ledovskaya, O. Nazarova, M. Pinigina and O. Bryzgin), in addition to gold medals at the Olympics in 1988, was a world record, which is unsurpassed to this day (3.15.17 s).

Modern history The Russian school of relay running, as well as all athletics, begins on January 1, 1993.

At the IV World Championships in Stuttgart (Germany, 1993), the Russian women's team (O. Bogoslovskaya, G. Malchugina, N. Voronova and I. Privalova) won for Russia the first and so far only gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay ( At these competitions, the current official Russian record in the 4 × 100 m relay was set).

Representatives of the 4 × 100 m relay race had great success at the XXVIII Olympic Games in Athens, where O. Fedorova, Y. Tabakova, I. Khabarova and L. Kruglova received silver awards. Then, in 2006, there was a victory at the European Championships in Gothenburg (Yu. Gushchina, N. Rusakova, I. Khabarova, E. Grigorieva, E. Kondratyeva, L. Kruglova).

The crowning achievement of the domestic school of relay running was the victory of Russian runners E. Polyakova, A. Fedoriv, ​​Y. Gushchina and Y. Chermoshanskaya at the XXIX Olympic Games in Beijing (2008).

In the 4 × 400 m relay race, the achievements of Russian women at the Olympic Games are also significant. In 2000 in Sydney they were awarded bronze medals, and in Athens (2004) and Beijing (2008) won silver medals. It should be added that the country’s women’s national team in the 4 × 400 m relay race is a repeated winner and medalist of the World and European Indoor Championships. The most titled runners in the 4 × 400 m relay are Natalya Antyukh, Svetlana Goncharenko, Yulia Gushchina, Olesya Zykina, Anastasia Kapachinskaya, Olga Kotlyarova, Natalya Nazarova, Yulia Nosova-Pechenkina, Svetlana Pospelova, Tatyana Chebykina, Tatyana Firova.

Success in modern history for men, they begin with the European Championships in Helsinki (1994), when a quartet in the 4 × 400 m relay took third place - M. Vdovin, D. Kosov, D. Bey and D. Golovastov. Eight years later (Munich), the Russians at similar competitions have already risen one step higher. To this should be added the achievements at the World Indoor Championships, where in 2001 and 2004. our team was a silver medalist, and in 2006 a bronze medalist.

The most striking performance of the men's 4 × 400 m relay team was winning a bronze medal at the Olympic Games in Beijing (2008), where our quartet set two national records.

More detailed information about the achievements of the Russian relay running school among various age groups is presented in the “Appendix” section.

Table 1 shows the world, European and Russian Federation records in relay running as of August 1, 2009.

Table 1

World, European and Russian Federation records in the 4 × 100 and 4 × 400 m relay races

FOR STADIUMS

FOR INDOOR

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The given introductory fragment of the book Relay race. History, technology, training, training (O. M. Mirzoev, 2009) provided by our book partner -

Modern middle-distance running originated in England in the 18th century.

For men, the 800 and 1500 m running was included in the program of the 1st Olympic Games of our time. Women first began to compete in the 800 m at the Olympic Games in 1928. This distance was then excluded from the games program until 1960.

In pre-revolutionary Russia, the results in middle distance running for men lagged behind the level of world achievements: 800m - 2.00.3, 1500m - 4.12.9 (I. Willemson, Riga, 1917). Among women, the highest achievement was recorded only in the 800 m run - 3.20.2 (Milyum, Riga, 1913).

In Belarus, the development of athletics essentially began only with Soviet power. The first records of the republic were registered in 1924 (1500 m - 4.50.0, G. Nikiforov). Mass competitions held in the early 1930s revealed many capable runners: I. Boyko, M. Ivankovich, F. Barabanschikov, A. Aleksandrov.

Before the Great Patriotic War the level of BSSR records among men was quite high. Thus, M. Sidorenko showed following results: 800 m - 1.56.1; 1000 m - 2.30.2; 1500 m - 4.06.4.

After a delay caused by the war, it was not until 1950 that there continued to be a significant increase in performance in middle distance running for both men and women. Thus, M. Sidorenko consistently updated the republic’s records in the 800, 1000 and 1500 m running (1.54.5; 2.28.4; 3.56.4, respectively). For women, N. Kabysh raised the republic's record in the 800 m run from 2.26.7 (1948) to 2.08.4 (1954), and in 1957 E. Ermolaeva ran 800 m in 2.06.6 s.

By the mid-1950s, especially during the preparation and holding of the 1st Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR (1956), a large group of runners appeared who significantly improved the republican records. S. Plavsky at a distance of 800 m (1.56.6 and 1.50.8 s in 1955), at 1500 m S. Zakharov (3.54.0 s in 1953), E. Sokolov (3.52.4 s in 1955). E. Sokolov performed most successfully at the 16 Olympic Games in Melbourne, whose highest achievements were: 800 m - 1.50.0 (1958) and 1500 m - 3.41.7 s (1957).

In the 1960s, M. Zhelobkovsky became the leading middle-distance runner: 800 m - 1.47.7 (1967), 1500 m - 3.39.6 s (1971). His results were surpassed only after the mid-1970s: A. Nalyotov (800 m - 1.47.0 s in 1975); V. Podolyako (800 m - 1.46.2 s in 1978); A. Fedotkin (1500 m - 3.38.4s in 1979)

Only 20 years later, E. Ermolaeva’s record in the 800 m race was exceeded by I. Podyalovskaya (2:05.2, and then 2:04.56, 1977). In 1978, G. Pyzhik showed a record time of 2.03.56, and a year later L. Kirova improved it to 1.59.9. At this time, the republic's records in the 1500 m race increased significantly from 4.37.4 (S. Khvoshchevskaya, 1967 g.) to 4.16.8 (I. Kovalchuk, 1977). R. Smekhnova shows a number of record results: 4.13.4 (1978); 4.12.6; 4.10.7 and 4.05.2 (1979).

The performances of Gomel resident N. Kirov can be considered especially successful, who significantly raised the ceiling of Belarusian records (800 m - 1.45.6 in 1980, 1.45.11 in 1981, 1500 m - 3.36.3 in 1980, 3.36.34 in 1982). At the 22nd Olympic Games in 1980, N. Kirov took an honorable third place in a bitter struggle with the record holders in the 800 and 1500 m running, the Englishmen S. Ovett and S. Coe.

Speaking at the Olympic Games in Barcelona in 1992, A. Rakipov made it to the finals, where he set a republican record in the 1500 m race - 3.36.16s. A significant number of athletes have currently mastered the results of 1.45s in the 800 m race: A. Makarevich, A. Rudnik, A. Komar.

Success among women is associated with the names of N. Dukhnova and A. Turova. Thus, at the 2002 European Winter Championships, A. Turova took an honorable 3rd place with a result of 4.07.78s.

Currently, the country's record results have stabilized and are significantly inferior to world records.

Athletics is one of the oldest sports. We can say that athletics appeared with the birth of man. The life of a person and the members of his tribe sometimes depended on the ability to run quickly, jump over various obstacles, and throw accurately and far.

According to one of the ancient Greek legends, the first competitions were organized by Hercules in honor of the victory over King Augeias, and they were held in a race between four brothers. According to legend, Hercules drew a place to start running, then measured out 600 feet. This distance became the length of the stadium and was called a stage (192.27 m).

First Olympic Games antiquities about which reliable records have been preserved date back to 776 BC. Although there is evidence that the Olympic Games were held already in 1580 BC, judging by the inscription on the disk of the famous athlete Poplios Asklepides. Subsequently, running in two stages was included in running competitions, and in 720 BC. - long-distance running (24 stages - 4614.5 m).

No less ancient is relay race. The Egyptians had begunov who served as messengers. Lampaderiomas, or torch relay race, was extremely popular among the Greeks. The team included 40 participants.

The origins of the development of modern athletics originate not off the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, but on the British Isles. Already in the manuscripts of the 12th century. Athletics competitions for Londoners are mentioned. Running usually took place on large roads between cities or at hippodromes. In 1770, the first result of an hour's run was recorded - 17 km 300 m.

In the second half of the 19th century. Regular competitions among amateur athletics began to be held in England. Running competitions in England were held in yard measures (1 yard - 91.4 cm), and for long distances the mile was taken as the basis (1609.34 m). However, representatives of other countries demanded the introduction of the metric system of measures and managed to achieve this already at the first Olympic Games in Athens in 1896. It must be said that the real development of athletics began precisely after these games. Every year everything more countries enter the fight for championship in this sport. Americans, Finns, French, Japanese, Poles, Germans and Italians and individual athletes from a number of other countries contribute to the development of athletics.

Since 1928, women have entered the competition for Olympic awards, and women's athletics has begun to develop rapidly. Although women have competed in athletics competitions before.

The beginning of the development of athletics in Russia The organization “Circle of Sports Lovers”, created in 1888 in the town of Tyarlevo near St. Petersburg, is considered to be an organization. The organizers first began to cultivate running, and then other types of athletics. A year later, official running competitions were held. But before this event, running competitions had already been held in Russia. Following the example of England and America in the large Russian cities of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod and others. Professional runners performed in parks and public gardens, inviting everyone to measure their strength. These were mostly foreigners, who were often defeated by ordinary Russian people who did not have special training.

Since 1908, Russia has held national athletics championship, ace 1913 - All-Russian Olympiads. For the first time, Russian athletes took part in the V Olympic Games in Stockholm, but the performance was unsuccessful. In 1910, the first athletics competition took place in Russia with the participation of students from several St. Petersburg higher education institutions. educational institutions. In the same year, the first competitions for women were held.

After the 1917 revolution, the competition took place in 1918 in Moscow. Subsequently, athletics received great development, as it became the basis for training soldiers and the younger generation for service in the Red Army. Many excellent athletes appeared at that time, and although Soviet athletes did not participate in world championships, many of their results exceeded European and world records of that time.

For the first time, Soviet athletes officially began to take part in the Olympic Games in 1952, and in the European Championships in 1950, where they performed quite successfully.

Zhilkin A.I. et al. Athletics. M., 2003. 464 p.

The book by the Honored Master of Sports of the USSR Edwin Ozolin provides materials on running technique, the physiological basis of sprinting, selection and initial training, as well as methods for training highly qualified athletes.

A series: Athlete's library

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The given introductory fragment of the book Sprint running (E. S. Ozolin, 2010) provided by our book partner - the company liters.

Short story sprint running

Sprinting is the oldest sporting event. It is known that the first Olympic Games, about which there are reliable records, took place on the territory of Ancient Hellas in 776 BC. The program of the first and subsequent thirteen games included only one type of competition - running one stage (192.28 m). The first Olympic winner in the sprint was a cook from Elida Korab. At the fourteenth Olympic Games, a second sprint distance was introduced - dialos - a run over two stages (384.54 m). Only from the XV Olympiad, i.e. 60 years later, did long-distance running appear in the games program - stage 24, and subsequently other sports - pentathlon (pentathlon), boxing, chariot racing, wrestling.

In the western part of the Peloponnese island, about 40 km from the coast of the Ionian Sea, the Alpheus River forms a wide valley. There, at the foot of Mount Chronos, lies the ancient Greek capital - Olympia. Huge pines exuding a persistent specific aroma and covering the ground with a soft coniferous cover, which is so appreciated by runners, shady oaks and plane trees, groves of wild olive trees serve as a wonderful green frame for the once magnificent special facilities for training athletes. It is always warm here, the air temperature never drops below 10 °C, the sun shines more than 200 days a year, and strong sea winds almost never reach this wonderful oasis. Olympia was badly damaged by an earthquake in the 6th century. AD, but the main arena of competition has been preserved. It is a clay platform about 50 m wide and 220 m long, framed by gently sloping earthen ramparts to accommodate spectators.

In Delphi, 20 marble starting blocks for the start of the race have been preserved. Each of them had two special recesses in which the athletes placed their feet, as well as a special groove for placing the hands, where the string was placed, which was held by the starter. The judge pulled it out, which served as a signal to start the run.

The judges were located on special pedestals 5 m behind the starters and to the side. Athletes and jury members - eladonics, chosen from the most respected people, got to the starting point through a wide thirty-meter tunnel. In the niches of this structure, as if for the edification of the starters, silver cups were placed, made with the money of athletes who violated the rules of fair competition. The name of the winner was loudly shouted by the herald, and the echo in a specially built echo gallery repeated it 7 times. An olive wreath of branches cut with a golden knife crowned the champion's head. In honor of the winners, marble sculptures were installed along the alley along which the athletes entered the competition. The winners of modern Olympics are also honored in their countries, and a special place is still given to fast man planets. Of course, sport has become much more complex than it was in ancient times. If previously the applicant for the olive wreath had to undergo only a month-long training course at the gymnasium before the Olympics, studying the rules of the competition, training and eating a special diet, now track and field athletes take an average of 7–8 years to reach the Olympic start.

Modern athletics in our country has a history of approximately a century. In the last third of the 19th century different countries began to hold official competitions for runners, jumpers and throwers. At first, the competition distances were not clearly defined.

At the end of the 19th century, Russian sprinters competed in races of 300 feet, a quarter mile, and a half mile. The first open club athletics competition took place on August 6 (18), 1897. The winners of the sprint competition showed results: in the 300 feet (91.4 m) run - 11.0 seconds, and in the 188.5 fathoms (402.5 m) – 60 seconds. The founder of the system of physical exercises in Russia, P.F. Lesgaft, recommended that practitioners prepare as follows: “Fast running is prescribed only when long running and running in leaps are completely mastered and performed correctly. They move on to it by gradually accelerating simple running and bringing it successively to a speed of 22 versts per hour (about 15 seconds per 100 m) ... In no case should the exerciser be allowed to become very tired or experience any painful phenomena.” This regimen was prescribed to short-distance runners at the dawn of our athletics. Note that the first records in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century were: 100 m - 12.6 seconds. P. Moskvin (1900), 11.2 sec. N. Stieglitz (1908), 10.8 sec. – V. Arkhipov (1914); In the 200 m run - 26.6 seconds. P. Lidval (1900), 22.4 sec. B. Orlov (1913), 22.4 sec. V. Arkhipov (1914). The most famous sprinter in pre-revolutionary Russia was undoubtedly Vasily Arkhipov, who at the age of 21 became the winner of the 1st Russian Olympiad in 1913 in Kyiv. He won the 100 m race with a result of 11.4 seconds. and at 200 m – 23.6 sec. A year later, at the II Olympics in 1914, held on the sandy tracks of the Riga Hippodrome, V. Arkhipov won all sprint distances with very high results for that time: 100 m - 10.8 sec, 200 m - 22.4 sec. and 400 m – 51.4 sec. At that time in methodological recommendations There is still a noticeable trend towards a gentle training regime. The most famous sports expert G. A. Dupperon advised short-distance runners: “First and most importantly, training should always be only minimal effort; the trainee should not act with full force during training...”. A long excursion into the history of training methods in short-distance running was undertaken with the sole purpose of showing that the record of that time could only be achieved due to the natural talent of a person, because it is difficult to imagine that, following the recommendations of P.F. Lesgaft or G.P. Dupperon, you can significantly develop the speed capabilities of a runner. Thus, 10.8-11.0 sec. 100 m is the level that can be achieved through natural talent, while subsequent results are the influence on the athlete’s result of various training methods, starting and running techniques, equipment and, of course, the knowledge and experience of the coach.

The improvement of training methods initially followed the path of expanding training volumes and using a variety of special training tools. As a rule, classes were held 3–4 times a week, and not year-round, and yet the records of those years were quite high. Before the first All-Union Spartakiad, which took place in 1928, the sprint records for men belonged to M. Podgaetsky (100 m - 11 sec. and 200 m - 22.4 sec., and for 400 m - 50.8 sec.), and for women M. Shamanova 100 meters 12.9 seconds and 200 meters E. Tselovalnikova - 28.2 seconds. The 1928 Spartakiad helped to identify bright talents, among whom T. Kornienko especially stands out, who managed to defeat the recognized specialist sprinters of that time N. Potanin, M. Podgaetsky, G. Puzhny. Numerous facts from the biography of T. Kornienko testify to his natural talent. A three-time winner of the first All-Union Spartakiad in the sprint, he, being a central defender, participated in a football tournament in a team from the Far Eastern region. In addition, this athlete’s motor talent allowed him to compete in boxing in the circus arena and even throw a discus to a record mark. It is impossible not to say here about our other athlete - the strongest sprinter of the pre-war era, Robert Lyulko. He was the champion of the USSR 18 times, won at all sprint distances and in the long jump. R. Lyulko summarized his rich practical experience in several books devoted to the training of short-distance runners. The author described the content of training sessions in different periods training of athletes, giving recommendations for improving the technical training of sprinters.

In the twenties of the last century, a woolen thread or a fabric ribbon was stretched at the finish line of sprint distances so that judges could accurately record the finish time of the winner. The ribbon was placed at a height of 122 cm, thus determining the moment when the upper body crossed the finish line.

In subsequent years, the theoretical and methodological basis of athletics gradually takes shape. It was at this time that attempts were made to introduce year-round classes and phased periodization; The practice of training includes general physical and special training. However, the training plans of athletes of that time were not particularly diverse. In the preparatory period, preference was given to cross-country races held twice a week. Another training session included general physical training exercises. During the competition period, sprinters also trained no more than 3 times a week. Typically, the training program consisted of a warm-up, several accelerations, 4-8 starts and running several segments from 20 to 150 m, as they said at that time, at 1/4 strength. Leading trainers did not recommend running with maximum speed for fear of disrupting the development of sprint technique, as well as the possible development of psychological fatigue. The first post-war year was marked by the participation of Soviet athletes in the III European Championships held in Oslo. The international start was successful for our sprint. European champions were N. Karakulov at a distance of 200 m (21.6 sec.) and E. Sechenova - 100 m (11.9 sec.) and 200 m (25.4 sec.). The women's team in the 4 × 100 m relay race (E. Sechenova, V. Fokina, E. Gokieli, V. Vasilyeva) finished third (48.7 sec). Foreign experts were especially struck by the performance of E. Sechenova, whom the journalists covering the championship called “the fastest fallow deer in Europe.” Indeed, the advantage of the Soviet athlete was stunningly convincing. In the 200 m race, she beat English silver medalist V. Jorden by 1.2 seconds. Since then, no athlete has achieved such an advantage at the continental championships. The training of the strongest sprinters in Europe E. Sechenova and N. Karakulov was strikingly different from the generally accepted methods in training sprinters of that time. Athletes increased the number of training sessions to 5 times a week, with two sessions per day being used for the first time. In the preparatory period, training runs at near maximum speed were often used in a relatively large volume. For example, N. Karakulov’s training day at the end of the preparatory period consisted of two lessons with the following content. Morning workout. Warm up (slow run 1 km, gymnastic exercises, running exercises, running with acceleration 2 × 60 m), cross-country 1.5 km, repeated runs 3 × 100 m. Evening training. Warm-up, starts 5–6 times, free accelerations, running 3 × 30 m (4.3 sec.), 3 × 40 m (5.2 sec.), 2 × 60 m (7.5 sec.). During the competitive period, athletes often used control running, which was usually carried out with a handicap, which increased the emotionality of the training and, naturally, the intensity of the runs.

In 1949, N. G. Ozolin’s book “Training of an Athlete” was published. The author of the book, a famous pole vaulter, published this monograph during a period of active sports. From 1928 to 1950, he won the title of USSR champion 12 times, and his personal achievement in pole vault exceeded the European record of that time. In his work, N. G. Ozolin substantiated the main directions for the development of motor qualities of track and field athletes, which are used in the practice of training athletes at the present time. The work noted that training aimed at achieving the greatest possible speed occurs mainly on the basis of repeating training exercises at the highest possible speed. Training work for the development of speed should end whenever the athlete’s subjective sensations or stopwatch readings indicate its decrease, then the training will be aimed at developing endurance. The search for optimal ways to train short-distance runners forced sports practitioners to turn to specialists who study the characteristics of human physiological processes during intense muscular work. In particular, the research of Professor N. N. Yakovlev made it possible to more objectively reveal the system of training short-distance runners. The physiological basis of sprint energy, the nature of biochemical shifts, studies of the kinematics of a runner’s movement and the dynamics of his speed have determined a fairly clear system of performance factors in short-distance running. The main methodological views on the practice of training athletes, taking into account physiological data, were set out in the book by B. N. Vzorov “New in the theory and methodology of training 100-meter running.” The author justified the stages of training during the annual cycle, but the most important conclusion from experiments using biochemical and physiological methods was the determination of the value of rest pauses between training runs. B. N. Vzorov noted that training with a progressive decrease in rest intervals leads to an increase in glycogen reserves and improvement in the quality of speed endurance. Repeated jogging with rest intervals of 5–8 minutes allows you to begin certain work in a phase of increased performance and thus develop speed qualities.

The creation of methodological foundations for the training process of short-distance runners allowed the athletes of our country to significantly improve their achievements and reach the level of the best European achievements. In August 1950, a team of Soviet athletes took part in the European Championship for the second time. The team consisting of V. Sukharev, L. Kalyaev, L. Sanadze and N. Karakulov performed excellently in the 4 × 100 m relay race, taking first place with a result of 41.5 seconds. The bronze medal in the 100 m race was won by V. Sukharev (10.7 sec). For women, E. Sechenova was second twice at a distance of 100 m - 12.3 seconds. and 200 m - 24.8 seconds, the relay team (S. Malshina, 3. Dukhovich, E. Gokieli, E. Sechenova) was third with a result of 47.4 seconds. In 1952, our athletes took part in the Olympic Games for the first time, which were held in the capital of Finland, Helsinki. In the final of the 100 m race, V. Sukharev took fifth place. It is interesting to note that this final was the tightest in Olympic history, with all finalists placed within the 0.1 second range. The performance of our country’s relay team, which won silver, consisting of B. Tokarev, L. Kalyaev, L. Sanadze, V. Sukharev, ended sensationally. The young Soviet athlete N. Khnykina managed with a result of 24.2 seconds. take third place in the 200 m race. Despite a fairly successful performance, Soviet coaches realized that our sprinters still needed to learn a lot from their foreign colleagues, who were superior to our athletes in terms of the volume of training load and conducted the preparatory period in a more specialized manner.

The strongest sprinter of the 50s was undoubtedly Vladimir Sukharev. His 100m record of 10.3 seconds, set on September 23, 1951, remained in the table of top achievements for 11 years. His coach N. Karakulov talks about him like this: “I remember at one of the Dynamo championships, a well-built young man came up to me and asked permission to train next to me. The guy diligently repeated everything I did and listened carefully to advice. So I became a “player coach”. And soon he had to give up his position on the treadmill, because the student was progressing too quickly. In training, Vladimir did not know how to run half-heartedly. All his training runs were performed only with full effort, at maximum speed.” V. Sukharev's talent was determined, first of all, by his outstanding strength qualities. Without special training, this athlete showed results close to the standard for a master of sports in weightlifting.

After 1952, coaches who were able to familiarize themselves with the practice of training the strongest foreign sprinters made serious adjustments to the methods of training short-distance runners. The volume of the training load has increased due to a large number of special running exercises, general physical training and long segments. Due to the lack of winter arenas, sprinters spent a significant part of their training work outdoors. Practical recommendations and theoretical justification for the progressiveness of this approach to training in the preparatory period were developed in the book by V.P. Filin, “Winter Outdoor Runner Training.” In practical recommendations, one can note such a methodical technique as running in spikes on ice. It is interesting to note that such accelerations were quite difficult to achieve due to the problems that arose when completing the distance, when it was necessary to plant the entire foot.

The country's top athletes have significantly increased their training volumes in long distance running and weight training. For example, Yu. Konovalov completed a large number of exercises with a barbell and weights with a total volume of 55.5 tons, performed 17.7 km of special running exercises and ran 25,620 meters of segments of various lengths at maximum and near-maximum speed. It is interesting to note that Yu. Konovalov began sprinting at the age of 20. Amazing hard work, high efficiency and optimism in life allowed him to achieve very high results in a few years, become a member of the USSR national team and twice win Olympic silver medals as part of the 4x100 m relay team.

In 1954 in Bern, at the next European Championship, gold medals were awarded to I. Turova (100 m - 12.0 sec.), M. Itkina (200 m - 24.3 sec.) and the women's relay team 4 × 100 m (V. Krepkina, R. Ulitkina, M. Itkina, I. Turova) - 45.8 seconds. Silver medals in the 200 m race were won by A. Ignatiev - 21.1 sec and I. Turova - 24.4 sec, bronze medals were won by participants in the men's 4 × 100 m relay (B. Tokarev, V. Ryabov, L. Sanadze, L Bartenev) – 40.9 sec.

In 1955, competitive preparation was intensified in the training programs of sprinters. The number of competition starts for leading sprinters has doubled this year. The strongest short-distance runner B. Tokarev started 116 times in 1955 (100 m - 45 times, 200 m - 17, 4x 100 m relay - 30 and long jump - 4 times, etc.) . He managed to set a record for the Soviet Union in the 200 m run - 20.9 seconds, which was not broken for 10 years. B. Tokarev's training, especially during the competitive period, was characterized, first of all, by a very high intensity of the segments run. The athlete tried to achieve maximum running speed in each training run and show results at the level of his best achievement

In 1956, the next Olympic Games were held in Australia, however, at an unusually late date for European athletics - from November 22 to December 8. The results of these games for Soviet sprinters are as follows: in the men's 4 x 100 m relay race, a silver medal with a result of 39.8 seconds. won by L. Bartenev, B. Tokarev, Y. Konovalov, V. Sukharev; in the final of the 200 m race (result of 21.2 seconds) B. Tokarev was fifth.

A repeated meeting with the strongest sprinters in the world (USA athletes) showed that Soviet short-distance runners lose the race already in the starting acceleration. Senior sprint coach G.V. Korobkov noted on the pages of the Athletics magazine: “...B. Morrow, E. Stanfield, L. King, A. Murchison (USA), M. Agostini (Trinidad) and G. Hogen (Australia) were superior to everyone in the starting acceleration. The technique of the strongest sprinters differs from that of our athletes by a greater inclination of the torso when exiting the start, a greater forward-upward rise of the knee and a flatter trajectory of movement of the foot, which pushes off from the back block.” Thus, the main direction in the training system of Soviet short-distance runners was the development of power in the starting run. Observation of the strongest sprinters of the USSR showed that in speed-strength tests the athletes showed rather weak results. On average for the national team they were as follows: high jump 73 cm, standing long jump - 286 cm, standing triple jump - 853 cm.

Objective data indicating the low speed and strength potential of Soviet sprinters forced us to look for new means and methods of training runners. In the magazine “Athletics” in 1957 there was a wide discussion “What is the main thing in a sprinter’s running?” Basically, the experts talked about methods for increasing maximum speed and reducing the time to achieve it. The discussion did not provide a final answer to the questions raised, but the problems raised by coaches and athletes determined the direction of creative search. A greater number of strength exercises, mainly borrowed from the training arsenal of weightlifters. Short-distance runners began to use the press, snatch, clean and jerk, deadlifts, and squats with maximum weight not only in the preparatory period, but also at some stages of the competitive period.

The XVII Olympics in Rome, against the background of significant success of the entire track and field team, did not turn out very well for our sprinters. Only the men's 4 × 100 m relay team (G. Kasanov, L. Bartenev, Y. Konovalov, E. Ozolin) took the now traditional second place. M. Itkina was twice fourth in the 100 and 200 m.

After the Olympics, another discussion took place on the pages of Athletics magazine about the place of special exercises in the training system for short-distance runners. When summing up the discussion, it was noted that in terms of form, structure and dynamics of execution, special exercises must correspond to the technique of sprinting and correctly reproduce its individual phases, and that special exercises that develop the qualities necessary for a sprinter are certainly needed.

Were subjected to serious analysis training programs the strongest foreign sprinters. Comparing them with the content of our athletes’ training showed that in the preparatory period such outstanding runners as A. Hari (Germany) and L. Berruti (Italy) pay great attention to long sprints, repeatedly running segments of 200 m or more. Such preparation made it possible to significantly develop the quality of speed endurance, which was reflected in the athlete’s speed capabilities in the second half of the distance, where our athletes often lost. In order to more rationally structure the training process of Soviet sprinters, a new program for winter competitions in track and field athletes was developed. Such competitions were held in the form of sprint all-arounds, which included competitions in the 60 and 300 m races, and for 400 m runners - 300 and 600 m. In addition to the main all-around, athletes took part in general physical training competitions, which included a short sprint the running long jump and 800 m run were included.

The next VII and VIII European Championships did not bring any medals to Soviet sprinters. They also performed very poorly at the Olympic Games in Tokyo and Mexico City.

The long stagnation in the performances of our athletes on the international stage was finally broken by Vyacheslav Sapeya. This talented athlete had good general physical training, starting his sports career in the wrestling section, quickly became part of the USSR national team, won the European Cup and in one year managed to improve the USSR record from 10.2 to 10.0 seconds. The rapid rise of V. Sapey, apparently, was the reason for his premature departure from the treadmill. Without undergoing serious specialized training, the athlete boldly took on training loads that were too high for him - resulting in numerous injuries and a decrease in athletic performance.

V. Sapey was replaced in 1969 by Valery Borzov, who achieved outstanding results in the international arena. He has won three European Championships, where he won 4 gold, 1 silver and 1 bronze medal. Participating in 8 (!) European winter championships, V. Borzov seven times at the shortest sprint distance, in the 60 m race, left no chance for his rivals. The result of the performance of this outstanding Soviet athlete at the Olympic Games (Munich and Montreal) was 2 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze medal.

Experts paid attention to the talented twelve-year-old boy when he managed to defeat his peer rivals in the pioneer quadathlon. Valery took his first steps in athletics under the leadership of Boris Ivanovich Voytas. Numerous and varied games and extensive all-around training laid a strong foundation for future Olympic success. At the age of 14, V. Borzov convincingly wins the 60 m race at the All-Union Pioneer Quadathlon competition, shows 5 m 28 cm in the long jump, 155 cm in the height, throws the ball 60 meters and, based on the sum of four events, becomes the winner. At the age of 15, Valery begins to specialize in sprinting and shows a result of 10.8 seconds. The next year, another 0.3 seconds are reset from the personal best. In 1968, when V. Borzov was 18 years old, he won the European Junior Championships in the 100, 200 and 4 × 100 m relay. For the first time, he became a champion among adults in 1969 with a result of 10.0 sec, in In the same year, V. Borzov wins the 100 m race at the European Summer Championships in Athens. At this point, the athlete was not yet 20 years old. V. Borzov learned the highest sports skills under the guidance of the Honored Coach of the USSR, Professor Valentin Vasilyevich Petrovsky, who justified the training system for his students in the following way: “.. the key to success lies not in a mechanical increase in volume and intensity, but in the reasonable regulation of the training process and in determining those fundamental patterns of vital activity of the human body, which can be laid down as the basis for this regulation - management of the training process.”

V.V. Petrovsky carried out programming of training sessions according to to the following principle: “We base our weekly training cycles on the rule of targeted training. Each lesson is devoted to only one task - improving speed, speed endurance or other qualities. Usually on Monday there was calm work with medium loads, on Tuesday - speed training, etc. Our weekly cycle was quite flexible and changed depending on the indicators of control exercises and current tasks. In this regard, the indicators in the table we used served as an excellent barometer.”

Using the table helped to identify deficiencies in technique or lags in the development of qualities (speed, endurance, speed endurance). Table 1 presents the results at intermediate distance segments, which made it possible to adjust the course of the training process.

Table 1

Assessment of special running training of a sprinter

When planning training sessions aimed at improving a certain motor quality, V.V. Petrovsky used three modes of alternating exercises with rest. The main difference between them was that the repetition of speed runs began at different periods of recovery in phases of reduced or increased performance.

During his sports career, V. Borzov won many undisputed victories, being the leader of the world sprint in the seventies of the twentieth century. But the most striking performance of this remarkable Ukrainian sprinter was at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, where he won the 100 meters in 10.14 seconds (setting a European record of 10.07 seconds in the preliminary race) and the 200 meters in 20.00 seconds (also a record Europe and best time at that time at sea level), in addition, the USSR team, where Valery ran the fourth stage, took second place with a result of 38.50 seconds. It is interesting to note that V. Borzov's victory in the 100-meter race initially caused some rumors (they were immediately forgotten after his impressive 200-meter final). The fact is that on the eve of the Olympics, American sprinters E. Hart and R. Robinson were predicted to take first place in the short sprint (they had a result of 9.9 seconds at the qualifying competitions for the US Championship). But at the competitions in Munich, both athletes unexpectedly did not appear at the start of the quarterfinals, which began at 4 o’clock local time. Later it turned out that the coach of the US national team, S. Rigt, was guided by the schedule 15 months ago, where the start of the quarter finals was scheduled for 6 o’clock. Three American athletes appeared on the warm-up field and watched the 100-meter race on television with interest, assuming that it was a recording of the morning competition. When they were informed that this was a live broadcast, they rushed to the stadium, but only R. Taylor managed to take the start in the same race with V. Borzov, who won with a result of 10.07 seconds, and the loser from the USA was second with a time of 10.16 seconds, this was his best achievement, which he could never surpass again (that's what the action of adrenaline means).

Talking about V. Borzov, I would like to highlight those features that allowed him to become one of the strongest sprinters in the world. Much can be said about his talent (for example, at twenty years old he showed a result in the 400-meter run of 47.6 seconds). Indeed, in terms of natural abilities he was superior to many athletes. However, this outstanding athlete would not have achieved even half of his successes without a constant search for the most effective way in training, a thorough analysis of all competitive starts and pre-planning in the most the smallest details performance tactics on the treadmill. The remarkable sprinter revealed the secrets of his training in several books, which describe in detail not only the training technology, but also, what is especially interesting, the psychological nuances of sports practice. Strong character and good basic training allowed V. Borzov, even after completing his sports career, to occupy leading positions in the sports movement of Ukraine and international athletics.

Soviet sprinters achieved significant success at the 1980 Olympic Games, which were held in Moscow. For the first time, L. Kondratyeva won the 100 m race (11.06 sec), our men's team (V. Muravyov, N. Sidorov, A. Aksinin, A. Prokofiev) won the gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay race with a score of 38 .26 sec. L. Kondratieva’s victory was especially honorable, since she managed to break the long-term monopoly of GDR female athletes in sprinting. The significance of the Soviet athlete’s victory especially increases when we consider that she covered the last third of the final race distance with a serious hip injury and only very a strong character helped her finish her run victoriously.

The boycott of the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles somewhat reduced the intensity of international competitions for our country's athletes. Among the achievements of Soviet sprinters of that time, one can note the victory of the men's quartet in the relay race at the European Championships in Athens, first places at two winter championships of the continent of A. Evgeniev, as well as his gold medal at the first World Indoor Games in Paris in 1985. Since then, athletes from our country have rarely achieved outstanding individual victories. But in the sprint relay race our quartet was almost always successful. For example, in 1988, at the Olympic Games in Seoul, the quartet of the USSR national team consisting of V. Bryzgin, V. Krylov, V. Muravyov and V. Savin won a gold medal, and in 2008 in Beijing the women of the Russian national team achieved the same success (E .Polyakova, A.Fedoriva, Y.Gushchina and Y.Chermoshanskaya).

Modern sprint competitions abroad originate from professional competitions common in England back in the 19th century. Usually bets were made between two or more participants. The main problem of these competitions is the fair start of the run. At first, there were several ways to start running, but athletes came up with various tricks that gave them an advantage in the first steps, sometimes because of this, the start of running was sometimes delayed up to one hour. In the end, the idea of ​​starting a run at the gun shot was used.

In 1844, Adolphe Nicol (Switzerland) invented a stopwatch in which the hand returned to 0. The first sprint results recorded by a stopwatch were published on October 28, 1845, when D. Estman in Manchester showed a straight line result of 22 1/2 at a distance of 220 yards sec.

In 1878, the Swiss Loungine company developed the stopwatch we see today, with divisions of 1/5 sec. These stopwatches were used at the 1896 Olympic Games in Athens. At the competitions, only the time of the winner was recorded; the rest were given a distance behind.

The widespread use of timekeeping began after the creation of the athletics federations of England (1880) and the USA (1888).

Recording running times was quite difficult at the time. For several decades, time was refined by half or a quarter of a second and only then recorded with an accuracy of one-fifth of a second. Since sprinters first competed in the 100-yard (91.4 m) race, the first records were recorded at this distance.

The first sprinter to use running spikes was the American V. Curtis, at a competition in 1968 in the New York gym.

The debate about who was the first to run the 100-yard dash in less than 10 seconds still rages among sports historians. The achievement of the American D. Owen is known, who on October 11, 1890 at the AAU championship showed a result of 9.4/5 seconds. This time, recorded by three stopwatches, was subsequently declared the first official US record. Other sports historians claim priority for the first sprinter to run 100 yards faster than 10 seconds was W. Schifferstein, who showed 9.4/5 seconds on September 9, 1888 at a competition in St. Louis. At the beginning of the century, American athletes achieved the greatest achievements in sprinting; they held almost all the records in short-distance running. Undoubtedly, the success of US sprinters was the result of the extremely common at the end of the 19th century. professional competitions in short-distance running. Widely advertised meetings and matches of sprinters were held by analogy with circus wrestling tournaments held in Russia. A pre-planned program of victories and defeats, the “unexpected” appearance of newcomers from the public and their sensational winnings - all this contributed to the growth of results and the emergence of gifted athletes.

The first official book on athletics, Modem athletics (1868), describes the rules for conducting sprint competitions. “The track for each athlete should be limited by 60 cm posts with cables stretched between them. Each path is 4 feet (1.22 m) wide." This demarcation of tracks was recorded at the Olympic Games until the 1912 Olympic Games, when the tracks were demarcated with a special plaster. However, in 1920 (Antwerp) and 1924 (Paris), judges returned to the old version, which was subsequently not in demand.

The greatest success fell to the winner of the VII Olympiad (1920), Charles Paddock. Using newspaper advertising to attract spectators to competitions and enhance the impression of his success, Charles Paddock consistently set world records, which were quite high at intermediate distances. His records in the 20s were 90 yards (82.26 m) - 8.8 sec; 110 yards (100.54 m) – 10.2 sec, 125 yards (114.25 m) – 12.0 sec, 130 yards (118.82 m) – 12.4 sec; 150 yards (137.1 m) - 14.2 sec; 200 yards (182.8 m) - 19.0 sec; 300 yards (274.2 m) - 30.2 sec and 300 m - 33.2 sec. The world record in the 100 m race is 10.4 seconds, set in 1921, and was repeated 6 times by Charles Paddock. To highlight his extravagance, this stocky sprinter (height 174 cm, weight 72.5 kg) completed his run with a spectacular jump of up to 3 m in length to the finish line.

At first, according to the competition rules, the first false start was moved back by 1 meter, and the second by 2 meters. At the Olympic Games in St. Louis, 3 Americans made false starts in the race and were supposed to start 2 meters from the starting line, but there was no such distance behind the starting line and the athlete was allowed to start running only one meter from the starting line.

The most famous sprinter of the 30-40s. of the twentieth century is undoubtedly James Cleveland Owens. He was born on September 12, 1913, the thirteenth and last child in a poor black family of a cotton farmer. Jesse began his acquaintance with sports at school at the age of 10 years. D. Owens's first coach was school teacher mathematician Charles Riley, who taught him to run, jump, throw and play basketball. Every evening after school, the little athlete walked 13 km to the hotel where he worked as a shoe shiner.

At the age of 13, D. Owen had already competed in 79 short-distance running competitions and won 75 of them. At the age of 14, his result in the 220-yard dash (201.13 m) was 22.9 seconds, and at the age of 15 the results were as follows: high jump - 183 cm, long jump -7 m, 100 m run - 10 .8 sec, 110 m hurdles (hurdle height 99 cm) – 13.4 sec. “I was captain of the school teams,” said D. Owens, “in basketball, baseball, American football and, of course, in track and field. It was at school that I learned what responsibility to a team is...” At the age of 19, completing his school education, D. Owens had the following athletic results: 100 yards (91.4 m) - 9.4 seconds, 220 yards (201 m) straight - 20.7 seconds, 220 yards hurdles 22, 7 seconds, long jump - 761 cm. A year later, he begins training with one of the most famous American coaches, head coach of Ohio State University in Columbus Larry Snyder. “For Jesse, a shot start meant an active run of at least 50 yards (45 m), wrote L. Snyder. He never ran slower from the start and never slowed down, which is very important. I've always believed that training a sprinter should give him excellent 440-yard results. Jesse's longest training distance was 300 yards (274.2 m). He ran it many times in 29.5 seconds. (approximately 26.7-26.9 sec at 250 m ed). Usually he took starts lightly, ran long distances with wide free strides with 400 m runners, high jumped (which he especially loved to do) his best result was 198 cm without much training. Jesse did a lot of repeated running from the start at 75 and 180 yards (68.2 and 163.8 m) - three, four, five times. Like every runner, he loved to run many laps in a row, without any control over time, now speeding up, now slowing down, and enjoyed it.

On May 25, 1935, in the small American town of Ann Arbor, D. Owens set five world records and repeated one: 200 m and 220 yards - 20.3 seconds, 200 m and 220 yards hurdles - 22.6 seconds, long jump - 813 cm and 100 yards - 9.4 seconds, and all these results were shown within 45 minutes (!).

At the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, D. Owen (his height at that time was 178 cm, weight 71 kg, stride length at mid-distance 221 cm) won the 100 m (10.3 sec) and 200 m ( 20.7 sec), in the long jump (806 cm) and in the relay race, winning four gold medals. A quartet of American sprinters (D. Owens, R. Metcalfe, F. Draper, F. White Coffe) completed a lap around the stadium in 39.8 seconds. This result has not changed in the table of records for 20 years. D. Owens' record in the 100 m race lasted the same amount of time - 10.2 seconds, and the record long jump of 813 cm was not surpassed for 25 years.

Unfortunately, D. Owens ended his sports career early; he “hung up his spikes” at the age of 23. An attempt to engage in professional sports, such as horse racing, did not bring him any success. He was greatly dissatisfied with his position. D. Owens spoke about his fate: “In America, anyone can become famous... But as happened to me, a child from the poorest family suddenly got to the top of fame, and then landed on his own feet again.” The discrimination that reigned in the United States at that time had a heavy impact on the fate of this outstanding athlete. For example, even after a gala reception in honor of his victories at the Olympics, he was forced to go up to his hotel room in a freight elevator. Only in old age did the US Olympic Committee allocate grants to this outstanding athlete. At the 2009 World Athletics Championships in Berlin's Olympic Stadium, the entire American team wore his initials “JO” on their jerseys to commemorate his remarkable victories 73 years later.

The basic principles used in training American sprinters in the 30-50s were set out by the head coach of the University of Pennsylvania, K. Dougherty, who has extensive experience training athletes of the highest class. Here are brief recommendations from his book “Modern Athletics”.

1. In the preparatory period, you should have at least about six weeks of relaxed training away from the coach and starting pistol, with gradually increasing load applied to all muscles of the body.

Sprinting requires explosive strength that can only be developed over many weeks of training containing exercises with repeated, short-term, rapidly increasing efforts.

2. Countless details of starting skill can only be mastered through proper and repeated training. Studying the technique of any famous sprinter shows that they have done a lot of work to improve individual elements of technique, despite the easy training plans drawn up by coaches.

3. It is necessary to reduce the load during the competition. Two days of relaxed work will be enough, usually these days are Tuesday and Wednesday. Sometimes one day is enough. Light work on Thursday, and complete rest on Friday.

4. It is necessary to warm up properly before any speed work.

5. Speed ​​work using all forces should be carried out at the beginning of training, before fatigue sets in. Endurance work should be left for the end of the workout. Fatigue increases the possibility of muscle and ligament damage.

6. Sprint training is ultimately a mental as well as a physical challenge. A sprinter without confidence will fail before running, and confidence in training can be acquired as consciously as sprinting skill. Many sprinters have failed hundreds of times, more due to a lack of confidence than due to overconfidence.

Thus, American sprinters of that time were characterized, first of all, by a high level of speed-strength training, achieved as a result of varied training in childhood: the system of interschool competitions in the USA from ancient times to the present day forces athletically gifted children to consistently school year compete in a wide variety of sports. Have a beneficial effect on the future sprinter sport games, especially American football and baseball. In American football, very strict requirements are imposed on each participant. Playing in special protective equipment, athletes try to make their way through the opponent's field with an oval-shaped ball. Naturally, only those who have excellent starting speed and a powerful physique bring success to the team.

At one time in the USA, I had the opportunity to observe the training of young athletes preparing to enter the University of California. After two hours of dedicated training aimed at solving specific tactical problems, the players performed real sprint work, performing repeated runs of 12 × 60 m at maximum speed. The finale of the training session was very interesting: the team coach went to the stadium on a tractor, and the whole team entered into a competition with him: who would push whom out of the field. And until the young, but quite powerful 18-19-year-old players pushed their mentor and the tractor out of the area, the training did not end.

Baseball is no less dynamic. Players from each team must not only masterfully wield a heavy bat and throw a ball, but, most importantly, instantly move from one “base” to another, covering a distance of 90 feet (27.45 m), while dodging a small, but a heavy ball.

Another important component of the training of American sprinters was the speed-strength orientation of preparatory and special exercises. In the preparatory period, the sprinter was strongly encouraged to use a wide variety of jumps, especially long and high jumps, as well as hurdles.

In addition, one more feature should be noted in the training of American sprinters - psychological preparation is carried out during each training session. US sprinters have always been distinguished by a fierce desire to win, without losing to the enemy at any stage of the fight. The historical training of sprinters and the extreme popularity of this type of athletics abroad have contributed to the continued success of American sprinters at all major competitions.

For the first time, US athletes suffered a serious defeat at the XVII Olympic Games in Rome (1960). They managed to maintain the tradition only in the women's sprint, where the winner was the wonderful American athlete V. Rudolph. For her easy and fast running, sports journalists called her a “black gazelle” in their reports. Three gold medals were won by a talented black girl (100 m - 11.0 sec, 200 m - 24.0 sec, 4 × 100 m - 44.5 sec), but what is especially surprising in the sports biography of V. Rudolf (181 cm, 60 kg) is that that she was born into a poor black family, where she was the 20th child in a family of 22 children. As a child, she suffered from polio, which left her left leg paralyzed and unable to walk properly until she was ten years old.

In the men's sprint, European runners inflicted a serious defeat on American athletes. In the short sprint, the victory was won by A. Hari (Germany), who by that time had set a world record of 10.0 seconds. He managed to already be significantly ahead of his opponents by the 10-15 m distance, which was explained by the unusual ability of this athlete to react to the starting signal. Laboratory studies showed that A. Hari was 0.060.07 seconds faster than his colleagues in reaction speed. Such an advantage, plus a perfect starting acceleration technique, usually left the competitors no hope of victory already in the middle of the distance. Spectators have always been attracted to competitions with the participation of A. Hari by the peculiar game at the start between the athlete and the starter. After the first sensational victory at the European Championship in Stockholm, where, according to journalists, the judges made a mistake at the start, the starters very carefully watched A. Hari’s reaction to the shot. This was the case in Rome, where the Italian judge determined, just in case, a false start after the first start of the final race, however, in the second attempt, the German athlete managed to get ahead and won with a result of 10.2 seconds.

In 1960, the representative of the European sprint, Livio Berruti, won the 200-meter race for the first time at the Olympics in Rome. When he first joined the Italian national team, his father sent a letter to the athletics federation: “I object to my son training for the 200m, it could harm his health.” Fortunately, the coaches did not listen to this opinion and Livio won with a result of 20.5 seconds.

American athletes managed to take revenge on the Europeans four years later. At the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, the winner in the 100 m race, R. Hayes (USA), repeated the world record of A. Hari (10.0 sec) in the final and was far ahead of the second-place Cuban E. Figuerola. R. Hayes differed from all sprinters in his powerful physique, significant weight (height 185 cm, weight about 90 kg) and powerful running style. In the final of the relay race, according to data published in an American sports magazine, the talented black runner developed a fantastic speed, covering 100 m on the run in 8.7 seconds!

The Games of the XIX Olympiad in 1968 were held in the capital of Mexico, Mexico City, located at an altitude of 2550 m above sea level. The thin air of the Mexican capital contributed to high results in short-distance running. It is estimated that in such conditions an athlete improves his result by 0.1 sec compared to a flat one, so very high speeds were shown in the “capital of sprint records”: D Hines’ record in the 100 m run is 9.95 sec (this result is not was beaten for 15 years); Lee Evans in the 400m run - 43.86 seconds; “leap to 2000” by R. Beamon – 890 cm; American quartet in the 4 × 400 m relay race – 2.56.16. In the 100-meter final, the first and sixth participants were separated by only 0.15 seconds. This sixth runner was M. Pender - an American athlete - a kind of record holder in his age category. At the age of 31, already at other competitions, he managed to overcome 100 m in 10.0 seconds. The 1972 Olympics in Munich was marked by the triumph of V. Borzov, who won two Olympic disciplines - 100 and 200 m. These victories were reported earlier.

The Games in Montreal (1976) did not reveal any new outstanding athletes in sprinting, and the subsequent games in 1980 in Moscow were overshadowed by political intrigue, due to which many of the world's strongest athletes did not come to the competition. Interesting is the sports path of the winner in the 100 m race, the Englishman A. Wells (10.24 sec), who began specializing in sprints only at the age of 24, having previously been involved in a wide variety of sports (badminton, football), participating in cross-country and long jump competitions . The preparation of this talented athlete is somewhat different from the generally accepted one, so we will present some features of his training programs.

At the first stage of preparation, the athlete conducted daily exercises for 6 weeks, which included jogging 100 m 5–6 times with a gradually increasing stride length. After completing numerous flexibility exercises, 100 m runs were repeated with the same task. This was followed by a series of power and fast multi-jumps of 100 m, which were replaced by exercises with high hip lifts, with active and quick placing of the foot on the ground. Then circuit training was carried out using general developmental exercises.

Preparation for competitions in the training of A. Wells took 5 weeks. The purpose of this period was to gradually get used to the tartan and protect the legs from injury. Much attention was paid to running technique from the start. A. Wells used a narrow set of training means in training microcycles, the total volume of which consistently increased from one microcycle to another.

After the special training stage, the athlete took part in competitions for 5 weeks, performing light training work in between. A. Wells calls this period “competitive vacation.” Subsequently, the general preparatory phase was repeated, but the intensity of the exercises increased. In his preparation, A. Wells paid special attention to the technically correct execution of all movements. The final phase of pre-competition preparation also took 5 weeks and was similar in content to that carried out previously.

The winner of the Moscow Olympics in the 200 m race, the Italian P. Mennea (20.19 sec), was distinguished by a very high level of speed endurance for a sprinter, which allowed him to withstand heavy competitive and training loads and show high results at distances from 100 to 400 m during more than 13 years.

The Italian sprinter's training was characterized by very high intensity loads at all stages of training, including the preparatory phase. For example, in March one of the training sessions had the following content:

Warm-up, flexibility exercises, jumps 3 × 500 m on the left leg, 3 × 500 m on the right leg and 5 × 500 m from foot to foot, which are performed very quickly: time is noted and the number of jumps is counted, sprint 10 × 60 m from high start (6.8–6.9 sec) after 2 minutes of rest, run 150 m (19.0 sec), after 4 minutes of walking, run 250 m (30.3 sec), after 10 minutes of walking – 150 m (17. 5 sec), after 6 minutes of walking - 250 m (30.4 sec) and after 14 minutes of walking, running 150 m (17.8 sec).

In the 1981 season, a new, strongest sprinter in the world appeared in the USA - C. Lewis. He was born into a family with good sporting traditions. C. Lewis's father once played for one of the strongest baseball teams in the country, and his mother in 1951, being a talented hurdler as a member of the US national team, participated in many international competitions. Having finished active participation in big sports, the Lewises organized hometown athletics club, where seven-year-old Karl began his sports career in 1968. At the age of 13, he managed to long jump 5.51 m. After a long period devoted to general physical training, the young athlete began to specialize in sprinting and long jump. Subsequently, he managed to combine these disciplines in competitions, winning with very high results.

At the Olympic Games in 1984, K. Lewis repeated the achievement of the legendary D. Owens, winning in four disciplines at once: 100 m (9.99 sec), 200 m (19.80 sec), long jump (854 cm) and as part of the 4 x 100 m relay team, which finished with a new world record (37.83 sec). C. Lewis's training is largely aimed at improving the long jump (nine jumps in competitions from 8.70 m to 8.87 m), however, in the sprint he achieved outstanding stable achievements: 15 results in the 100 meters from 9.86 sec (world record in 1991) up to 9.99 seconds, 10 times faster than 20 seconds in the 200 meter dash.

C. Lewis's achievements over 13 years of performances in international sports are impressive: 8 gold, one silver and one bronze medal at the World Championships, and 9 gold and one silver at the Olympic Games (!).

At the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, C. Lewis was declared the winner of the 100m final (9.92 sec), but this did not happen until the day after B. Johnson (Canada) finished first with a time of 9.79 sec. B. Johnson's disqualification literally blew up the world sports community. The Canadian government conducted a special investigation, as a result of which coach Charles Francis had to admit that his student had been taking illegal drugs since 1981, which led to the IAAF’s decision to erase history and strip B. Johnson of the title of world record holder and winner of the world championship in Rome. B. Johnson's disqualification ended in 1991 and he tried to return to the big sprint. A highly promoted meeting between two old rivals ( prize fund amounted to $500,000) ended in the defeat of B. Johnson with a result of 10.46 seconds (C. Lewis 10.20 seconds), after which he was no longer able to return to his achievements. C. Lewis continued to win in his signature disciplines - he ended the 1991 season with a victory at the World Championships in Tokyo with a result of 9.86 seconds. Let us briefly dwell on the specifics of the training of this wonderful athlete.

In the off-season, Lewis spends approximately 34% of his training time on speed and strength training, where a lot of attention is paid to jumping. Only 9% of an athlete’s training time is spent on running work (not counting start practice), warm-up and final run. During this period, exercises with maximum effort are not practiced, since this, according to C. Lewis, increases the risk of injury and complicates the process of learning the technique. During the competitive season, the share of speed-strength training is reduced to 6% of the total training time, but the volume of running work, not counting the start, warm-up and final run training, increases to 17%. Typically, K. Lewis trains with maximum effort only when practicing the run-up.

Returning to the Olympics in Seoul, one cannot help but recall the amazing victories of the wonderful athlete Florence Griffith. She amazed the whole world with her victories, which were surprisingly easy for her (an advantage in the 100 meters of 0.29 seconds and 0.38 seconds in the 200 m), and in the 200 meters she set a world record of 21.34 seconds. The athlete was close to winning a fourth gold medal in the 4 × 400 meter relay, but in the last stage she was opposed by Olympic champion Olga Bryzgina and the US team was second, but F. Griffith's result of 48.1 seconds at the finishing stage really testifies to her outstanding abilities . The records of this remarkable athlete have not yet been broken; after they were set, she lived only a short time and died before reaching the age of 39.

We have focused on only some of the most outstanding sprinters of our time, each of them seems to have achieved “eternal” records, but time passes and the new star and new fantastic achievements appear. Each of the record holders followed their own path to success, which is why a modern coach needs to carefully study the experience of his predecessors in order to offer his student the optimal program. As the history of sprint shows, the frequency of appearance of new world record holders is approximately 12–15 years. Now the new world record holder W. Bolt has once again shocked sprint fans.

W. Bolt was born on August 21, 1986 in the small town of Trelawney, Jamaica. His parents owned a small grocery store in the countryside. As a child, young Usain spent his time outside playing cricket and football. His acquaintance with athletics began at school, where the future record holder had to compete in short-distance running. His first success in sprinting was second place in the 200-meter race at the schoolchildren's competition in 2001, with a result of 22.04 seconds.

At the age of 16, his talent was noted by the Prime Minister of Jamaica and recommended W. Bolt to the University of Technology, where he was able to train with the strongest sprinters in this country. At the age of 15, this athlete was already 196 cm tall, apparently this explains the fairly frequent injuries that plagued him during this period. However, over the three years of junior age, this athlete progressed very quickly: 21.81 seconds at the age of 15 and immediately 19.93 seconds at the age of 18! He was the first junior to break 20 seconds in the 200 meter dash. In 2003, the strongest junior was awarded the IAAF Hope Prize and many American universities offered him sponsorship, but the athlete chose to stay in Jamaica.

table 2

Dynamics of W. Bolt’s achievements since the age of 15:

An athlete from Jamaica achieved fantastic success at the Olympic Games in Beijing. For the first time in the history of sprinting, an athlete won both sprint distances with a world record. Moreover, in both cases his advantage was overwhelming.

It is noted that after 50 meters (where, as they say, “the men are separated from the boys”), W. Bolt achieves an outstanding result, approaching a speed of 44 km/h. Moreover, some unverified results instantaneous speed They even give figures of 48 km/h. W. Bolt typically takes 41 steps over the course, with a mid-distance stride length of 2.83 m, while most of the world's top sprinters take 44 steps in the 100m. Typically, sprinters gradually slow down after 60m, but in Beijing Bolt made amazing progress and was even able to finish with his arms raised with 10m to go, sparking some debate about the actual end result, which some experts believe should be be another 0.04 sec better. After his stunning success at the Beijing Olympics, W. Bolt was recognized as the best athlete of the year.

Season next year the athlete began with competitions in the 400-meter run and showed a result of 45.54 seconds. In April, W. Bolt took part in a sports show that took place on the streets of Manchester, where athletes competed in the 150-meter race. The world record holder remained true to himself and broke another sprint record (14.35 seconds). In the first 100 meters, he showed a result of 9.90 seconds, but if we consider his result in the 50-meter run (from 50 meters to the finish), then it will be 8.72 seconds!

The time by segments was:

50m – 5.64 sec (in Beijing it was 5.50 sec)

100m – 9.90 sec (4.26 sec in Beijing last 50m in 100m dash was 4.19 sec with arms up)

150 – 14.35 sec (4.45 sec finish).

The World Championships in Berlin once again confirmed the outstanding talent of W. Bolt, he won again with world records for 100 meters - 9.58 sec (headwind - 0.9 m/sec) and 200 m - 19.19 sec (headwind -0.3 m/sec) .

It is interesting to compare the times of the final race by segment, in Beijing and Berlin.

W. Bolt began to get ahead of the world record schedule from 40–50 meters of distance, and in Berlin he managed to reach a maximum speed of 12.27 m/sec at 65 meters of distance.

It should be noted that M. Johnson is still the strongest 200-meter runner in the second half of the distance. When M. Johnson set the world record, the times for the 100 m sections were 10.12 and 9.20, for W. Bolt this ratio was 9.90 seconds and 9.23 seconds, and there is still a reserve, since the headwind speed was -0.9 m/sec. In the 200-meter race, Bolt took 42 steps in the first half of the distance, and 38 in the second. The athlete himself noted that his achievements were associated with improved results at the start; in Berlin, his reaction at 100 m was 0.146 sec and at 200 m - 0.133 sec – significantly better than in Beijing. On the last day of the championship, the mayor of Berlin presented W. Bolt with a 3-meter-high part of the Berlin Wall, noting: “There are people who can overcome obstacles that were considered insurmountable.” The three-ton unit was shipped to Jamaica and stationed at the Kingston training camp.

After such a cascade of constantly improving achievements by W. Bolt, sports experts began to discuss what else this genius from Jamaica could do. First of all, everyone agrees that he has another sprint record in the 400 meters, especially since W. Bolt has practice running this distance, his personal best is 45.28 seconds. But I would like to dwell on the calculations of American specialists about the possibilities of another record. First of all, they note that great sprinters, as a rule, are the authors of outstanding achievements in the long jump (D. Owens - 10.2 sec and 8.13 m, K. Lewis 9.86 sec and 8.91 m, Marian Jones 10.65 sec and 7.31 m), therefore, why not W. Bolt try his hand at this discipline? Simple calculations show the following: M. Powell in 1991, having a maximum running speed of 11 m/sec, with a take-off angle of 33.06°, set a world record of 8.95 m. Taking into account the inexperience of W. Bolt and the shortcomings of technology with his speed of 12 m/ sec you can fully expect to achieve a result of 9.46 m (!). Theoretically, with brilliant technique and good conditions, his achievement should be 10.50 m. At least the new world record holder in the sprint does not reject the idea of ​​​​his performance in the long jump. He says: “I told my coach that before my career ends I will try to do this, I am ready to jump far.” Let's see.

Completing short description W. Bolt's sporting achievements, it should be noted that perhaps the secret of his success lies in the neuromuscular organization of movements and the technical organization of the running step, in particular the maximum use of elastic energy, when, when placing the foot on the surface of the track, ligaments, tendons and tense muscles absorb energy , effectively implementing it after the center of gravity of the runner’s body passes the vertical moment

Naturally, the opinion on the preparation of the world record holder by his coach Glen Mills, who has been working with him since 2005, is of interest. G. Mills has an excellent coaching reputation. He has trained sprinters such as 1987 World Championships silver medalist Ray Stewart and 100m champion Kim Collins for major international competitions. He is now the head coach at the Advanced Athletes Training Center in Kingston. Due to the students' success in Beijing, Mr. Mills was recognized as "Best Coach of the Year" by the North, Central America and Caribbean Coaches Association in October 2008.

His interview was published in the journal “New studies in athletics” in 2009. Here are some excerpts from it.

G. Mills said that in 2007 he wanted to prepare his student for a distance of 400 meters, but first run 200 meters several times. But W. Bolt wanted to start in the 100-meter race. “I told him if he broke the Jamaican record in the 200m, I would let him start in the 100m,” says G. Mills. “He ran the distance in 19.75 seconds, and then he told me: “You have to keep your word.” W. Bolt then ran 100 meters in 10.03 seconds. “I didn’t stop him after that.” “Usain is an extremely gifted athlete. When I started working with him, his technique was weak. He lost his balance while running. For example, while running, the position of his body was such that the forces acted on bottom part backs. This contributed to frequent injuries especially to the muscles of the back of the thigh. We tried to change the mechanics of his running in order to raise his body higher and change the inclination to 5-10°. We did a lot of exercises and recorded his running on video. Then we discussed running parameters together. His mistake was that he could not maintain the correct body position while running at maximum speed. That's why we developed an intensive program to develop core strength. In Beijing he managed to preserve the technology that we had been working on for two years. Sprinters try to repeat their old mistakes when under stress or when running at maximum speed. Trainers, like actors, must teach to constantly repeat movements in order to forget erroneous actions, and to perform the correct movements in any conditions.

The main thing is that the athlete must perform his actions very accurately. Sometimes an athlete cannot coordinate all actions and disrupts the integrity of the movement. The main thing is to maintain the correct body position, so as to be able to increase the length of the step and reduce the support time. The hip flexors and core muscles play an important role here. If a sprinter's stride length decreases, it is all a result of improper swing and stance phase. As a result, running speed slows down and results drop. The technique of starting, starting acceleration and running at maximum speed is naturally different. The sprinter must adjust his technique as he progresses along the distance. If an athlete makes mistakes in any phase, this is reflected in subsequent actions. Errors in starting acceleration will invariably be reflected later when running at maximum speed. Athletes often pay for such mistakes.

For example, starting acceleration depends mainly on the power capabilities of the sprinter. If the athlete does not have enough strength to accelerate in an optimal forward lean, he enters the next phase of the distance run. If he is strong enough, like A. Powell, for example, then his starting acceleration lasts longer. I always adjust the nature of the starting acceleration depending on the speed and power capabilities of the runner. Establishing an accurate run-up, for example, 25 meters long, is quite difficult, so I recommend that each athlete has his own style of starting acceleration. Good starters reach top speed faster, but others pick up speed gradually and achieve equally high speeds. The coach must clearly determine the speed and strength capabilities of his students.

Each athlete has an individual step length and you must take into account his natural characteristics when starting to work with him. For example, an athlete is 1.83 m tall, but runs with short steps, I analyze the situation and make a decision. Perhaps the athlete has underdeveloped certain muscle groups that need to be strengthened. In the preparatory season, we carry out special work of the following content: 1. We develop special strength capabilities of individual muscle groups and 2. We perform special running exercises for stride length. I use special markings on the track that allow me to run at the optimal stride length. In this case, it is necessary to observe the correct running technique.

Gradually, when the runner masters the proposed step length, you can move on to the next increase. I believe that you can increase your running speed over a distance by lengthening your running steps. I also try to prepare athletes mentally and physically for a consistent stride length, especially when fatigue sets in at 200 meters. You can maintain your maximum running speed for 50-60 meters, but if you slightly increase your stride length, you can achieve a high overall performance.

Typically, anthropometric data appear mainly at various phases of running. An explosive type athlete performs better in the first part of the distance, tall athletes look better in the second half. Most often, the advantage goes to those sprinters who have a higher ceiling for maximum running speed. In general, there is a certain balance between tall and short sprinters. Short sprinters gain speed faster, but they also become fatigued earlier. A coach, when working with athletes, must look for the optimum when searching for the moment when the athlete reaches maximum running speed. This job involves preparing a sprinter to run 100 or 200 meters.

Strength training is fundamental to sprinter training. I believe there are two types of force: static and dynamic. It seems to me that many athletes get carried away with static strength, forgetting about dynamic training. These athletes leave the strength training room with well-developed muscles, but more attention needs to be paid to plyometric work and special resistance exercises. Strength training should be divided into two equal parts, focusing on both static and dynamic strength.

Speed ​​work and speed endurance work should be done simultaneously. Coaches try to separate pure speed work from endurance training. You often hear sprinters say they can't run at top speed. Coaches must create programs so that at a certain period the students are fresh and can withstand a large amount of pure speed work, this is especially important during the period of preparation for important competitions.

I believe that speed training should be done no more than once or twice a week and rest should be 36 hours, or even better, 48 hours. Many coaches believe that if you reduce the load, the athlete can lose a lot, but I don’t think so.

Motivation is one of the components of the training process. I talk a lot with athletes, especially during the rest period, explaining to them the tasks and possible ways to solve them. It is important not only to talk to athletes about the possible prospects of winning or losing, but also to put them in difficult conditions, for example, during testing. It is especially important to avoid the possibility of fear in athletes due to the fear of losing. At all the best way it is to develop a positive mindset so that athletes are clear about their capabilities and how to realize their potential.

The first thing you need to look at is physical capabilities, his physique, the development of physical qualities and coordination. I look at the sense of rhythm in beginners. Sometimes mid-distance, a sprinter loses his running rhythm due to poor coordination and is unable to maintain a correct running pattern. All potential champions must be carefully considered. Sometimes we do not pay attention to an athlete who lost to many during the tests, but no one noted that he was first in the first third of the distance. In addition, it may happen that a beginner did not engage in physical exercises at all and lost to his peers who have already been training for one year in other sports; this must also be taken into account. Maybe later he will become the champion. The second factor is how the young athlete pushes off the ground. If he does not plant his foot on the heel and quickly completes the take-off, this athlete has a great opportunity to become a good sprinter. Next, you need to look at how aggressive the beginner is in his movements - this is also an indicator of future success."

Run- one of the methods of movement (locomotion) of humans and animals; characterized by the presence of the so-called “flight phase” and is carried out as a result of complex coordinated activity skeletal muscles and limbs. Running is characterized, in general, by the same cycle of movements as when walking, the same active forces and functional muscle groups. The difference between running and walking is the absence of a double support phase when running.

Introduction

Running provides good conditions as an aerobic workout that increases the threshold of endurance, has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system, increases the body's metabolism and thus helps control body weight. Running has a positive effect on the immune system and improves skin tone. Strengthening the leg muscles and improving metabolism helps prevent and eliminate cellulite.

Running allows you to establish the rhythmic functioning of the endocrine and nervous systems. During running, when a person constantly overcomes the earth's gravity, jumping up and down in a vertical position, the blood flow in the vessels comes into resonance with running, and previously unused capillaries are activated. Blood microcirculation activates the activity of internal secretion organs. The flow of hormones increases and helps coordinate the activities of other organs and systems of the body.

Musculature

Basically, running involves the muscles of the heart, thighs and lower legs, and in the legs there are not the same nodes of the same muscles that many athletes try to load in the gym, replacing running. When running, the lower leg muscles involve more than just the calf muscle, which can develop when walking in heels. The foot is also pushed by the flexor and extensor muscles of the big and middle toes, and the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles develop. This makes the shin more even or full, harmoniously developed.

The rectus abdominis muscle receives secondary muscle development, mainly in the nodes near the pubis. But the development of breathing also develops the costal nodes of this muscle.

Breath

Breathing while running is based on the body's need for oxygen. Oxygen starvation causes an increased heart rate, which affects increased breathing. Breathing, in which it is easy for a runner to talk, is called aerobic, and is considered by the pulse to be less than 60% of the maximum possible. Breathing that makes it difficult to talk is called breathing with oxygen starvation. Artificially created oxygen hunger forces the muscles to work more actively, increase the number of microcapillaries, develop an increased number of blood vessels in the lungs, which allows oxygen to be taken out of a smaller amount of air of better quality.

Nutrition

They run on an empty stomach, planning their meals in such a way that their stomach is empty by the time they start training. A full stomach strains the pancreas and can cause pain in the side.

For longer runs (from 1 to 2 hours), it is advisable to take quickly digestible food. People who are actively involved in running use sports nutrition.

Story

The first Olympic competitions BC were held only in running. According to legend, the first Olympic Games were organized by Hercules in 1210 BC. e. From 776 BC e. records were kept about the Olympic games that were held only in running one stage (192 m). In 724 BC e. Two-stage competitions have been added. In 720 BC e. a race of seven stages was added and, as an example to the winner, athletes began to compete naked, this was facilitated by the culture of society, which exalted tanned athletic bodies. Women of childbearing age were not allowed to participate in the games; only men competed in running.

Running and running competitions are known in the history of Homo sapiens at all times, on all continents, of all peoples, starting with Homo sapiens. These are the ones physical exercise which were also necessary for girls ancient Greece, for the birth of healthy children. (Aristotle wrote about this, criticizing legislation that does not oblige parents to play sports with girls)

Literature

• Tour Gutos. History of running. M., Text, 2011.
• Stolbov. V.V., Finogenova. L. A., Melnikova. N. Yu. Story physical culture and sports: Textbook. M., Physical culture and sport, 2000.
• Ivanitsky M. F. Human anatomy: Textbook for higher educational institutions of physical education. M., Olympia, 2008/

see also

Notes

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Synonyms:

See what “Running” is in other dictionaries:

run- run/ … Morphemic-spelling dictionary

Ah, offer. about running, on the run; m. 1. to Run (1, 4 digits) and Run (1 3, 5 7, 9 digits); the speed of such movement, flow, development. Running man, horse. Running sleigh, glider. Fast running of waves and clouds. Fast pace of days. Running a race... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

RUN- RUNNING, a method of movement in which (unlike walking) both legs do not touch the ground at the same time for one moment, so that the body touches the ground with one leg or is completely lifted off the ground. Running is one of the most common... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

For a long distance. 1. Unlock Iron. Evasion of paying alimony. BBI, 26. 2. Jarg. corner. Iron. Escape from exile or from a correctional facility. BBI, 26; BSRG, 56. Running in place. Razg. Iron. About activities that do not bring results. BTS, 63. Let's run. Sib. Fast… … Large dictionary of Russian sayings

See running gait... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. running gait; stadium, diaulos, dolichodrome, cross-country, quarry, steeple chase, racing, marathon, jogging, cross-country,... ... Synonym dictionary

Run- Run. RUN, a sport over various distances, one of the main types of athletics. There are: smooth running (on the stadium treadmill, highway, including marathon), hurdle, with obstacles (the so-called steeple chase), cross-country. ... Illustrated encyclopedic Dictionary

- “RUN”, USSR, Mosfilm, 1970, color, 197 min. Drama. Based on the works of Mikhail Bulgakov. The film “Running” is the first domestic film adaptation based on the works of Mikhail Bulgakov. The script was based not only on the play of the same name, but also... ... Encyclopedia of Cinema

RUN, a sport over various distances, one of the main types of athletics. There are: smooth running (on the stadium treadmill, highway, including marathon), hurdle, with obstacles (the so-called steeple chase), cross... Modern encyclopedia