Presentation of the cow breed. Ministry of Agriculture of the Ulyanovsk region meat breeds of cattle. Red steppe breed

Meat breeds of cattle according to biological characteristics and economic characteristics are divided into 3 main groups: - Meat early ripening (Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Shorthorn, Kazakh white-headed); - Tall meats (limousine, Charolais, Chian, light Aquitaine); - Meat zonal (Kalmyk, Santa Gertrude, Galloway, beefalo)

Aberdeen Angus breed The breed was developed at the end of the 18th century in the North-Eastern part of Scotland (the original forms are the local breeds Gumlis and Gobby). The cattle are well adapted to grazing, and cows give birth easily. Animals of a pronounced meat type, compact build, with a deep and wide body, on short limbs (height at the withers, cm). The black color and polled appearance characteristic of animals of this breed are consistently inherited when crossed with other breeds. Animals are characterized by high precocity. They finish growing early and tend to develop fat early compared to other meat breeds. At birth, calves weigh kg, at weaning kg. The average live weight of cows is 500 kg (max. 600 kg), bulls kg (max. 950 kg). Under good pasture conditions, calves under their mother gain 100 g per day. Feed costs per 1 kg of gain are 6.5 feed units. Slaughter yield up to 70%.

Peculiarities of the breed - The cattle are well adapted to grazing, the cows calve easily - The animals are easily excitable, but docile, docile - The animals finish their growth early and show a tendency to early fat deposition - The meat is fine-fiber, with good marbling

Hereford breed The breed was bred in England, in the county of Hereford (a stud book was opened in 1845). The color of the cattle is red in different shades, the head, dewlap, lower part of the belly and legs, as well as the brush of the tail are white, the nasal surface is pink. The animals have the typical rectangular body shape of beef cattle. The head is small, wide, the neck is wide, the dewlap stands out forward, the skin is thin, elastic, the horns are large and thick. The animals are medium-sized (height at withers cm). At birth, calves weigh kg, at weaning the calves weigh kg, at 18 months. The weight of the heifers reaches kg. Cows weigh kg (max. 720 kg), bulls kg (max. kg). Hereford cattle have high meat qualities. With intensive rearing, by the age of 12 months, castrated bulls weigh kg, the slaughter yield is 60-70%. The meat is without excessive salting and has high taste. Cows produce kg of milk per lactation with a fat content of 3.9-4.0%.

Features of the breed - When crossed with other breeds, the white-headedness and white color of the belly characteristic of Herefords are consistently inherited - By temperament, the bulls are very calm and obedient; cows have well-developed maternal qualities - At the beginning of the 20th century, a group of polled cattle was bred in the USA - Meat without excessive greasiness, has high taste qualities

Galloway Breed The breed originated from the beef cattle of the South-West Coast of Scotland (Galloway County). The animals are polled, black, sometimes gray with brown tints. Livestock can live without indoors all year round. Due to their endurance and unpretentiousness to feed, animals are bred in countries with both cold and hot climates. The length of the hair reaches 20 cm in winter. In hot countries, animals do not grow long hair and easily tolerate high air temperatures. Weight of calves at birth kg, at weaning at 8 months kg. Live weight of cows is 500 kg, bulls – kg. The average daily gain of bull calves reaches 900 g. The slaughter yield after feeding is up to 68%. The milk production of cows in 190 days is kg, with a fat content of 4-4.5%.

Peculiarities of the breed - Polled animals, black, sometimes gray with brown tints - Innate resistance to adverse atmospheric influences - Cattle can live without indoors all year round - Hair length reaches 20 cm in winter - Calves are born very strong and viable

Shorthorn breed One of the oldest highly productive beef breeds, developed at the end of the 18th century by improving local shorthorn cattle bred in the Tisza River valley. An infusion of blood from the Galloway breed and Dutch cattle was used. The homeland of the Shorthorn breed is the North-Eastern part of England (Counties York, Durham). The animal color is varied: red (50%), red-motley (27%), roan (20%), white (3%). The animals are distinguished by a deep and wide body with low limbs. The breed is divided into groups of dairy and meat animals. Calves weigh kg at birth and up to kg at weaning. You can raise 2 calves on suckling. Live weight of cows kg, bulls kg (max kg). The average daily gain during fattening reaches 1200 g. Slaughter yield is 65-70%, while the yield of pulp in the carcass is 80-81%, fat up to 8%. The cows' milk yield is kg, with a fat content of 3.7-3.9%. In England, a record milk yield was obtained from the Cherry cow - kg of milk.

Peculiarities of the breed - The breed has polled offspring - The color of the animals is varied: red (50%); red-motley (27%); roan (20%); white (3%) - The breed is divided into groups of dairy and beef animals - Increased fat content in carcasses is often observed - Lower feed conversion compared to other British breeds

Kalmyk breed The breed was bred by crossing local Kalmyk cattle with Simmentals, and to improve meat qualities - with Shorthorns. The color of the animals is red, of varying intensity, sometimes with a white stripe along the upper part of the body and a white head. Animals of medium size (height at withers cm), compact build (oblique body length cm). Calves weigh kg at birth, and kg by 8 months. Weight of cows kg (max. 675 kg), sires kg (max. kg). Animals fatten well on succulent and roughage feed. Slaughter yield is 55-60%, for well-fed oxen – 68%. The meat is juicy and well seasoned. Milk production is low and amounts to kg, with a fat content of 4.1-4.5%. Lactation in cows does not exceed 8-9 months.

Features of the breed - The facial part of the head is elongated, with a hook-nosed profile, the bend of the horns resembles the shape of a crescent - The animals are hardy, make good use of scarce pastures - Strong development of sweat and sebaceous glands - Large seasonal deposits of internal and intermuscular fat (up to 60 kg in adult animals) - Meat high quality, carcass with good fat coating.

Kazakh Whiteheaded Breed The breed was bred in Kazakhstan and the south-eastern part of Russia by crossing local Kazakh and Kalmyk cattle with Hereford animals. The resulting crossbreeds, mostly 2-3 generations, were bred “inside”. In terms of color and body type, animals of this breed are similar to the Hereford breed. The cattle are medium-sized (height at the withers, cm), with a deep and wide chest, compact build, with strong, light bones (pastern girth, cm), rounded body, with well-developed muscles. By winter, animals grow thick, long hair. Calves at birth weigh kg, when raised on suckling - kg by 8 months. Cows weigh kg (max. 780 kg), bulls kg (max. kg). The average daily growth of young animals for fattening is up to 900 g. Slaughter yield is up to 67%.

Features of the breed - The breed was bred in 20 years - Animals tolerate heat and frost well - By winter, animals acquire thick, long hair, many animals have curly hair - Milk productivity of cows is low: kg (record holder: cow Picture - 6680 kg of milk

Limousin breed The breed was bred in France in 1850 (by origin the breed is a branch of the Aquitaine light cattle). The animals are characterized by large stature (height at withers 135 cm), well-developed muscles and thin bones. The color of the cattle is light yellow, bright, darker on the back than on the belly, the horns and hooves are light, the front legs are very muscular. Limousin cattle have good acclimatization ability, can withstand harsh conditions relatively easily, and make excellent use of pastures. Weight of calves at birth kg, at weaning kg. With intensive rearing, bull calves reach a live weight of up to 600 kg at 15 months of age, with an average daily gain of up to 65% slaughter yield (bone content in the carcass). Milk productivity of cows kg, in some animals up to 4000 kg, fat content 5%.

Peculiarities of the breed - The cattle acclimatize well, make excellent use of pastures - The color of the cattle is red-brown, darker on the back than on the belly. The horns and hooves are light - Cows have good reproductive and maternal qualities - Limousine meat is considered the best in France, the bone content in the carcass is 14-15%

The Charolais breed is one of the oldest meat breeds in Europe. The main advantage of Charolais cattle is its ability to produce a maximum of good meat with a minimum of fat. Leather is also highly valued. The color of the animals is yellow, of different shades, turning into white, the nasal mirror. The animals are large (height at the withers cm), on low limbs, the body is elongated, the muscles are loose, the bones are rather rough. The animals are very hardy (used for years). At birth, calves weigh kg (there are cases of difficult calvings - up to 3.5%). Milk production of cows: weight of bulls at 8 months kg, heifers - 280 kg. Live weight of cows kg, bulls kg. Bulls during fattening at 12 months. have a live weight of kg. Average daily growth of young animals (record: 1750 g). Slaughter yield 60-70%. Milk productivity kg (in France up to 4500 kg), fat content 4%.

Peculiarities of the breed - The color of the animals is light cream, without spots, the nasal planum is light - A hereditary predisposition to the appearance of doppelenders is characteristic - The tendency of animals to build muscle mass over a long period of time - The animals are very hardy (used for up to years) - Difficult calvings are observed (up to 80% of cows at calving need help

Aubrac breed The breed was bred in the central part of France, is well adapted to extensive production, and is known for its unpretentiousness and endurance during long journeys. Animals are able to digest large amounts of roughage. The animals are light brown in color, with light markings on the end of the muzzle and limbs. The nasal surface and the end of the tail are dark. Calves weigh kg at birth and kg at weaning. Average live weight of cows kg, bulls kg. Young animals have a high growth rate and reach 15 months. Live weight kg. During fattening, the average daily gain of animals is 60-62%.

Salers The breed was bred in the mountainous regions of Central France. These are native French cattle. Currently, 95% of this cattle is bred for meat production and 5% for milk production (used for the production of elite Cantal and Salers cheeses). The breed is known for its fertility, ease of calving and long productive life. The animals are dark red in color, the nasal mirror is light, the horns are long, directed to the sides and upwards. The cow has good maternal qualities. Calves weigh kg at birth and kg at weaning. Average live weight of cows kg, bulls kg. During fattening, the average daily gain of animals is g, the live weight of bull calves at 12 months is kg. Slaughter yield 60%.

Peculiarities of the breed - Good endurance when moving long distances - Ability to digest large amounts of roughage - Thanks to well-developed hair (with a predominance of fluff), they tolerate sudden changes in temperature - Light markings at the end of the muzzle, the nasal surface and tail brush are dark - Sire bulls have hump

Chianian breed The breed comes from the old Roman shorthorn cattle. The animals are very large (“giants of the species”). The height at the withers of cows is 158 cm, of bulls - up to 170 cm. The animals have an elongated body (the oblique length of the body of cows is 173 cm, bulls - up to 193 cm), a small head, a flat and wide back and lower back. The cattle are tall. The color of the animals is white, the front part of the body of bulls has a gray tint. Calves are born with a red coloration. Kian cattle make good use of roughage. Calves weigh kg at birth and at 12 months. – up to 600 kg, 18 months. – up to 800 kg. Daily growth of young animals (record: 2000 g). Slaughter yield up to 70%. Live weight of cows is 700 kg (max kg), bulls 1300 kg (max kg).

Features of the breed - The animals are very large (“giants of the species”) - Strong legs and very strong hooves - The color of the animals is grayish-white, the mucous membrane of the mouth, the nasal planum and the pigmentation around the eyes are black. - Calves are born with a red coloration - Kian cattle use roughage well

LIGHT AQUITANE BREED The breed was bred in the southwest of France in 1962. Belongs to large breeds for intensive breeding. Height at withers for cows cm; bulls, see. The color of the animals is one-color from light to wheat yellow. The animals are distinguished by excellent fattening and meat qualities, prominent muscles especially on the back and shoulders, and a long and symmetrical body. Animals are easy to keep on pasture, they are calm, and easily adapt to different climatic conditions. This breed can be kept extensively on pastures during the summer and fed with hay and haylage in the winter. Calves at birth weigh kg, the weight of adult cows is kg, bulls are kg. With intensive fattening, bull calves achieve a daily gain of up to 2000 and reach 12 months. live weight 465 kg. Slaughter yield from 62 to 66%.

Features of the breed - The breed was bred in the southwest of France in 1962; - Animals are distinguished by prominent muscles, especially on the back of the back and shoulders, a long and symmetrical body; - The color of the animals is one-color from light to wheat-yellow; - Animals are calm and easily adapt to different climatic conditions.

Belgian Blue The breed originated in central and northern Belgium. Some sources indicate the use of the Charolais breed, which was developed during the 19th century. Animals with rounded shapes and clearly defined, well-developed muscles. Calves are not born with these muscles, and usually the muscles begin to appear between 4 and 6 weeks of life. Extensive research has shown that the Belgian Blue's DNA contains a gene that inhibits the production of myostatin, a protein that is responsible for inhibiting muscle growth after reaching a certain point. Therefore, muscle growth in the Belgian Blue breed practically does not stop. The breed has strong legs and moves easily. The weight of an adult bull ranges from 1100 to 1250 kg (height at withers cm), cows usually reach a weight of 850 to 900 kg. Slaughter yield up to 70% (meat in carcass up to 80%).

Features of the breed - Color varies from white, bluish-piebald and black to combinations of these colors; - Animals have a very calm temperament; - The breed is famous for its shape and is often called a breed with “double” muscles; - Muscle growth in the Belgian Blue breed practically does not stop.

The Santa Gertrude breed was bred in the USA (Texas) by crossing zebu with the Shorthorn breed and breeding crosses “in itself” (3/8 of the zebu genotype and 5/8 of the shorthorn). The animals are well adapted to hot climates, hardy and do not suffer from piroplasmosis, and make good use of pastures. The color of the animals is red with white markings. The weight of calves at birth is 30 kg, at weaning kg. Live weight of cows kg, bulls kg. Average daily gain up to 1200 g. Slaughter yield up to 70%. Milk productivity is low: daily milk yield is kg of milk, fat content up to 6%.

Features of the breed - The first meat breed bred in the USA - Animals eat reeds and other marsh vegetation well - Cattle easily tolerate high temperatures and are able to make long journeys to pasture - Animals are resistant to piroplasmosis, tuberculosis, foot and mouth disease

MCOU "Sordonnokhskaya Secondary School named after. T.I. Skrybykina"

Project on the topic:

"Raising young cattle"

Completed by: Borisova Ekaterina,

8th grade student of the MKOU "Sordonnokh Secondary School named after.

T.I. Skrybykina"

Head: Prokopyeva Valentina Egorovna.

2016

Objective of the project: to create a subsidiary farm at the school for raising young cattle for profit, since our school is an agricultural one.

Tasks:

- think over a project on the topic and defend it to receive a subsidy;

Organization of production: 1) create conditions for raising young animals: build a spacious, bright room; 2) purchase of 3 month old calves; 3) provide feed and hay;

- create a feeding program for calves during the milking period in order to obtain maximum weight gain.

- Provide the rural population with local natural meat.

Research problem: The reduction in the number of livestock in the village leads to a deterioration in the well-being of the population. It is necessary to attract the younger generation of villagers to run private farms for breeding domestic animals

Object of study: young cattle

Novelty of the research: For the first time in our village, an attempt is being made to raise young animals separately from adult livestock

Hypothesis:

If at the school you create a subsidiary farm for raising young cattle and establish production, this will help maintain the required number of livestock in the village

Relevance:

Currently in the village. In Orto-Balagan, young cattle are not raised separately; over the past 4 years, as a result of floods, bad weather conditions, and lack of sufficient feed and hay, the cattle population has sharply decreased. Therefore, we thought and decided that at the school it would be advisable to create a subsidiary farm for raising young cattle in order to preserve and revive a truly Yakut occupation in the village

Practical significance: raising calves with the right approach to production is a profitable business, we want to increase the number of livestock in the village and bring income to the school’s subsidiary farm

Introduction

Breeding young cattle on a school farm can be a profitable business. This is explained by low costs, the presence of significant areas of pastures and hayfields, and the demand for high-quality beef on the market.

The most important characteristic of the Simmental breed is its adaptability to the direction of farming, as well as to the climate of the breeding area. The breed is distinguished by its high meat qualities, early maturity, juicy, fine-fiber “marbled” meat, but to obtain the positive qualities of the breed, very good feeding and maintenance are required.

Our technology offers the growth of dairy calves purchased at 3 months of age until they reach 18 months of age - 2.5 years and weighing 200-350 kg. Growing will take place in a special room. The feeding ration will consist mainly of silage, hay and mixed feed.

To raise one calf, about 5,000 rubles worth of feed will be spent per year; for 20 heads, 100,000 rubles.

To raise beef cattle, calves of the Simmental breed will be purchased. This breed has good meat productivity at 18-2.5 By the age of one year, young animals gain weight from 300 to 350 kg.

Calves will be purchased at about 3 months of age at an average price of 15 000 rubles per head. It is better to purchase calves when they are older and stronger. In this case, the risk of disease is reduced and, with proper feeding, calves gain weight very quickly.

As adult cattle are slaughtered, the farm will purchase young cattle for more efficient use of production space.

It is worth noting that today the demand for high-quality cattle meat remains at a high level. The meat produced by our farm will be environmentally friendly, obtained from natural feed. This suggests that there will be no problems with the sale of manufactured products.

Young animals purchased at the age of 3 months, with proper nutrition and care, will gain up to 284 kg of live weight in one year.

With a meat yield of 55%, it turns out to be about 157 kg. marketable meat from each young animal. The wholesale selling price of beef today averages 400 rubles per 1 kilogram. Total estimated revenue from one calf for the year is: 157 kg * 400 rubles / kg.= 62 800 rubles.

With the simultaneous raising of 10 heads of cattle per year, the subsidiary farm will sell about 1,570 kg of marketable meat. The total estimated revenue per year will be 628 000 rub. The monthly turnover of the subsidiary farm will average 52 333 rubles

In the proposed plan, the subsidiary farm acquires 20 heads of 3-month-old cattle calves in the first year. In the first year he scores 10 goals, leaving the rest for the next year. Instead of slaughtered young animals, he acquires 10 new 3-month-old heads.

And the next year he already slaughters 2-year-old young cattle. And so on, 10 two-year-old cattle will score goals.

A 2-year-old cattle weighs on average approximately 350 kg of live weight.

Then, with a meat yield of 55%, about 192 kg of marketable meat is obtained. The total estimated revenue of a 2-year-old cattle is: 192 kg * 400 rubles / kg= 76 800 rub.

10 goals equals 768 000 rub. estimated revenue per year.

However, taking into account the specifics of agricultural production, the sale of the first batch of products will occur only after 12 months of farm operation.

Age

Calves

Quantity

Live weight

Beef yield 55% kg

Revenue

400rub / kg

Feed consumption

Income

Creation of conditions for keeping young cattle.

Raising calves, oddly enough, begins not with its purchase, but with the preparation of a place where this animal will live. The room should be bright, clean, well ventilated, but without drafts.

The most optimal room temperature for keeping livestock is from 8 to 12 °C. You also need to take care of the bedding - sawdust, straw. The litter must be deep. The upper part will have to be changed every day, and the lower part at least once every three weeks. You must remember to purchase a special brush, because the calf needs daily brushing. Also prepare a feeder for the calves. The feeder is cleaned daily, preferably in the evening.

How to choose young cattle.

The optimal age of the purchased calf is from 3 months. It is from this period that the calf can be grazed on pasture. When choosing an animal, you need to pay attention to the wool. It should be smooth, shiny, not tousled. The calf is active, alert, willingly eats and drinks. He should have a moist nose and no signs of stomach upset. After purchasing a calf, you need to invite a veterinarian for examination and consultation.

Feeding young cattle.

Throughout the entire dairy period, from 3 months, calves must be fed at the same time, 3-4 times a day. Warm water and concentrates must be present in the diet. Every month the volume of food consumed increases and, as a result, the calf grows. His weight at 6 months is 155 kg. The main thing is not to overdo it with concentrated feed. If the calf grazes on good pasture, then the use of concentrates is reduced by half or stopped altogether.

Month

Age

Live weight at the end of the period.

September III m.

Hay

October IV m.

November V m.

Haylage

December VI m.

Compound feed

January VII m.

Salt

February VIII m.

April X m.

September XII m.

October XIII m.

Conclusion

If you create a subsidiary farm at the school, you can take the profit from the school. For example, in our proposed plan, a subsidiary farm acquires 20 heads of 3-month-old cattle calves in the first year. In the first year he scores 10 goals, leaving the rest for the next year. One young cattle aged one and a half years, with good rearing and fattening, can reach a live weight of 284 kg. in a year. With a meat yield of 55%, it turns out to be about 157 kg. marketable meat from each young animal. The wholesale selling price of beef today averages 400 rubles per 1 kilogram. Total estimated revenue from one calf for the year is 62,800 rubles. Then for 10 heads the revenue will be 628 thousand rubles. And at the age of two and a half years, one young animal will weigh 350 kg per year. With a meat yield of 55%, the result is 192 kg. We multiply this by 400 rubles, we get 76,800 rubles. Then for 10 heads the revenue will be 768 thousand rubles.

This means creating a subsidiary farm for raising young cattle and establishing production, then for each year the income will be approximately 600,000 rubles. (Appendix 3)

Conclusion

Thus, our agricultural school is an example of rural development, a universal tool that simultaneously performs a number of functions: civic development of personality, agricultural development, design of one’s own activities, cognitive, developmental, spiritual and moral.

I was born and live here

All the paths have been walked here.

I will call it without error

That land is a small homeland.

And even though I’m still young,

There's a lot I don't know

But school starts

That Motherland is big!

• A.I. Ovsyannikov. Fundamentals of experimental work in animal husbandry. 1979. 91 p.
• Y. Antal. R. Good... Raising young cattle. 1986 186 p.
• A.P. Golubitsky, V.K. Kazakevich. Raising heifers. 1986 184 p.
• T.A. Misostov. Raising heifers. 1977 85 pp.
• S.I. Plyashchenko, V.I. Sidorov. Obtaining and raising healthy calves 1990 237 p.
• N.G. Makartsev. Feeding farm animals. 1999 212-223 pp.
• A.T. Mysik. Nutritional value of feed, animal needs and feeding rationing 205g. 17 p.

Cattle have been domesticated for a very long time. Of course, the ancestors of modern cows looked a little different than they do now. The ancestor of domestic cows was the wild bull, in particular its subspecies extinct in the wild. wild bull aur Cattle, and cows in particular, play a prominent role in human history. Domestication began during the Early Neolithic, approximately 8,500 years ago, following the domestication of goats, sheep and pigs. Neolithic pigs

A cow in a peasant family has long symbolized wealth and prosperity; Russian peasants often called it their wet nurse. Losing a cow, especially in lean years, was tantamount to disaster for peasants. Therefore, the peasants always respected the cow very much, protected it in every possible way, took care of it, and treated it kindly.

The milk that a cow gives (daily!) is very beneficial for human health. It is also used to produce oil, which is important in the human diet, kefir, yogurt, cheese and other healthy products. The cow is a relatively large animal in size. She has a large, elongated head, the skull tapers closer to the jaw, large, beautiful dark eyes, a large nose and ears. The body of this animal is elongated, with large, rather long four legs; the legs have hooves, like a horse. Hooves, according to scientists, are modified fingers. The color of a cow is very different, depending on the breed of the cow.

One cow with an annual yield of kg of milk provides the need for milk and dairy products for a family of seven people.

The average cow lives 1820 years. Live weight of the cow kg.

Animal husbandry (cattle breeding) arose in ancient times, when man began to tame wild animals, domesticate them and use them for economic needs. Through persistent and long work, man changed the nature of wild animals and achieved a sharp increase in their productivity. Livestock farming is an important branch of agriculture, providing more than half of its gross output. The importance of this industry is determined not only by its high share in gross output, but also by its great influence on the agricultural economy and on the level of supply of important food products

The breed was bred in England, in the county of Hereford (a stud book was opened in 1845). The color of the cattle is red in different shades, the head, dewlap, lower part of the belly and legs, as well as the brush of the tail are white, the nasal surface is pink. The animals have the typical rectangular body shape of beef cattle. The head is small, wide, the neck is wide, the dewlap stands out forward, the skin is thin, elastic, the horns are large and thick. The animals are medium-sized (height at withers 124-126 cm). At birth, calves weigh 28-34 kg, at weaning the weight of calves is 218-240 kg, at 18 months. The weight of heifers reaches 400-450 kg. Cows weigh 500-580 kg (max. 720 kg), bulls 800-900 kg (max. 1240 kg). Hereford cattle have high meat qualities. With intensive rearing, by the age of 12 months, castrated bull calves weigh 420-440 kg, the slaughter yield is 60-70%. The meat is without excessive salting and has high taste. Cows produce 1200-1800 kg of milk per lactation, with a fat content of 3.9-4.0%.

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Black-and-White breed The constitution of Black-and-White cattle is strong, the exterior and body type are characteristic of dairy cattle. Animals are distinguished by good health and adaptability to different climatic zones. Cows are usually large, live weight 500-550 kg, in breeding farms and reproducers 550-650 kg, with a slightly elongated, proportionally developed body (oblique body length is 158-162 cm), deep (70-75 cm) medium-wide chest , wide lower back, back and sacrum. The belly is voluminous, the udder is large, mostly round and cup-shaped. As the blood quality of Holsteins increases, the proportion of animals with a cup-shaped udder increases. Limbs are set straight. The color is black and motley; occasionally animals of the red and motley color are found.

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Kholmogory breed Cows of this breed are large, height at the withers is 130-132 cm. The constitution is strong. The body is elongated, characterized by some angularity. The chest is deep, but not wide, the rear is wide, sometimes with a raised sacrum, the bones are strong, the limbs are positioned correctly. The udder is medium in size, mostly round and cup-shaped, with a goat shape and a third pair of teats. The main color is black-and-white, but red-and-white and black are also found.

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Tagil breed The color of the animals is quite varied, black and black-and-white predominate, then red and red-and-white. Tagil cattle are of medium size (height at withers for cows is 125-128 cm), with a slightly elongated body (oblique length 153-156 cm); head of medium size, dry; the neck is long, straight, with small folds of skin; the chest is quite deep (66-68 cm), but not wide (33-38 cm); the back of the body is elongated, not wide; the udder is well developed; nipples are positioned correctly; the skin is thick and elastic. Cows sometimes have a drooping sacrum, a narrow pelvis, incorrect positioning of the limbs (sabering, closeness in the hocks), as well as poor muscle development. Animals of the Tagil breed have strong bones (pastern girth 18-18.5 cm), are well adapted to being kept on pasture and produce high milk yields over a long period of use. Cows that have not lost their reproductive ability up to 15-20 years of age, and bulls that were used for reproduction up to 14-15 years of age have been registered.

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Yaroslavl breed Animals of the Yaroslavl breed are characterized by angular build, average size (height at withers for cows 125-127 cm), developed middle part of the body (oblique length of the body 152-155 cm); the head is light, dry, with an elongated facial part; the neck is thin, of medium length, with small folds of skin; the chest is deep (66-69 cm), but narrow (35-37 cm), with a poorly developed dewlap; the withers are high, sometimes narrow. The back of the body is wide; there are animals with a drooping and roof-shaped sacrum. The animals are relatively low-legged, with thin bones (mecarpus girth 17-18 cm); muscles are poorly developed; the udder is of medium size, round in shape, the front nipples are often widely spaced, and the rear ones are close together; nipples are cylindrical, medium length; the skin of the udder is thin, delicate, the milk veins are developed satisfactorily. Exterior disadvantages include a narrow chest, poor development of muscles on the back, lower back and sacrum, and interception behind the shoulder blades.

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Istobensky breed The predominant color of animals is black-and-white, black with a white stripe along the back, lower back and sacrum. There are animals of red-motley and red colors. Istobensky cattle are short (height at withers 124-126 cm); the head is somewhat elongated; the neck is thin, with small folds; the chest is deep (64-66 cm), but not wide enough (37-40 cm); the withers are narrow; the body is elongated (oblique length 152-156 cm); the skeleton is thin; elastic skin; the udder is round and cup-shaped; nipples of medium size, somewhat close together; the muscles are poorly developed. Among the exterior defects found in animals, one can note a narrow chest, a sagging back, a narrow rear, as well as incorrect positioning of the limbs (sabering, closeness in the carpal and hock joints).

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Red steppe breed The color of the animals is red with different color intensities: from light red to dark red. Many cows have white markings, mainly on the lower part of the body. In bulls, the front and upper parts of the body are usually darker in color. If individual animals have the characteristics of dairy-meat cattle, then in general cows of the red steppe breed are of the dairy type and are characterized by the following exterior features. The animals are of medium height (height at the withers for cows is 126-129 cm), with a somewhat deep and elongated body (152-156 cm); the head is small, light; the chest is deep (66-68 cm), medium width (37-42 cm); the back and lower back are quite wide and long; the sacrum is often slightly elevated; light bone structure (metacarpus girth 17-19 cm); the udder is usually well developed, round and cup-shaped; the skin is thin, elastic, forms small folds on the neck. The most common defects are a narrow and drooping sacrum, narrow chest, and incorrect placement of the limbs.

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Ayrshire breed Ayrshires have a dry and strong constitution, a proportional physique, typical of dairy cattle. The color of the cattle is red-and-white (red markings on a white background). In some animals, red or white color predominates. Animals of this breed are characterized by peculiar features of the exterior: the head is light, dry, somewhat elongated in the front part, the horns are large, lyre-shaped, directed upward, the neck is thin, with small folds of skin, of medium length, smoothly turning into the shoulder. The chest is deep (65-67 cm), moderate in width (38-40 cm); small dewlap; short animals: height at withers 124-125 cm; the sacrum is straight, the bones are thin and light (girth of the pastern is 17-18 cm), the muscles are moderately developed, the limbs are short, correctly placed, with well-developed joints. Cows have a proportionally developed cup-shaped udder with a milk production rate of 1.8-2.0 kg/min, an udder index of 46-48% on average, medium-sized nipples, widely spaced; the skin is thin, elastic, covered with fine hair. Live weight of cows is 450-500 kg, in the best farms - 550-570 kg, bulls - 800 kg; The weight of individual cows reaches 700 kg, and that of cows - 1000 kg.

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Jersey breed Jersey cattle belong to a distinct dairy type with light, thin bones (pastern girth 15-16.5 cm) and dense, dry muscles. It belongs to small breeds of cattle with a height at the withers of 120-123 cm. The head is light, small, with highly developed brow ridges and a shortened facial part, the forehead is not wide, with a concave profile; the neck is thin, with a large number of small folds of skin. The body of Jersey cows is flat, the ribs are set obliquely; back with a slight sag; the chest is relatively deep (63-65 cm), but not wide (37-38 cm); the dewlap is small (Fig. 43). The animals have a somewhat stretched body, angular build, and the root of the tail is raised.

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Holstein breed Currently, the importance of this breed is very great, since it is characterized by the highest milk productivity and is used to improve dairy breeds throughout the world. It is distinguished by its good adaptability to various climatic and economic conditions, and high payment for feed in milk. The milk productivity of cows under optimal feeding conditions is 8000-10,000 kg of milk with a content of 3.6-4.0% fat and 3.0-3.2% protein. In the best herds, the average milk yield exceeds 12,000 kg. All milk production records belong to cows of this breed. For example, from the Beecher cow Arlinda Ellen in 365 days of IV lactation 25,248 kg of milk with a fat content of 2.8% was milked, 713 kg of milk fat was obtained, from the cow Miranda Oscar Lukinda - 30,870 kg of milk containing 3.3% fat, milk fat 1018 .7 kg.

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Simmental breed The main color of animals of the Simmental breed is fawn, fawn-motley, red-motley and red with a white head are also found. Purebred Simmentals have a light pink nasal surface, tongue, pharynx and eyelids. As a rule, Simmental breed cows are large (height at withers 135-140 cm), proportional build (oblique body length 160-165 cm), with strong bones (carpal girth 20-21 cm); the head is large, wide in the frontal part; neck of medium length; the chest is deep (68-72 cm), wide (45-47 cm), in bulls with a developed dewlap; the back is wide; the back of the body is long and wide; the sacrum is sometimes raised; the skeleton is strong; muscles are well developed; limbs are usually positioned correctly; the skin is thick; the udder is often round, with a large reserve, with delicate hair; nipples are large, conical or cylindrical. The udder index of cows is 42-45%.

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Sychevskaya breed The Sychevskaya breed has characteristic features of the exterior and type of build characteristic of cows of the dairy-meat direction of productivity. Among the Sychev breed, there are large numbers of animals that deviate towards the dairy type. In terms of color, build and productivity, cattle of this breed do not differ significantly from animals of the same type of Simmental breed. From the Smolensk region, Sychevsky cattle were imported to various regions of Russia, as a result of which it had a great influence on the formation of Simmentalized cattle in the central regions, Siberia and the Far East.

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Brown Swiss breed The color of the animals is brown, with different shades: from light gray to dark brown. A characteristic feature is light hair around the nasal planum, painted in a dark lead color. Along the upper line of the body from the withers to the root of the tail, the hairline is lighter. In bulls, the head, neck and front part of the body are dark in color. Cows have a short head with a wide forehead, the ends of the horns are dark; the body is somewhat elongated (oblique length 165-170 cm), with a straight line of the back and lower back; The chest is deep (68-70 cm) and wide (44-46 cm), with a developed dewlap. The animals are large (height at the withers 133-135 cm), have strong, correctly positioned limbs (pastern girth 19-20 cm); harmonious physique, well-developed muscles; the skin is thin, dense; the hairline is short and thick; the udder is voluminous, cup-shaped and round in shape, nipples are medium-sized, cylindrical in shape; milk veins are well developed.

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Kostroma breed Kostroma cattle has much in common with the Swiss breed in appearance, live weight, and level of milk production. The color of the cattle is mainly light brown and brown

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Bestuzhev breed In terms of body structure, Bestuzhev cattle are heterogeneous. In most herds, animals of the dairy-meat type predominate, although there are cows that deviate towards the dairy or meat-dairy type. In general, cattle of this breed are characterized by the following exterior features: the cows have a medium-sized head, light and dry, with elongated facial bones, a narrow forehead, wide horns, large, white horns; neck of medium length, with small folds of skin; The chest is deep, with a developed dewlap; the back is level, the lower back is straight and wide; the sacrum is slightly elevated; limbs are low, widely spaced; the udder is medium in volume, round and cup-shaped, with widely spaced nipples, covered with fine hair, the lobes are clearly defined; elastic skin; the muscles are developed satisfactorily. Cows have the following exterior defects: interception behind the shoulder blades, roof-shaped sacrum, saber-like hind limbs. The main measurements are as follows (cm): height at withers for cows 130-132, chest depth 70-72, chest width 40-42, oblique length of the body 157-159, chest girth behind the shoulder blades 190-194, pastern girth 19- 20.

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Red Gorbatov breed The color of the animals is red, of varying color intensity; there are animals with white markings on the lower part of the belly and udder, with a white tail brush. Bulls have a darker color, turning almost black on the neck and head. The nasal planum is light. Animals of the Red Gorbatov breed are characterized by a strong constitution and are well built. They are short and have an elongated body. The head is short, the neck is of medium length, wide; chest deep, wide; the back line is straight; the lower back is wide; The sacrum is slightly raised, wide, but not roof-shaped. The tail is set high and long. The udder is of medium size, the lobes are evenly developed, the nipples are conical, slightly close together; the muscles are developed satisfactorily. The following exterior defects are encountered: drooping sacrum, sagging back, saber-like limbs.

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Kalmyk breed Cattle of this breed have a strong constitution, have endurance, make good use of scarce pastures, quickly gaining fatness. This cattle is characterized by certain biological characteristics: large seasonal deposits of internal and intermuscular fat (up to 60 kg per cow); special morphological structure of hair with increased thickness of guard hair and its core part; strong development of hair and fluff in winter and decrease in summer; strong development of sweat and sebaceous glands and an increased number of red blood cells and hemoglobin levels in the blood. The color of the animals is red, of varying intensity, sometimes with a white stripe along the upper part of the body and a white head. Animals often have white markings on the lower part of the body; the nasal planum is usually light; the head is small; forehead short; the horns are short, directed upward with the ends inward, the front part of the head is elongated, with a hook-nosed profile.

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Hereford breed The color of Hereford cattle is red, in different shades; the head, dewlap, lower part of the belly and limbs, as well as the brush of the tail are white. The nasal planum is pink. The white head and white belly color characteristic of Hereford cattle are quite consistently inherited when crossed with other breeds. Animals of this breed have a rectangular body shape typical of beef cattle; the head is small, wide; The dewlap is well developed and protrudes slightly forward. The height at the withers of cows is 124-126 cm; the front and rear parts of the body are well developed; the chest is deep (68-72 cm) and wide (48-50 cm); oblique length of the body is 152-158 cm; the back and loins are wide and short; the rear is wide, straight, with well-developed muscles; the skin is thin, elastic, covered with fine hair; the horns are long and thick.

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Kazakh white-headed breed Cattle of the Kazakh white-headed breed are well adapted to the conditions of a sharply continental climate and the use of natural pastures. It tolerates heat and frost well, gains weight quickly and has high live weight gains. Color: red body; the head, chest, belly, lower limbs and tail brush are white; There are white markings on the withers and rump. In general, the color of the animals and body type are in many ways similar to the animals of the Hereford breed. The height at the withers of cows is 123-125 cm, chest depth is 68-70 cm, chest width behind the shoulder blades is 43-45 cm. The animals have a compact build, characteristic of beef cattle (oblique body length 150-155 cm), strong bones (metacarpus girth 18-20 cm); round and wide body (chest girth 187-190 cm), well-developed muscles. By winter, animals grow thick, long hair.

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Aberdeen-Angus breed Aberdeen-Angus cattle are polled, black in color, which is consistently inherited through interbreeding, and have a pronounced meat type. Animals of compact build, with a deep (chest depth in cows 66-67 cm) and wide (chest width 45-46 cm) body on short limbs (height at withers 116-118 cm); the head is light, somewhat narrows towards the back of the head and protrudes at the forehead; the neck is wide and short, imperceptibly blending into the shoulder; the muscles are well developed, on the ham it goes down to the hock; the skin is loose, covered with delicate hair. Animals are characterized by high precocity. They finish growing early and tend to become obese earlier than other breeds of beef cattle. Shorthorn breed The main color of Shorthorn cattle is red, of varying intensity; there are red-and-white, roan and white animals. Animals of the meat production type are characterized by a delicate, loose type of constitution. They have a compact, deep body; the head is small, light, the horns are short, the forehead is wide; the neck is thick, short, imperceptibly connected to the body; the back and lower back are straight and wide; The chest is deep and wide, with a prominent dewlap; the sacrum is long, straight, wide; muscle tissue is well developed; limbs are strong, correctly positioned; the skeleton is thin; the skin is thin, elastic, covered with delicate thick hair. In the USA, Great Britain and other countries there are herds of polled animals. 27 Charolais breed The color of the animals is light in different shades (from yellow to white). The nasal planum is light; the head is short, with a wide forehead. The neck is short and fleshy. The chest is deep and wide (chest circumference behind the shoulder blades 200-210 cm); the dewlap is poorly developed; the back is wide, with slight sagging; The hindquarters are wide and well muscled. The limbs are correctly positioned. Charolais cattle are large, tall (height of cows at the withers is 134-136 cm, bulls - 141-145 cm), on low limbs; the body is elongated, with almost equal lengths of the front, middle and rear parts; the muscles are loose, the bones are rather rough; the hairline is thin. Disadvantages of the exterior are the occurrence of bifurcation of the shoulder blades, unevenness of the back and roof-shaped sacrum. Animals of this breed are hardy and have a long lifespan. Breeding bulls are effectively used up to 15 years of age, and cows - up to 13-14 years of age. Santa Gertrude breed The color of the animals is red, of varying intensity; There are animals with white markings on the lower part of the belly. At birth, calves weigh 29-30 kg. When raised on suckling, at 8 months of age, young animals weigh 230-250 kg, and at the age of one and a half years, when kept on pasture, heifers reach a live weight of 400 kg, bulls - 460-510 kg. Adult cows weigh 560-600 kg, individual animals - up to 780 kg, bulls - 830-1000 kg. Animals of the Santa Gertrude breed have good meat qualities. When fattening bulls, their daily gains reach 1000-1200 g. Tolerating the heat well, the animals give high gains in the summer, even at high air temperatures. The slaughter yield reaches 63-65% or more. Young animals of the Santa Gertrude breed, under the same feeding and housing conditions, exceed the English breeds in live weight at weaning by 45 kg. Milk productivity of cows is low. The daily milk yield of first-calf cows is 5-10 kg of milk with a fat content of 4.6%. Some cows' milk contains up to 6% fat.