Recommendations for veterinary, sanitary and technological measures on small and medium-sized cattle farms. Basic veterinary and sanitary measures for the prevention of diseases of veal processing of livestock

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Veterinary and sanitary measures on the farm

1. Sanitary protection of farms

These are general non-specific measures on the farm (complex) to prevent the penetration of pathogens of infectious and invasive animal diseases from the external environment into the farm and to protect the environment of the farm (complex) from sanitary waste from livestock production during the production of meat, milk and other livestock products. A livestock farm, especially a complex, represents an increased etiological factor for animal diseases if it does not meet the basic requirements of industrial animal husbandry.

A livestock complex is a complex of intensive keeping of highly productive livestock in a limited area with integrated development of production and auxiliary facilities based on continuous mechanization of livestock production, with optimal conditions for feeding, keeping and caring for animals, with strict sanitary protection of the farm and advanced methods of organizing industrial labor, leading to a sharp increase in labor productivity and cheaper livestock products.

In the absence of at least one of these links, the livestock complex turns into a “concentration camp”, i.e. into a concentrate of all livestock problems and, ultimately, into a concentrate of potential sources of disease. At the same time, livestock farming turns into a gathering of livestock among a pile of concrete, metal, machines and mechanisms, united by a common infectious principle, poisoned by their own secretions, contributing to constant disease and the slow extinction of livestock with loss of genetic potential, leading to the aimless theft of human labor and unproductive expenditure of public funds. Therefore, in proportion to the increase in the concentration of animals in a limited area, sanitary and hygienic requirements must be tightened. If this pattern is not maintained, then livestock farming becomes unprofitable. Therefore, strict sanitary protection of animals on farms and complexes is necessary, as one of the main links in the technology of industrial livestock farming.

Farm health protection includes the following aspects:

Sanitary gaps (distances) between the farm and potential sources (transmission factors) of infection and infestation;

Sanitary zones (areas of complexes isolated from each other).

Sanitary principles in the process of veterinary farm maintenance;

Sanitary regimes for the access of people to the farm;

Sanitary facilities, sanitary repairs of livestock buildings; sanitary day on the farm; sanitary rules for the primary and technological supply of farm animals; personal hygiene of livestock workers; disinfection, disinsection and deratization.

Sanitary gaps between farms and potential sources of infectious origin are the protection of livestock facilities by dispersal at the expense of certain distances, legitimized by the norms of technological design of livestock enterprises for the production of milk, meat, wool, eggs by animal species (indicated in Chapter 6).

Sanitary zones are areas of the complex territory isolated by fencing to prevent the introduction of infectious elements into the production area where animals are located from administrative, economic, feed, disposal facilities and from the external territory of the complex. They are divided into 4 zones:

A - production, which includes premises for keeping animals and walking yards for them, and along the perimeter it has a veterinary subzone with objects: a hospital, a hospital, warehouses for biological products and disinfectants, a site for disinfection of skin and limbs, bathtubs. At complexes with a completed production cycle, zone A is further divided into reproductive and fattening subzones isolated from each other; it is desirable that there be a forest protection belt 20 m wide between them. Zone A along the perimeter should be surrounded by other zones B, C, D and a veterinary subzone. The sanitary slaughter point in zone A should be located closer to the disposal zone D. Entry into zone A is prohibited for external transport without special disinfection in the disinfection unit, and access to internal transport is allowed. Zone A is visited by people under a certain sanitary regime (see sanitary regimes) through a sanitary checkpoint. At the same time, service personnel of the reproductive subzone should not visit the fattening room and vice versa.

B - the administrative and economic zone includes premises: an office, a recovery center, a canteen, a sanitary inspection room, a disinfection block, a disinfection barrier, a garage for internal and external transport or a machine yard, repair shops, a fuel and lubricants warehouse, etc. This zone is visited by people without sanitary restrictions.

The B-feed zone includes storage facilities (stacks, haylage towers and trenches, warehouses for root crops, commercial feed and feed additives) and feed preparation (washers, crushers, mixers, feed kitchen). Between zones A and B there should be a separate entrance with a disinfection barrier only for internal transport, and for the period of mass procurement of roughage and succulent feed, zone B should have a separate seasonal entrance with a disinfection barrier only for external transport. Feed zone B is located on the side of the prevailing winds at the beginning of the technological cycle (from the reproductive subzone), on a more elevated territory compared to zone A. Zone B is visited by people associated with the transportation, processing and distribution of feed. No entrance for unauthorized people.

D - disposal zone includes facilities for storing and processing manure, corpses and other waste of the complex. In zone D, autoclaves or boilers are placed for sterilizing corpses, and an oven for burning all unused remains. It has only an external exit in the opposite direction from zone A. Zone D is located at the end of the technological cycle on the opposite side of zone B and on the site area at a level below the production, feed and administrative ones. It is visited by service personnel only from this zone. Entry to outsiders is prohibited.

An artesian well with a water tower and a quarantine room should be located outside the sanitary zones of the complex at a distance that ensures sanitary protection of water and animals from animal waste.

When organizing inspection, excursion and other commissions, one should adhere to the sanitary principle “Movement from front to back of the technological cycle, i.e. first they visit the administrative and economic area, after the sanitary checkpoint they go to the feeding area, then to the production area and, finally, the disposal area.

Sanitary principles are non-specific measures that prevent the continuity and increase in virulence of opportunistic microflora among different age groups of susceptible animals. These include:

Separation of sick animals from healthy ones and treatment of them in isolated conditions until complete recovery; treated animals should not be returned to their previous production groups, but sent for fattening.

Use of livestock premises (sections) according to the principle “Everything is free from animals - everything is occupied by animals” with complete sanitation of the premises and preventive breaks.

The movement of feed, water, animals and their waste from front to back of the technological cycle, in the direction of the slope of the surface of the farm territory and the prevailing winds. The routes of movement of manure and feed should not intersect at the same level.

Black and white line, i.e. a clear boundary between the production white and other black areas of the complex. It should be especially clearly defined in the sanitary checkpoint, at the loading ramp and the sanitary slaughter point, so that there is no random movement of service personnel between the production and other areas.

Unified livestock production groups (by age, sex, live weight and immune status) from start to finish, i.e. if vaccinated, then everyone; if processed, then that's it; If you’ve been sick, then that’s it too.

The least contact between single production groups of livestock, between external and internal transport, between service personnel of different sanitary zones, sectors, departments, between animals of the production zone and various external factors of infection transmission.

Internal and external transport: internal transport should not travel outside of zones A, B, C, and external transport should not enter the production area without disinfection. Internal and external transport should not have contact with each other in the garage, workshops, fuels and lubricants, etc. or have disinfection after contact between them. Zone D should be served only by external transport. During the period of mass procurement of roughage, feed zone B is visited only by external transport specially allocated for these purposes and only through the external entrance, but not through the production zone.

Compliance with the specifics of sanitary repair of infected (infested) premises and the surrounding area.

Preventing the recirculation of exhaust air from building to building (in pavilion construction and multi-storey buildings) is done in the following ways: placing industrial buildings with the end side towards the direction of the prevailing winds (during construction), providing a centralized inflow system from the prevailing winds and removing exhaust air from the premises with a flare upwards height calculated to create an aerodynamic shadow.

Preventive breaks are the timing of the sanitization of premises, sections, boxes, etc. subject to the sanitary principle “Everything is occupied - everything is free” (according to G.K. Volkov): cleaning, washing, disinfection, drying.

For cattle housing in the maternity ward - two-hall with calving in stalls: after calving in the first hall and transfer of the last calf to the dispensary - 7 days; in stalls after calving and keeping the calf with the cow for 12-24 hours - 2 days (1 day for sanitary treatment and 1 day for drying the stall);

in the maternity ward (single-hall) with calving in stalls - once a month, a 3-day break after cleaning, washing, disinfection and drying, the regime in the stalls is the same as in the two-hall ward;

in a dispensary with isolated sections (after releasing each isolated section from newborn calves) - at least 5 days, and in the summer it can be reduced to 3 days;

in sectional buildings for calves from 20 days to 4 months of age - the first growing period, quarantine (after removal of the technological group of animals) - 5 days;

in the premises of the second and subsequent periods of growing and fattening young animals (after removing the technological group) - at least 3 days.

For pig-breeding premises: in queen houses when there are 30 or more sows in each isolated section - 5 days;

in isolated sections for weaned piglets - 5 days;

in premises for fattening pigs after removal from fattening - 4 days;

in sections for single, pregnant sows, breeding boars - 5 days;

in summer camp hospitals - 3 days.

In mobile camps, the used site, if there is a hard surface, is sanitized for at least 14 days, and with ordinary soil, it is plowed up, sown with herbs that sanitize the soil from E. coli (clover, foxtail, cocksfoot, timothy, etc.) and sanitized for at least 30 days.

For sheep breeding enterprises, the preventive break should be: in sections for lambing and keeping queens with lambs - 1 day; for sanitization, the workshop is completely cleared of animals 1-2 times a year for 5 days;

buildings for fattening - from 5 to 15 days;

in all other premises after they are freed from sheep - 3 days.

After the current disinfection is completed, in all isolated sections or individual rooms, mechanical ventilation is turned on with heated air (in the autumn-winter-spring period), and in the summer - without heating with the opening of windows and gates for ventilation, drying and bringing the building envelope to a humidity of no more 16%.

However, with many years of use of industrial buildings made of porous building materials (wood, concrete, brick, etc.), biological fatigue of the buildings is observed: its pores are filled with moisture, harmful gases, microbes, small arthropods and other animal waste to the entire thickness of the building envelope when using mechanical ventilation with a predominance of inflow over exhaust (with a predominant air pressure inside the room over the outside) and then during the described preventive breaks, the building envelopes are sanitized only to a depth of 1-3 cm, and they can be dangerous from a sanitary point of view during further use. Therefore, after 3-5 years of using a building, it is advisable to give it a rest for at least 1 technological cycle or more. But for this, the complex must have “extra” reserve buildings, which is quite possible in modern conditions of underutilization of industrial complexes, i.e. After 3-5 years of using the industrial building, carry out sanitary repairs and give it a rest (do not house animals), preferably within 1 year for biological natural sanitation. This will be a reliable way to heal a building from deep-seated infection and, in part, invasion, which provides great guarantees of combating the continuity of infectious origins in the conditions of industrial production of livestock products with a reliable increase in its sanitary quality.

Sanitary regimes are a system of access to the complex when a livestock enterprise operates under a closed type regime. They are designed for differentiated and efficient processing of people in large livestock production facilities. In accordance with the epizootic situation developing at one time or another at the facility and in its surroundings, this sanitary treatment can be carried out in three modes (according to G.K. Volkov, B.A. Nikolsky, V.M. Repin): No. 1, No. 2, No. 3.

The assignment of a certain sanitary regime to each person and control over its implementation is the responsibility of the on-duty veterinary specialist of the facility. The practical implementation of this regime is carried out through the use of appropriate special equipment, including remote control (electric deadbolt and telephone communication) and the use of sanitary protective products accepted for veterinary supplies.

In all three modes, a new strictly mandatory sanitary procedure has been introduced - wet disinfection of a person’s hands, which is performed forcibly through the use of special sanitary doors (handles located at the bottom of a basin with a disinfectant solution).

Sanitary regime No. 1 is used for sanitary treatment of people not working at the site during a one-time visit, when the farm is in epizootic condition and there is no threatening zone around it. The basis of this regime is a one-time pass from a veterinary organization, waterproof sanitary protective products, which are subjected to wet sanitation without removing them from the person. These products are used during the temporary stay of a person at a facility to protect his clothes and shoes from contamination, infection and saturation with specific odors of livestock premises. These products, as they are used, are disinfected from the surface on a person when the latter passes through the area of the sanitary turnstile (sanitary checkpoint). In addition, these products are periodically subjected to gas chamber disinfection.

Special sanitary equipment of turnstiles consists of two containers (open and closed) for disinfectant solutions, two electric pumps that automatically supply disinfectant solution through a pipeline system to the sprayers at the moment a person passes inside the latter when they press their foot on the metal mesh covering the disinfectant solution, or the supply of disinfectant solution is automatically turned on and off through the use of limit switches in the turnstile passage doors.

The disinfectant solution is supplied through sprayers in a finely dispersed state, falls onto the visitor’s sanitizing surfaces to a certain level, flows into the tank and is used again after preliminary filtration. The design of the turnstile allows the entire surface or part of the protective clothing to be processed.

The procedure for passing the sanitary regime No. 1: a visitor to the facility is admitted to the sanitary checkpoint - automatic machine after presenting a pass to the veterinary service, the duty officer opens the electric deadbolt of the entrance door to the sanitary turnstile room. Here the visitor puts on sanitary protective products on his clothes and shoes, for example, a robe and rubber shoes or polyethylene chuni, passes through a sanitary turnstile with disinfection of the bottom of the shoes in the disinfection bath and hands at the sanitary door. Then the hands are washed with clean water, dried with an electric towel, and only after that the visitor enters the territory of the facility. In the sanitary inspection room, a black and white line runs along the border of the sanitary door for disinfecting the visitor’s hands. Upon exit, the visitor undergoes the same sanitization procedure only in reverse order. After wet disinfection of hands, there are running washbasins on both sides of the disinfection barrier for washing hands with ordinary water.

Sanitary regime No. 2 is carried out under epizootic conditions for those constantly working at the site, on regular passes with the replacement of outer clothing and shoes.

The procedure for passing through sanitary regime No. 2: enter the sanitary inspection station with a permanent pass, the veterinarian on duty opens (remotely) the electric lock of the entrance door and workers enter through the passage corridor into separate men's and women's locker rooms, where workers take off their outerwear and shoes and put on special shoes (rubber boots), after which they follow through the sanitary barrier with forced disinfection of the surface of special shoes and hands into the second wardrobe for work clothes, put them on, and then proceed to the production area of the facility. At the end of the work, the service personnel exit the same way only with disinfection in the reverse order. After wet disinfection of hands, there are running washbasins on both sides of the disinfection barrier for washing hands with ordinary water.

Sanitary regime No. 3 is carried out in the event of an epizootic problem of an object or the occurrence of an infection in its immediate surroundings (the appearance of a threatening zone), as well as as a result of a decision of a higher veterinary service for particularly large livestock complexes on particularly strict protection. According to sanitary regime No. 3, a complete replacement of shoes, outer and lower clothing is provided, with the entire body of a visitor not working at the site and having a one-time pass from a higher veterinary institution undergoing a disinfection. For sanitary regime No. 3, after the first wardrobe, where all the visitor’s clothes and shoes are left, a disinfection chamber is installed for complete disinfection of the human body: a metal cabinet with a cross section of 0.8 x 0.8 m and a height of up to 2.2 m with two doors in opposite walls , and on top with a shower funnel and ventilation.

Before entering, the first door is open, and the second is closed and fixed. Then mechanical automation is arranged: after the visitor enters the disinfection chamber and closes the first door, at least 30 liters of the appropriate disinfectant solution is poured onto the head from the shower (in accordance with the instructions for combating this infection) with a temperature of 45...50 O C, after which the shower funnel should use plain water to take a warm shower. In this case, the second door is fixed until the dose of disinfectant solution is completely poured out; after pouring out the disinfectant solution, it can be opened at the request of the visitor. After a shower, the visitor enters the second wardrobe, puts on all the clothes of the complex: socks, panties, a T-shirt, a special suit, a head cap, rubber boots, and only after that visits the epizootically unfavorable production area. After finishing work, the temporary visitor undergoes sanitary treatment in the reverse order. Permanently working service personnel take a warm shower every day, but without complete disinfection of the whole body, enter the production area with a permanent pass, completely replace their clothes with production clothes and with mandatory disinfection of the surfaces of shoes and hands.

2. Sanitary repairs of premises

Sanitary repairs of premises differ from ordinary repairs in that it is carried out on farms that are vulnerable to widespread animal diseases and is accompanied by a complete replacement of wooden floors, manure trays, feeders, feed, manure passages and the soil underneath to a depth of at least 25 cm with thorough mechanical cleaning building envelopes with triple disinfection. It is included in the plan for combating infection or other widespread diseases and is an integral part of measures to improve the economy from widespread chronic diseases.

The infectious principle, accumulating during long-term keeping of livestock with weak sanitary protection in stationary premises, especially without observing the sanitary principle “Everything is free - everything is occupied” and repeatedly passing through the body of susceptible animals, strengthens its pathogenic properties and, against the background of weakened natural resistance of the animal’s body, becomes one of the main causes of both contagious (tuberculosis, brucellosis, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, coccidiosis, etc.) and non-contagious (dyspepsia of newborns, endometritis and mastitis of the uterus, bronchopneumonia of young animals, etc.) diseases. Therefore, the improvement of the premises is an important link in the elimination and prevention of diseases of farm animals.

In livestock farming for public use, disinfection of premises is usually carried out using thorough disinfection with various chemical compounds using wet, aerosol or combined methods after thorough mechanical cleaning of premises, walks, runs, etc. However, the implementation of these measures is not always effective. This is due to the fact that even with careful disinfection, some of the microorganisms in the enclosing structures (in floor cracks and under them, under feeders and manure chutes, in cracks and pores of building materials of walls, supports, fences, etc.) remain viable and retain their pathogenic properties and poses a threat to animals.

In order to more completely destroy microorganisms in the enclosing structures of the premises, sanitary repairs are carried out, which is especially important in premises unfavorable for dyspepsia, bronchopneumonia, colibacillosis, diplococcosis, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, eimeriosis, geohelminthiases, stable and barn infestations, mastitis, endometritis, pododermatitis and etc., as well as on farms subject to recovery from chronic infectious (tuberculosis, brucellosis) diseases.

Procedure for sanitary repairs

Before the start of repairs, all equipment and inventory are removed from the premises and, under the guidance of veterinary specialists, undergo thorough disinfection using the means and modes recommended by the instructions for veterinary disinfection for the disease for which the farm is unsafe.

After removing animals, equipment, inventory from the premises and turning off the power, the first top-down disinfection of all enclosing structures is carried out: ceiling, lamps, walls, windows, gates, support columns, partitions, feeders, drinking bowls, stalls, cages, machines, floors, manure trays, conveyors, internal stationary machines and mechanisms. After irrigation with a disinfectant solution, the room is closed (sealed) for at least 3 hours or for the time specified in the relevant instructions, but in such a way as to ensure complete moistening of not only all structures, but also the remaining manure, bedding and feed residues throughout their entire thickness. It is better to do this work in the afternoon, so that the room remains closed all night, and begin the next cleaning work in the morning.

After disinfection and exposure, the room is ventilated and thoroughly mechanically cleaned of manure, bedding residues and feed, which are taken to biothermal pits with precautions to prevent its dispersion over healthy areas or burned in designated areas. At the same time, they adhere to the sanitary rule of minimal manipulation of contaminated materials during their destruction and disposal. After that, using scrapers, brushes or brooms moistened with disinfectant solutions, remove dust, cobwebs, stuck food, and other contaminants, first from above (from the ceiling, lamps, air ducts, walls, windows, partitions, poles), and then from below (from feeders, drinking bowls etc.). In this case, special attention is paid to cleaning the lower parts of walls and fences, as well as corners, recesses, breaks and crevices. Difficult-to-remove contaminants are scraped off with trowels, scrapers or stiff wire brushes and thoroughly washed off with a stream of hot soda ash solution, preferably under pressure. At the same time, workers performing mechanical cleaning must be instructed on personal safety measures.

After mechanical cleaning, the room is subjected to a second disinfection with the same disinfection solution as during the first disinfection, tightly closed and kept for 3-12 hours.

Repair work begins after the room has been ventilated, window sashes, doors, gates, removable feeders and partitions are installed, wooden floors and manure trays, wooden walkways and inspection platforms are raised. Boards and beams suitable for use are again washed with a disinfectant solution, cleaned of residual soil and manure, dried, and then immersed in special large vats or concrete pits filled with a disinfectant solution. Only after this can suitable boards and beams be used for repairing utility rooms or fattening livestock. It is strictly prohibited to reuse these building materials for the repair of maternity wards, dispensaries, calf barns, queen cells and livestock yards of reproductive farms. Boards and other wooden structures of premises where tuberculosis and brucellosis cattle were kept are burned near farms at a fire-prevention distance from them and in no case are they allowed to be used as firewood in the furnaces of stoves in populated areas. It is strictly forbidden to use them for any other economic needs, for example, making fences, woodpiles, floors for storing roughage, vehicles, etc.

The top layer of earth from under the removed floor is dug up to a depth of at least 25 cm, mixed with dry bleach containing at least 25% active chlorine (at the rate of 5 kg of lime per 1 sq. m. area), moistened with water and after 12 -24 hour exposure is taken to a specially designated place inaccessible to animals, equipped like a non-anthrax burial ground. At the same time, measures are taken to prevent the dispersion of the treated soil.

Instead of the removed soil, red clay is brought into the premises, it is carefully compacted and they begin laying a new floor. Sanitary and hygienic requirements stipulate that the logs on which the floor boards are attached are completely compacted (flooded) in a thick layer of clay, and the floor boards are laid on the resulting cushion, previously filled with a thick clay solution, so that no empty or airy space is formed between the clay and the floor. shells, and the cracks between the boards were filled with clay mortar squeezed out from under them. The absence of an air gap between the floor and the clay castle prevents the accumulation of slurry, microflora, protozoan oocysts, and helminth eggs under the floor and is a reliable guarantee of the prevention of diseases associated with the accumulation of ammonia in the air, infected and infested food eaten by animals from the floor

Removable feeders in barns and farmyards are arranged so that there is a gap of 15-20 cm between their bottom and the floor for cleaning and disinfection on a sanitary day. It is also permissible to lay the bottom of the feeder close to a clay pad or on the boards of the front of the stall and the feed passage. However, the hygienic condition must be maintained so that the bottom of the feeder and manure passages and gutters are made simultaneously with the floors under the same conditions. Concrete feeders, feed and manure passages are not changed, but are thoroughly cleaned of dirt, repaired and disinfected at least twice.

With gravity-floating and cascade-floating systems for removing bedding-free manure, it is not necessary to completely replace its concrete channels if they are suitable for use, but otherwise it is sufficient to carry out thorough mechanical cleaning and double disinfection (before and after repair) of the trenches. In this case, wooden grilles, dampers and thresholds must be completely replaced, and metal ones are disinfected with the flame of a blowtorch or gas burner.

Exposed window frames, gates, and doors are cleaned of dirt, washed with warm water with the addition of detergent disinfectants (soda ash, dezmol, etc.) and then thoroughly disinfected by immersion in disinfectant baths for the periods specified in the instructions for combating a specific disease.

After the sanitary repairs are completed, windows, doors, and gates are installed in the premises, internal equipment necessary for normal operation is installed, and the third final disinfection is carried out using the means and modes recommended by the instructions for animal diseases.

In farms recovering from tuberculosis and other diseases, the pathogens of which are significantly resistant to the effects of chemical disinfectants, it is recommended to carry out fire disinfection of equipment and internal structures of the premises that are resistant to fire, using the flame of a blowtorch or gas torch.

For more reliable disinfection of the upper parts of the building (ceilings, lamps, air ducts, frame beams, etc.), aerosol or combined disinfection is carried out in the modes prescribed by the relevant instructions. In this case, a prerequisite is to seal the building, maintain its temperature not lower than +15C and relative humidity within 60...100%.

For aerosol disinfection, formalin or formalin-creolin (formalin-solarium) mixture is used at the rate of 10...15 ml of solution per 1 cubic meter. m of room with exposure for at least 6 hours.

Finally, indoor ceilings, walls, fences, and feeders are whitewashed with a 20% slurry of freshly slaked lime. Dry the room by turning on the heating of the supply air until the enclosing wooden structures dry to a humidity of 15...16%. For more complete biological sanitation, the premises should be left free of animals for several days or for as long as possible (if possible on the farm).

Bacteriological control of the quality of sanitization of premises is carried out by veterinary specialists (preferably by a state independent service). For this purpose, a commission selects swabs from enclosing structures and equipment and sends them to the veterinary laboratory. In case of poor-quality sanitation, disinfection is repeated until a negative result is obtained.

Simultaneously with sanitary repairs and other indoor activities, sanitary and hygienic measures are being carried out on the farm. It is cleaned of debris and manure, the surface of paddocks and runs is leveled, and disinfected with one of the following disinfectants: a suspension of bleach containing 5% active chlorine; 3…4 - percent solution of formaldehyde, a mixture of solutions of 3% formaldehyde and sodium hydroxide; 10% solutions of “Kerol”, “Hydrol” or caustic soda at the rate of 10 liters of disinfectant solution per 1 sq. m. area. Then the soil is plowed to a depth of at least 25 cm, mixed with dry bleach containing at least 25% active chlorine at the rate of 5 kg per 1 m2 of area and moistened with water. After disinfection, 20...25 days later, a surface disking of the farm territory is carried out and it is sown with perennial grasses (clover, foxtail, timothy, hedgehog grass, etc.) or a mixture of cultivated cereals, the rhizosphere of which sanitizes the soil from E. coli, many pathogenic microbes, helminth eggs and protozoan cysts. Then the grass is mowed monthly for better natural soil sanitation. In this case, the green mass cannot be used fresh for livestock feed, but rather dried and used for grass meal.

Thorough sanitary repair of premises under the direct supervision of the veterinary service is one of the links in a comprehensive plan for combating infection and in improving the health of the economy from mass diseases of various etiologies.

3. Sanitation day on the farm

This is general cleaning and cleaning on the farm, which involves removing accumulated sewage from the premises and the farm, which remains after daily cleaning and cleaning of the premises, equipment, equipment, animals, etc. It is carried out 2-3 times a month, and on dairy, breeding farms and for raising young animals - weekly on a day determined by the management of the farm. It serves as one of the main factors in the struggle to improve the culture of animal husbandry, to obtain products of high sanitary quality and to obtain healthy young farm animals. Responsibility for the general sanitary condition on the farm lies with the manager of the enterprise, and on the farm - with the farm manager. The organizers and responsible executors of a high-quality sanitary day are the main livestock specialists (veterinarian and zoo engineer). They, together with the farm foreman, first determine the total volume of sanitary work, and then distribute it among farm workers and specialists, i.e. must clearly define the order of work.

When introducing a sanitary day for the first time, it is first necessary to conduct training on the high-quality performance of certain types of work in compliance with the rules of labor protection and personal hygiene for each employee at his workplace. Then a plan of work on the farm is drawn up, indicating the names of the performers and specialists responsible for carrying out quality control of the work performed. The zootechnical service must ensure that on this day additional transport and workers are provided to livestock breeders to transport the necessary materials (boards, nails, whitewash, paint, etc.) and transport accumulated garbage, carry out routine repairs of premises, mechanisms, equipment and inventory, control of daily routine and technological cycles.

On a sanitary day, the veterinary service is obliged to: check the records of veterinary journals, the implementation of plans for anti-epizootic measures, disinfection, deratization and disinfestation, the condition of the first aid kit on the farm, medical examination of workers and personal hygiene, conduct a dispensary record of livestock and the quality of care for the skin and limbs of animals; the quality of storage, preparation and distribution of feed and bedding materials, the provision of the farm with the necessary veterinary materials and equipment; is obliged to provide the farm with a veterinarian with special clothing, disinfectants and disinfectants on this day; it is necessary to control the quality of sanitary protection on the farm, especially the condition of disinfection barriers, disinfection pillows, disinfection baths, toilets and the farm territory, the place of isolation, treatment, opening and disposal of animal corpses, and the environmental safety of the farm.

The chief doctor of veterinary medicine and the animal engineer as part of the farm commission are required to carry out quality control of the sanitary day on the farm, evaluate it on a five-point system and record it in a journal, on the basis of which workers receive bonuses for high sanitary maintenance of the farm or recommendations on the imposition of fines on individuals for the unsanitary condition of their workplaces.

The following work must be performed on the farm territory: repair the farm fence, remove remaining manure, bedding, feed, garbage and other unnecessary materials and equipment. The territory is leveled with a bulldozer or the resulting holes and irregularities are filled up, and, if possible, plowed and sowed with herbs that sanitize the soil. At the same time, toilets are cleaned and disinfected with bleach so that livestock does not have contact with them and cannot become infected with Finnosis through infested human feces.

Approximate list of work in the premises. Before work is carried out, the animals are taken out for walks, the electricity is turned off, and the inside of the room is moistened with water or a weak disinfectant solution to prevent the spread of infection with dust. Thoroughly clean the building envelope and equipment from dust, cobwebs, adhering dirt and manure. This work begins at the top and ends with manure trays: electric lamps with light bulbs are wiped, and the windows are washed and wiped with a damp cloth; The ceiling and walls, especially corners, exhaust pipes and supply ducts are cleared of dust with brooms and brushes. Contaminated areas of feeders, drinkers, cages, pens, poles, fences and equipment are washed with hot water. Unnecessary equipment, containers and other items are removed from the premises so that there are no shelters for rodents and stray pets. Remains of manure, bedding and feed are removed in the direction from the feeders to the manure trays, which are washed with water, preferably with a disinfectant solution. At the same time, disinfectant mats (disinfection pads) are cleaned at the entrance to the room and filled with fresh disinfectant solution. In the cracks and cracks of the floor and enclosing structures, dirt, manure with microbes, helminth eggs and protozoan cysts, and sometimes mites gradually accumulate, which poses a danger to the health of animals. Therefore, these areas are also cleaned of dirt and routine repairs are carried out: the cracks are covered with cement-lime mortar, all defects in feeders, drinkers, floors, fences, trays, doors, gates, gateways, windows, inventory and equipment are eliminated. If mold appears on the enclosing structures (ceiling, walls, windows, feeders, etc.), the affected areas are wiped with a 3% solution of copper sulfate and then whitened with freshly slaked lime.

Replace burnt out light bulbs. Machine operators repair feed and manure conveyors, drinkers and other mechanisms, clean them of dirt, carry out routine maintenance, touch up paint, check the serviceability of electrical wiring and protective grounding. Such work is carried out in feed shops, feed kitchens and other auxiliary premises. The fight against flies is carried out as a factor in the transmission of infection and invasion. In order to prevent the laying of eggs, the hatching of flies and their entry into the premises, a number of measures must be taken: in addition to cleaning the premises and territory, it is necessary to check whether there are places for flies to breed in other places (scattered manure, bedding, feed), whether containers with feed are tightly closed , milk, skim milk, whether the metal mesh on the windows, vents, ventilation pipes is intact. Fresh sticky paper or insecticide trays should be placed indoors where animals can reach them.

On a sanitary day, disinfection is carried out not only in the main room, but also in liquid waste, showers, toilets, and lockers for work clothes. All animal care equipment (brushes, pitchforks, shovels, brooms, etc.), as well as those used for mechanical cleaning and washing of premises, are cleaned of dirt, washed with hot water and disinfected. Work clothes are washed after the sanitary day. dried and ironed with a hot iron or disinfected in a steam-air chamber at a temperature of +80...100 O C, and in a steam-formalin chamber at a temperature of +40...60 O C.

Features of holding a sanitary day on various farms and veterinary facilities depend on the purpose of the enterprise. For example, on a dairy farm all sanitary work is aimed at obtaining milk of high sanitary quality, at fattening - meat, at a sheep farm - wool and meat, at a commercial poultry farm - meat and eggs, at a dispensary - at obtaining healthy calves, in a quarantine room - preventing the main farm of sick animals, in the isolation ward - to stop and destroy the infection, at the meat processing plant - to obtain meat products of high sanitary quality, at the meat control station - not to allow livestock products of low sanitary quality to go on sale, at the biofactory - to obtain highly antigenic drugs and prevent the spread of the infection against in which drugs are prepared, in diagnostic and treatment institutions - so that they do not become a place of transmission of infection, etc.

For example, a sanitary day on a dairy farm has the peculiarity that, in addition to the activities described above, other work is carried out to obtain healthy and clean milk: they conduct a more thorough examination of the skin of animals, especially in the udder area, trim hair in the udder area, on the stomach, and inner thighs , since short hair is less dirty and easier to clean. Contaminated areas of animal skin are washed with warm water and wiped. In winter, this work is carried out in vestibules and arenas, and in the summer in the yard. Each animal must have a separate brush for cleaning the skin or a vacuum-mechanical unit for each group of animals of one milkmaid. When examining animals, veterinary specialists pay special attention to the condition of the skin of the udder and teats in order to promptly identify mastitis and other anomalies. Reactions are carried out to detect hidden mastitis. Monitoring of the milkmaids' personal hygiene is carried out: health, hand washing and absence of suppuration, the presence of a white robe and headscarf, cleanliness of dishes and equipment, the condition of the wardrobe, etc. The results of the inspection and check are recorded in a journal kept by the farm foreman.

Dairy utensils and milking equipment are cleaned. Washing and disinfection. When processing dairy equipment daily, first rinse it with warm water, then wash it in warm water, then wash it in a warm 0.5 percent solution of one of the detergents, and finally rinse it again with warm water. Coolers, pasteurizers and other equipment are also treated. On a sanitary day, general cleaning and washing of milking equipment is carried out: the milking machines are completely disassembled, immersed in a bath with a hot washing solution and each part is washed separately, using a brush or ruff, and then rinsed in clean hot water. Worn rubber parts (teat rubber, membranes, milk tubes) are thoroughly washed with a soda solution and set aside for a 4-week rest, and during assembly, the milking machine wire is washed in a circulating manner with a 0.1 percent solution of hydrochloric acid to remove milk stones from the walls. All work ends with cleaning, washing and disinfecting the workplace.

The features of a sanitary day in a dispensary for calves are to get healthy young animals and prevent the most common diseases based on colds and dyspepsia in newborns. To do this, they carefully monitor the provision of a normal general and local microclimate, the correct distribution of warm supply air, take measures to improve the normal microclimate by introducing infrared heating, ultraviolet irradiation of calves, artificial aeroionization, deodorization, etc. They also pay attention to the quality of colostrum and milk, maintaining hygiene when drinking milk and the sanitary condition of milk utensils, individual cages and especially feeders. The latter must be removed, washed, disinfected and dried. Sanitary work in the dispensary duplicates the activities carried out during preventive breaks in calf barns and ends, as a rule, with disinfection, whitewashing and drying of internal enclosing structures and equipment to 16% humidity by turning on ventilation and heating systems. Bacteriological control is carried out to ensure the sterility of the building envelope.

Features of a sanitary day in a diagnostic and treatment institution. The goal is not to turn a medical and diagnostic institution into a factor in the spread of infection. To do this, special sanitary attention is paid to the places where sick animals are received (manege), waste materials, and to the places where washing water is collected (liquid collection tanks), and the destruction of corpses and waste materials. On a sanitary day, all premises are cleaned, starting with the cleanest (offices, pharmacy) and ending with the most likely infected (playpen, hospital, isolation ward, autopsy rooms, places where corpses are disposed of). If the former are cleaned with a weak solution of disinfectants, then the latter are better first (before mechanical cleaning) with solutions of alkaline disinfectants, and after mechanical cleaning, cleaning and minor repairs - with stronger disinfectants in recommended concentrations. Of particular note is the cleaning of slurry collectors, which are most often disinfected with high concentrations of bleach (2.5 - 7 thousand mg of active chlorine per 1 liter of unclarified waste), which, however, does not kill helminth eggs and protozoan cysts. Therefore, such wastewater is additionally disinfected using thermal methods or quarantine. The territory and access roads are cleared of unnecessary objects, trimmed, filled with sand or gravel, landscaping and fencing are improved, disinfectant barriers, disinfectant pillows, etc. are cleaned, renewed, etc. As a result, the bacteriological laboratory should be an example of cleanliness and professional culture for the veterinary service of the region.

4. Sanitary passportt per livestock building

This is a system of sanitary and hygienic assessment of livestock premises and equipment for compliance with hygienic norms and rules, technological design standards, Veterinary Legislation and GOSTs in order to identify deficiencies and then eliminate them. Veterinary specialists participate in commissions to inspect farms and complexes in order to determine the low productivity of animals, the occurrence of mass diseases, often complicated by opportunistic microflora, as well as to determine the readiness of livestock premises for the wintering of livestock. In addition, an analysis of court cases submitted for veterinary examination shows that the acts submitted by veterinary specialists for veterinary and sanitary inspection of livestock premises and farms have a number of significant shortcomings. The main ones are: the presence of general, non-specific phrases of a dialectical nature (crowded, dirty, gassy, cold), the lack of objective indicators of microclimate parameters, the amount of air exchange and ventilation of the premises, the correctness and uniformity of the distribution of fresh supply air in the area where the animals are located, the mode of working and emergency lighting , floor area per animal, manure removal and sewage systems, characteristics of farm water supply and animal watering, feed quality and compliance with hygienic feeding rules, feeding front, etc.

Therefore, a scheme for a premises passport has been proposed to assess its compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards.

Farm passport (diagram)

Farm (branch) __________________________________________

State farm (collective farm, enterprise, farm) _________________________

Area, region__________________________

Inventory number ___________________________________

(cow barn, calf barn, clan, department)

Room type ______________________________________________

(post-and-beam, frame, brick, wood, stick)

Year of construction _____________________________________________________

Standard (non-standard) project number ___________________________

Overall dimensions: width (m) ______, length (m) _____, m 2 / head. ____,

height (m) ________, volume (m 3) ________________, m 3 heads. _________

Frame material _____________________________________________________

(reinforced concrete, brick, wood, etc.)

walls __________________________, condition ____________________

Overlap __________________________________________________

(ceiling, no ceiling, insulation, condition)

Floors ________________________________________________________________

(material, solid, lattice, insulation, condition)

Animal age (from, to) ________________, number___________

Design capacity, goal___________ and actual _____________

Availability of walking yards ___________ m2, per head ___________

(tethered, loose, condition)

Organization of walks ________________________________________

Feed distribution ______________________________________________

(manual, mobile, transport)

Feeding front _________________________, m/head._____________

Feed quality _____________________________________________

Manure removal ________________________________________________

(conveyor, self-rafting, hydraulic flush, into a cesspool)

Storage and disinfection of manure ___________________________________

Method of cleaning and destroying corpses ___________________________

Water supply ________________________________________________

(water supply, supply, drinking bowls, source)

Heating water in winter ________________________________________

Microclimate system: a) heating source __________

b) condition ________________________________________________

c) supply and exhaust air distribution diagram ________________

Condition of the ventilation system _________________________________

MICROCLIMATE CONDITION:

____________________________________________________________

Index period___________________

Winter spring Summer Autumn____________

Temperature, О С

Relative humidity, %

Air exchange, m 3 / h per 1 head.

Air mobility, m/s

Kataindex, m/cal x cm 2 /s

Microbial contamination, thousand/m3

Window area, m 2 floors

Illumination, lux or W/m2

Outside temperature O C

Sanitary protection ruptures, zones _____________

Sanitary principles: _____________________________________________

Sanitary regime _________________________________________________

Sanitary day _____________________________________________

Cleaning, disinfection _________________, whitewashing ________________

Metabolic state_______________________________________________

Epizootological condition of the farm ___________________________

Morbidity, safety ___________________________________

Productivity ______________________________________________

(live weight gain, milk yield)__________________________________________

Veterinary rules for keeping cattle for the purposes of their reproduction, cultivation and sale

I. General provisions

1. Veterinary rules for keeping cattle (hereinafter referred to as cattle) for the purposes of their reproduction, cultivation and sale (hereinafter referred to as the Rules) establish requirements for the conditions of keeping cattle for the purposes of reproduction, cultivation, sale (hereinafter referred to as keeping cattle), as well as requirements for implementation of measures for the quarantine of cattle, mandatory preventive measures and diagnostic studies of cattle kept by citizens, including on private farms, peasant (farm) farms, individual entrepreneurs, organizations and institutions of the penal system, other organizations and institutions containing up to 500 heads of cattle inclusive (hereinafter referred to as open-type farms, Farms), as well as organizations containing more than 500 heads of cattle (hereinafter referred to as closed-type enterprise, Enterprise, Enterprises).

2. Control over the implementation of these Rules is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of veterinary medicine.

II. Requirements for the conditions of keeping cattle on farms

3. On Farms, keeping and grazing cattle in the territories of former and existing solid waste landfills, cattle burial grounds, leather raw material processing enterprises, and wastewater treatment plants is not allowed.

4. It is necessary to install fences on Farms to prevent wild animals from entering their territory (with the exception of birds and small rodents). The entrance to the territory of the Farms (except for the territory of the Farms on which a residential building is located) must be equipped with a disinfection barrier or a disinfection installation that ensures that the wheels and chassis of vehicles are treated with disinfectant solutions that do not freeze at sub-zero temperatures.

5. The minimum distance from the structure of the wall or corner of the premises for keeping cattle (hereinafter referred to as the livestock premises) (closest in the direction of the residential premises located on the adjacent plot) to the border of the adjacent plot when keeping cattle on farms must correspond to the minimum distance from the structure of the wall or corner livestock premises (closest in the direction of the residential premises located on the neighboring plot) to the border of the neighboring plot when keeping cattle on the Farms given in these Rules.

7. In the livestock premises of the Farms, it is allowed to place 1-2 stalls or stalls for horses.

8. Livestock premises on farms must be equipped with natural or forced ventilation, ensuring the maintenance of the necessary microclimate parameters.

9. Walls, partitions, coverings of livestock premises in Farms must be resistant to disinfectants and high humidity, and must not emit harmful substances. Anti-corrosion and finishing coatings must be harmless to cattle.

10. When keeping cattle for dairy and dairy-meat productivity, Farms should equip a dairy-washing room for processing and temporary storage of milk (hereinafter referred to as the dairy room). The walls of the dairy must be painted with moisture-resistant paints in light colors or tiled to a height of at least 1.8 m. It is prohibited to build walking areas or other objects associated with the accumulation of manure near the walls of the dairy.

11. Manure on Farms must be removed and stored in manure storage facilities and (or) sites for storage and biothermal disinfection of manure located on the Farm outside the building in which cattle are kept.

12. To calculate the capacity of a manure storage facility and (or) site for storage and biothermal disinfection of manure, the norms for daily excrement excretion from one head of cattle, given in these Rules, are used.

13. If there are walking areas, they are located near the longitudinal walls of the building for keeping cattle or on a separate area. The norms for the area of walking areas on Farms are given in these Rules.

14. Feeders on walking areas are located so that when loading them with feed, vehicles do not enter the walking areas, with the exception of specially equipped feeders for rolls of straw/hay located inside the walking areas.

15. Cattle in livestock buildings are housed in a group way - in sections (cages) with group housing of animals (hereinafter - the section) and (or) individually - in stalls, boxes, cages (individual) (hereinafter - the cage), as well as stalls. The area standards and dimensions of elements of livestock buildings are given in these Rules.

16. In livestock buildings, longitudinal and transverse passages (feed, manure, evacuation and service) must be located between sections. The placement of sections should ensure that they are filled with animals and evacuated from them, bypassing other sections. Exits are provided from each section for the passage (run) of animals for walking.

18. When keeping cattle in a tether, Farms use single-row, double-row or four-row placement of stalls, with one or two feeding passages, and no more than 50 stalls are allowed in one continuous row.

19. When cattle are kept loose on farms, animals in livestock buildings or on walking areas are kept separately by sex and age groups.

20. Walking areas are equipped with feeders and drinking bowls. Depending on the estimated winter temperature, walking areas can be equipped with canopies and windproof devices (windbreaks, lulls, forest plantations) (at a design temperature of 20 ° C and above), or three-walled canopies or light enclosed spaces with free exit for cattle (at a design temperature below - 20°C).

21. Slopes not exceeding 6 degrees are provided on walking areas. Walking areas that do not have a continuous hard surface are equipped with a hard surface:

At the entrances to buildings for keeping animals;

At drinkers and feeders to a depth of 2.5-3.0 m from the feeding front.

22. On walking areas, cattle can be kept on deep, permanent bedding. On walking areas that do not have a continuous hard surface, mounds for resting cattle can be equipped for beef cattle, at the rate of 3.0 per head. When keeping animals, the skin must be kept clean from contamination by manure and dirt.

Hay, straw, haylage, silage and root crops - in the amount required for the stall period (with stall-pasture keeping of cattle);

Milk for feeding calves - in the amount required for no more than one day;

24. Storage of hay and straw on Farms is carried out in stacks, stacks or under sheds, as well as in feed storage rooms (hereinafter referred to as storage facilities) and/or in the attics of livestock buildings; haylage and silage in trenches, pits, mounds, rolls, polymer bags (sleeves) and structures; root tuber crops - in piles or storages; mixed feed - in storage facilities.

25. Feed and feed additives used for feeding cattle on Farms must be safe for animal health and comply with veterinary and sanitary requirements and standards established by documents constituting the law of the Eurasian Economic Union, documents of the International Office of Epizootics (OIE), legislative and other regulations legal acts of the Russian Federation.

Drinking water must be used for watering cattle and preparing feed for them.

26. Average daily norms of water consumption by dairy cows, calves, young animals by age groups, heifers, sires and cows for meat productivity are given in these Rules.

27. If it is impossible to provide animals with drinking water for watering cattle and preparing feed, it is allowed to use water with a high salt composition that does not exceed the limit values for the composition of water with a high salt composition used for watering cattle and preparing feed specified in these Rules.

28. On pastures, sources of water for cattle can be wells from which water flows into drinking bowls, as well as watercourses (rivers, streams, canals), reservoirs (lakes, ponds, flooded quarries, reservoirs), natural outlets of groundwater (springs). Pastures should be located no further than 2.5 km from watering sources. It is prohibited to use water for drinking cattle from sources contaminated with sewage.

29. To disinfect shoes at the entrance to the livestock premises, disinfection mats (ditches) filled with foam rubber, sawdust or other porous elastic material are installed along the width of the passage and a length of at least one meter, impregnated with disinfectant solutions (hereinafter referred to as disinfection mats).

30. Disinsection, decontamination and deratization of livestock premises on farms are carried out at least once a year, as well as upon visual detection of insects, ticks, rodents or identification of traces of their presence (bites, droppings).

31. When visiting livestock premises and servicing cattle, it is necessary to use clean, disinfected work clothes and shoes. It is prohibited to go outside the territory of the Farm in work clothes and shoes.

32. On pastures, measures should be organized to combat rodents, botflies and blood-sucking insects, as well as the delavation of water bodies and breeding sites of midges.

33. For the acquisition of Farms, clinically healthy cattle of their own reproduction are allowed, as well as animals received from other Farms and Enterprises in the presence of veterinary accompanying documents confirming the veterinary well-being of the areas of production (origin) of animals for infectious animal diseases, including diseases, common for humans and animals (hereinafter referred to as infectious diseases), issued in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of veterinary medicine.

34. Information about all cases of detection of suspicious, sick or dead animals on farms, as well as their unusual behavior, must be reported to veterinary specialists.

35. Disposal and destruction of cattle carcasses, aborted and stillborn fetuses, veterinary confiscations, and other biological waste on farms is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of veterinary medicine.

37., these Rules do not apply to farms that keep cattle on a year-round free-range basis.

III. Requirements for the implementation of measures for quarantine of cattle, mandatory preventive measures and diagnostic tests of cattle on farms

38. Cattle brought to the Farm are subject to separate keeping from other animals kept on the Farm for the purpose of carrying out veterinary measures (hereinafter referred to as quarantine). The quarantine period must be at least 21 calendar days from the moment the cattle arrive on the Farm. During the quarantine period, a clinical examination of animals, diagnostic studies and treatments provided for in the plans of diagnostic studies, veterinary preventive and anti-epizootic measures of bodies (institutions) included in the system of the State Veterinary Service of the Russian Federation for the current calendar year (hereinafter referred to as the Anti-epizootic Measures Plans) must be carried out ).

IV. Requirements for the conditions of keeping cattle at enterprises

40. At the Enterprises, keeping and grazing cattle is not allowed on former and existing landfills of solid household waste, cattle burial grounds, enterprises for processing leather raw materials, wastewater treatment plants, as well as on areas that previously housed rabbit breeding, fur farming and poultry farming (farms).

41. Enterprises must install fences to prevent wild animals from entering its territory. The enterprise must be separated from the nearest residential area in accordance with the requirements of the legislation on urban planning.

42. The territory of the Enterprise is divided into zones isolated from each other:

The production area, where premises for keeping animals are located, walking areas with hard surfaces and canopies, as well as a veterinary station, facilities for treating the skin of animals;

Administrative and economic, including buildings and structures of administrative, economic and technical services, a wash overpass and a site for disinfection of cars and other vehicles;

Storage and preparation of feed; the feed area, where facilities for storing and preparing feed are located, which is separated from the production and administrative areas by a fence with a separate entrance to these areas. The feed shop and feed warehouses are located on the demarcation line with the production zone;

Storage and processing of manure. The manure storage facility is located on the leeward side at a distance of at least 60 m from the livestock premises;

Quarantine, located on the fence line of the Enterprise, which houses a building for quarantine and a slaughter and sanitary station.

43. The territory of each zone is landscaped and fenced around the entire perimeter to prevent the entry of wild animals and prevent the uncontrolled passage of people.

44. To disinfect vehicles at the main entrance to the territory of the Enterprise, a disinfection barrier is provided with heating of the disinfectant solution at sub-zero temperatures (hereinafter referred to as the entry disinfection barrier) or the treatment of vehicles using disinfection units by spraying disinfectant solutions that do not freeze at sub-zero temperatures.

45. The entry disinfection barrier (if any) is located under a canopy and is a concrete bath filled with a disinfectant solution with the following dimensions:

The length along the surface of the disinfectant solution is at least 9 m;

Length along the bottom is at least 6 m;

The width is not less than the width of the gate;

Depth not less than 0.2 m;

Ramps before and after the bath should have a slope of no more than 1:4.

46. Before entering the territory of the veterinary station, disinfection mats are installed in the food storage and preparation area. Entrances to buildings for keeping animals must be equipped with disinfection baths, the size of the passage width and a length of at least one meter, filled with disinfectant solutions to a depth of 15 cm.

47. The veterinary station should include an outpatient clinic with a storage room for medicines for veterinary use and a warehouse for disinfectants.

49. A slaughterhouse intended for the forced slaughter of animals must consist of a slaughter department with premises for the slaughter of cattle, opening of the gastrointestinal tract of animals, a room (place) for salting skins and their temporary storage, refrigeration chambers for the temporary storage of carcasses and offal and a recycling department with an opening and (or) disposal chamber, as well as a shower. An autoclave or incinerator should be installed in the recycling department, corresponding to the production capacity of the Enterprise. When recycling raw materials by autoclaving, two rooms must be provided: for raw materials and for neutralized confiscated goods. An autoclave is installed in the wall between these rooms, loading of which is carried out in the room for raw materials, and unloading in the room for neutralized veterinary confiscated goods.

50. When the Enterprises are located in the area of operation of plants producing meat and bone meal, a slaughter and sanitary station should be provided without a disposal department. As part of the specified slaughter and sanitary station, a room (box) with a refrigeration chamber is equipped for short-term storage of animal corpses and slaughterhouse confiscated goods.

51. The use of vehicles in which sick animals and corpses are transported from production premises to the slaughter and sanitary station of the Enterprise for other purposes is not permitted.

52. The premises of the slaughterhouse and the adjacent territory are fenced with a fence no less than 2 m high and are provided with independent entry (exit) to a public road.

53. Carcasses from forced slaughter must be subjected to bacteriological examination. Depending on the results of the research, the carcasses are delivered to meat processing plants or disposed of. Until the results of the research are received and submitted for processing, carcasses should be stored in refrigerated chambers at the slaughter and sanitary station.

54. Entry into the territory of the Enterprise by unauthorized persons, as well as the entry of any type of transport not related to the direct service of the Enterprise, is not permitted.

55. Entry into the production area of the Enterprise is permitted only through a specialized room (hereinafter referred to as the sanitary inspection room), located on the fence line of the administrative, economic and production zones, and the entry of vehicles is in accordance with these Rules.

56. A 24-hour watch must be organized at the sanitary inspection station.

57. Before entering the sanitary checkpoint, both from the administrative and economic zone and from the production zone of the Enterprise, disinfection mats are installed.

58. In the sanitary inspection room, employees of the Enterprise (hereinafter referred to as employees, staff) take off their personal clothes and shoes, leave them in the dressing room (in the closet assigned to each employee), take a shower, put on clean, disinfected special clothes and special clothes in the dressing room for work clothes shoes. When leaving the sanitary inspection room (at the end of work), workers take off special clothing, take a shower, and put on personal clothing and shoes.

59. Visitors to the Enterprise, in the sanitary inspection room, remove personal clothing and shoes, take a shower and are provided with special clothing and shoes.

60. Persons servicing one technological (production) group of workovers are not allowed to service another technological (production) group of workovers. Persons with infectious diseases common to humans and animals are not allowed to work at the Enterprises.

61. Personnel are provided with special clothing and special footwear in accordance with the Intersectoral Rules for Providing Workers with Special Clothing, Special Footwear and Other Personal Protective Equipment, approved by Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated June 1, 2009 No. 290n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on September 10, 2009, registration No. 14742), as amended by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated January 27, 2010 No. 28n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on March 1, 2010, registration No. 16530), by orders of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated February 20, 2014 No. 103n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 15 May 2014, registration No. 32284), dated January 12, 2015 No. 2n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on February 11, 2015, registration No. 35962). Equipment and inventory are marked and assigned to the site (shop). It is prohibited to transfer these items from one area to another without disinfection.

62. It is prohibited to keep dogs (except guard dogs), cats, as well as animals of other species (including poultry) on the territory of the Enterprises. Guard dogs are subject to rabies vaccination, deworming and other veterinary treatments.

63. For the network of roads inside the Enterprise, driveways and technological sites, it is necessary to use hard surfaces. It is necessary to exclude the intersection of roads used for the removal of manure, animal carcasses, confiscated goods from cattle slaughter to be disposed of, and other waste, and roads used for the transport of healthy animals and feed.

64. In order to prevent animal diseases in all livestock premises of Enterprises, it is necessary to carry out timely removal of manure, as well as its disinfection by biological (long-term exposure), chemical or physical (heat treatment or combustion) methods.

65. During the operation of a manure storage facility, the unloading of manure waste or the intake of the liquid fraction must be carried out at least 50 cm above the surface of the bottom of the settling tank.

66. Storage of hay and straw at Enterprises is carried out in stacks, stacks or under sheds; haylage and silage in trenches or mechanized towers; root tuber crops - in piles or storages; mixed feed - in warehouses or bunkers. Feed and feed additives, including industrially produced ones, used for feeding cattle must be safe for animal health and comply with veterinary and sanitary requirements and standards established by documents constituting the law of the Eurasian Economic Union, documents of the International Office of Epizootics (OIE), legislative and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

Each batch of incoming feed, as well as haylage and silage during laying and during storage, is subjected to biochemical, microbiological and toxicological testing in laboratories (testing centers) included in the system of the State Veterinary Service of the Russian Federation, or other laboratories (testing centers) accredited by the national accreditation system, in accordance with the Federal Law of December 28, 2013 No. 412-FZ “On accreditation in the national accreditation system” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2013, No. 52, Art. 6977; 2014, No. 26, Art. 3366, 2016 , No. 10, Art. 1323).

67. Drinking water should be used for watering cattle and preparing feed for them.

68. Average daily norms of water consumption by dairy cows, calves, young animals by age groups, heifers, sires and cows for meat productivity are given in these Rules.

69. If it is impossible to provide animals with drinking water for watering cattle and preparing feed, it is allowed to use water with a high salt composition that does not exceed the limit values for the composition of water with a high salt composition used for watering cattle and preparing feed specified in these Rules.

70. On pastures, sources of watering for cattle can be wells from which water flows into drinking bowls, as well as watercourses (lakes, rivers, streams, canals), reservoirs (lakes, ponds, flooded quarries, reservoirs), natural groundwater outlets (springs) ). Pastures should be located no further than 2.5 km from watering sources. It is prohibited to use water for drinking cattle from sources contaminated with sewage.

71. Cattle in the livestock premises of Enterprises are housed in a group way - in sections and (or) individually - in stalls, boxes, cages, as well as stalls. The area standards and dimensions of elements of livestock buildings are given in these Rules.

72. The temperature and relative humidity of air in livestock premises must correspond to the parameters of temperature and relative humidity of air in livestock premises given in these Rules.

73. The speed of air movement in livestock premises must correspond to the parameters of air speed in livestock premises specified in these Rules.

74. The concentration of harmful gases and dust content in livestock premises must not exceed the parameters of the maximum permissible concentration of harmful gases and dust content in livestock premises specified in these Rules.

75. Floors in premises for keeping animals at the Enterprise must be non-slippery, non-abrasive and non-toxic, low thermal conductivity, waterproof, resistant to the effects of waste liquid and disinfectants.

76. Feeders and drinking bowls must be waterproof, harmless to animals, and easy to clean and disinfect. Cleaning and disinfection of feeders should be done at least once a month.

77. When enterprises use pastures in areas where animals graze, there should be no routes for moving cattle. In the pastures, measures are being taken to combat rodents, botflies and blood-sucking insects, as well as the delavation of water bodies and breeding areas of midges.

78. The maternity ward should be an isolated room for keeping cows. The length of the stalls in it must be at least 2 m, and the width for deep-calving cows - 1.5 m, for fresh cows - 1.2 m.

79. Livestock premises are provided with light through natural and artificial lighting.

80. The illumination of livestock premises must comply with the parameters specified in these Rules.

82. For staffing of Enterprises, clinically healthy cattle from their own breeding facility are allowed, as well as cattle arriving at Enterprises from other Farms and Enterprises, accompanied by veterinary accompanying documents confirming the veterinary well-being of the territories of the places of production (origin) of animals for infectious diseases, issued in the order, established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the region.

83. Information about all cases of identification at the Enterprise of suspected diseases, sick or dead animals, as well as their unusual behavior, must be reported to veterinary specialists.

84. Before sending cattle from the supplier company, each animal must be cleaned, clinically examined with thermometry, contaminated areas are washed with warm water and wiped dry, hooves must be cleaned of manure and treated with disinfectants.

85. At Enterprises that carry out year-round free-range keeping of cattle for meat production, the cattle are kept on the Enterprise sites (hereinafter referred to as the Enterprise Sites) or on pastures.

86. Each Enterprise Site must provide:

A fence that prevents wild animals (except for birds and small rodents) from entering its territory. At the entrance to the territory of the Enterprise Site, provision must be made for the treatment of vehicles using disinfection units by spraying disinfectant solutions that do not freeze at sub-zero temperatures;

A building for housing service personnel with a veterinary station, as well as a pen for carrying out veterinary preventive, diagnostic and anti-epizootic measures. A garage and (or) stable may be located on the Enterprise Sites.

Mobile or stationary feeders and drinkers.

88. , , , , these Rules do not apply to enterprises that keep beef cattle on a year-round free-range basis.

V. Requirements for the implementation of cattle quarantine measures at Enterprises

89. The building for the quarantine of cattle (hereinafter referred to as the quarantine room, quarantine) is intended for veterinary treatment, overexposure, diagnostic studies and therapeutic and preventive treatments of animals arriving at the Enterprise and exported to other Enterprises and Farms.

90. The quarantine facility and the territory adjacent to it must be fenced with a solid or mesh fence 2 m high with a base buried at least 0.2 m into the ground, and have independent entry (exit) to a public road.

91. Quarantine should consist of two sections:

Departments for receiving animals and processing them (cleaning, washing);

Departments for keeping animals.

91.1. The department for receiving and processing animals includes:

Weight;

Premises for receiving and processing animals;

Pantry for disinfectants, disinfectants and detergents;

Storage room for veterinary medications and instruments.

91.2. The animal keeping department consists of livestock premises, as well as premises for storing feed and maintaining equipment (cleaning, animal care).

92. In quarantine departments, the removal, processing, disinfection, storage and disposal of manure is provided separately from the main manure storage facilities of the Enterprise. Quarantine wastewater must be directed through an independent sewer network into the general system after disinfection.

Methods, means and regimes for the disinfection of manure and their fractions, as well as wastewater in quarantine departments, are carried out using complex disinfection and disinfestation technologies, taking into account the epizootic situation regarding infectious diseases.

93. All livestock of cattle arriving at the Enterprise, including those from its own reproductive facility, with the exception of cattle for meat production, supplied to Enterprises that keep cattle for meat production on the terms of year-round walking, are subject to quarantine, where the animals are kept under constant veterinary observation for at least 21 calendar days.

94. During the quarantine period:

The stocking of isolated sections of the quarantine facility with livestock should be carried out within 1-2 days and from no more than 2-3 supplier enterprises, farms. Sick and suspected animals are kept in a separate section;

It is prohibited to move (transfer) animals from quarantine (departments, sections) to other livestock premises, as well as to other pens and (or) sections of the quarantine premises.

95. During quarantine, the following activities are carried out:

Clinical examination, thermometry;

Diagnostic tests for infectious diseases provided for in the Anti-epizootic Action Plans;

Taking samples of scatological material for testing for helminth carriage;

Deworming based on the results of scatological studies;

Immunization of animals in accordance with the Epizootic Action Plans.

96. If animals suffering from contagious diseases are detected in a group of quarantined cattle, veterinary measures are carried out in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of veterinary medicine.

97. The movement and regrouping of animals is allowed taking into account the technology for keeping cattle established at the Enterprise in accordance with the decision of the chief veterinarian (veterinarian) of the Enterprise or the veterinary specialist serving the Enterprise, after the end of the quarantine period, the implementation of all measures provided for in the Anti-epizootic Action Plans, and when the absence of animals suspected of contracting infectious diseases.

98. Disinfection of the quarantine premises is carried out each time after it is cleared of animals.

99. Quarantine of cattle for meat production at Enterprises that carry out year-round free-range cattle keeping is carried out at separate Sites of the Enterprises.

VI. Requirements for mandatory preventive measures and diagnostic tests of cattle at Enterprises

101. At the Enterprise, veterinary specialists carry out periodic inspection of hooves, preventive treatment of hooves by running groups of animals through baths, as well as timely cleaning and trimming of hooves.

102. To monitor the metabolic status of cattle, medical examination is carried out.

103. Clinical examination of cattle is carried out upon receipt of animals at the Enterprise and each time they are transferred from one age group to another. During clinical examination, clinical and laboratory studies of control groups of animals are carried out. The research results for each group are compared with physiological standards and the level of the previous study. The blood of stud bulls, prepuce washings and sperm are examined.

104. Based on the results of medical examination of cattle, a set of measures is carried out aimed at treating and preventing metabolic disorders, as well as increasing the natural resistance of the animal’s body.

105. Disinfection of the territory, production and utility premises of the Enterprise is carried out in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of veterinary medicine.

106. Disinsection, decontamination and deratization of livestock premises at Enterprises are carried out at least once a year, as well as upon visual detection of insects, ticks, rodents, or identification of traces of their presence (bites, droppings).

Appendix No. 1
to contents

dated December 13, 2016 No. 551

The minimum distance from the wall structure or corner of the livestock building (closest in the direction of the residential premises located on the adjacent plot) to the border of the adjacent plot when keeping cattle on farms

Appendix No. 2
to contents
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551

Norms for daily excrement excretion from one head of cattle

	Output per day from one animal, kg
	urine	feces	total excrement
Stud bulls	10,0	30,0	40,0
Cows	20,0	35,0	55,0
Calves:
- up to 3 months	3,5	1,0	4,5
- from 3 to 6 months.	2,5	5,0	7,5
Fattening calves:
- up to 4 months	2,5	5,0	7,5
- from 4 to 6 months.	4,0	10,0	14,0
Young animals:
- from 6 to 12 months.	4,0	10,0	14,0
- from 12 to 18 months.	7,0	20,0	27,0
Young animals for fattening:
- from 6 to 12 months.	12,0	14,0	26,0
- over 12 months.	12,0	23,0	35,0

Appendix No. 3
to contents
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551

Norms for the area of walking areas on farms

Sex and age group of animals	Norms for the area of walking areas per head, not less
Sex and age group of animals	with continuous hard coating	without continuous hard covering
1. Cows and heifers for 2 - 3 months. before calving	8	15
2. Sire bulls	10,5	30
3. Young animals from 6 to 18 months. and heifers up to 6 - 7 months. pregnancy	5	10-15
4. Young and adult fattening cattle	5	20-25
5. Calves older than 3 months.	2	5
6. Calves up to 3 months.	2	3
7. Meat productivity cows with calves	8	20

Appendix No. 4
to contents
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551

Norms of area and dimensions of elements of livestock buildings

Name of livestock building elements	Purpose	Limit number of heads per room element	Standard area per head, not less	Dimensions of room elements per head, not less, m
Name of livestock building elements	Purpose	Limit number of heads per room element	Standard area per head, not less	width	depth
1. Stalls		1	1,7	1	1,7
		1	3	1,5	2
	c) for replacement heifers aged 15-20 months.	1	1,2	0,8	1,5
	d) for replacement heifers older than 20 months.	1	1,7	1	1,7
	e) for fattening cattle	1	1,5	0,9	1,7
	e) for deep-calving cows and calving	1	3	1,5	2
2. Boxes	a) for milking, dry cows and heifers for 2 - 3 months. before calving	1	1,9;	1	1,9;
	b) for calves:
	- up to 3 - 4 months. age	1	0,55	0,55	1
	- from 3 - 4 to 6 months. age	1	0,72	0,60	1,2
	c) for young animals aged:
	- from 6 to 12 months.	1	1	0,70	1,4
	- from 12 to 18 months.	1	1,2	0,75	1,6
	- over 18 months. and heifers up to 6 - 7 months. pregnancy	1	1,80	1	1,8
3. Sections (cages) with group keeping of animals	a) for cows and heifers for 2 - 3 months. before calving	25	5,0	Not standardized	Not standardized
	b) for calves from 14-20 days to 3 months. age	10	1,2/1,1	Not standardized	Not standardized
	c) for calves from 3 to 6 months. age	10	1,5/1,3	Not standardized	Not standardized
	d) for young animals from 6-8 to 12 months. age	50/25	2,5/1,8	Not standardized	Not standardized
	e) for young animals from 12 to 18 months. age and heifers up to 6-7 months. pregnancy	50/25	3,0/2,0	Not standardized	Not standardized
	f) for beef cows with calves up to 2 months of age. age	50	5	Not standardized	Not standardized
	g) for young animals in feedlots (under sheds)	50	3	Not standardized	Not standardized
4. Cells (individual)	a) for calves from 14-20 days of age (without bedding)	1	0,6	0,5	1,2
	b) the same, when kept on litter	1	1,2	1,0	1,2
	c) for calves from 2 to 45-60 days of age in individual outdoor houses	1	2,9	1,2	2,4
5. Dens	a) for calving cows	1	9	3	3
5. Dens	b) for sire bulls	1	10,5	3	3,5
Notes 1. The numerator and 4 give indicators for keeping cattle on deep bedding, and the denominator - on slatted floors. 2. The dimensions of the premises elements are given along the axes of the fences with their thickness for boxes, stalls, and individual cages not exceeding 50 mm.

Appendix No. 5
to contents
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551

Average daily water consumption by dairy cows

Milk productivity level of cows, kg	Water consumption standards for 1 head/day, not less, l
	Watering depending on ambient temperature			Milking and other expenses	Total (at temperatures up to 15°C)	including hot (55 - 65 °C)
	up to 5°C	up to 15°С	up to 30°С	Milking and other expenses	Total (at temperatures up to 15°C)	including hot (55 - 65 °C)
3500	34	43	55	40	83	12
4000	39	48	61	42	90	13
5000	48	57	70	43	100	13
6000	51	60	73	45	105	13
7000	62	70	83	46	116	13
8000	68	77	90	47,5	124,5	14
9000	75	84	97	49	133	14
10000	82	91	104	50,5	141,5	14
11000	89	98	111	52	150	14
12000	96	105	118	53,5	158,5	14
13000	103	112	125	55	167	15
14000	110	119	132	56,5	175,5	15
15000	117	126	140	58	184	15
Notes 1. Consumption standards include water consumption for production needs: - watering animals; - preparation of feed; - milking and primary processing of milk; - washing the udder; - washing and disinfection of milking machines, equipment, milk tanks and utensils; - milk cooling; - cleaning of premises; - washing animals. 2. To wash the udders of cows before each milking, at least 2 liters are spent per head.

Appendix No. 6
to contents
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551

Average daily water consumption rates for calves, young animals by age group, heifers, stud bulls and beef productivity cows

Sex and age group of animals	Water consumption standards for 1 head/day, not less, l
	Total	including			from the total amount of hot water
	Total	watering	CCM breeding	other technological expenses	from the total amount of hot water
Calves:
- up to 3 months of age.	18	6	5	7	7
- from 3 to 6 months.	18	12	-	6	2
Young animals:
- from 6 to 12 months.	24	18	-	6	2
- from 12 to 15 months.	30	23	-	7	2
- from 15 to 18 months.	35	27	-	8	2
Heifers	40	33	-	7	2
Stud bulls	45	40	-	5	6
	55	50		5
Notes Consumption standards include water consumption for production needs: - watering animals; - preparation of feed; - cleaning of premises; - washing animals.

Appendix No. 7
to contents
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551

Limit values for the composition of water with a high salt composition used for watering cattle and preparing feed

Appendix No. 8
to contents
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551

Parameters of temperature and relative humidity in livestock buildings

Productivity direction	Sex and age group of animals	Keeping Animals	Design air temperature, °C	Relative humidity, %
			Design air temperature, °C	maximum	minimum
Dairy and dairy-meat	Cows and heifers, young animals over a year old, stud bulls, adult fattening cattle	In sections, stalls, boxes, cages and stalls	10	75	40
	Young animals from 6 to 12 months	In boxes and sections	12	75	40
	Cows and young animals of all ages	Free-stall, on deep permanent bedding, with feeding in the building (in areas with a design temperature of -25 ° C and below)	3	85	40
	Cows and young animals of ages	Free-stall, on deep permanent bedding, feeding on walking areas (in areas with an estimated temperature above -25 ° C)	Not standardized
	Calves from 14-20 days to 6 months	In boxes, sections	15	75	40
	Deeply pregnant and newly pregnant cows	Tethered and in stalls	15	75	40
	Calves up to 20 days of age	In cells	17	75	40
Meat	a) cows and heifers before calving (10 days before), during calving and after calving with calves up to 20 days of age		3	85	40
	b) other age and sex groups of cattle	Free-stall on deep litter	Not standardized

Appendix No. 9
to contents
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551

Air velocity parameters in livestock buildings

Appendix No. 10
to contents
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551

Parameters of maximum permissible concentrations of harmful gases and dust content in livestock buildings

Appendix No. 11
to contents
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551

Lighting parameters of livestock buildings

No.	Sex and age group of animals	Natural lighting (ratio of glass area to floor area)	Artificial lighting in lux (at feeder level)
1	Calves:
	- up to 3 months of age.	1:10-1:12	55-80
	- from 3 to 6 months.	1:10-1:15	50-75
2	Young animals from 6 to 18 months.	1:10-1:15	50-75
3	Cows and heifers	1:10-1:15	50-75
4	Stud bulls	1:10-1:15	55-80
5	Beef cows productivity	1:10-1:15	50-75
6	Cows and heifers in the maternity ward	1:10-1:15	75-100

Document overview

Veterinary rules for keeping cattle (cattle) for the purposes of reproduction, cultivation and sale have been approved.

They provide requirements for the conditions of keeping cattle, for measures for quarantine of cattle, for mandatory preventive measures and diagnostic studies.

The rules must be applied to personal subsidiary plots and peasant (farm) farms; Individual entrepreneurs, organizations and institutions of the penal system, other organizations and institutions of open and closed types.

Depending on natural and economic conditions, stall-pasture, stall-walking and year-round stall housing systems are used. Ways to keep cows: can be: tethered and free-tethered, calves - caged,

Stall-pasture keeping. Under this system, livestock are grazed on pastures during the day, and driven into winter quarters for milking and overnight stays. Pastures should be located at a distance of no more than 2 - 3 cm. If pastures are located at a greater distance from the farm, then summer camps are set up in which the animals rest and the cows are milked.

Stall-pasture housing allows maintaining high productivity and reproductive functions of animals, their natural resistance. Animals fed with green grass receive complete proteins, vitamins, and microelements. Active exercise and insolation have a beneficial effect on the body. Calves born from cows that used pastures are more resistant to adverse environmental influences and are less likely to get sick than calves born from cows that were kept in stalls all year round.

The site for stall-camp housing must be safe in sanitary terms and located close to the crops of fodder crops intended for feeding animals, as well as from sources of water supply. One should also take into account the possibility of mechanizing production processes (milking, water supply, feed preparation, etc.) based on the electricity sources available on the farm.

When organizing camps, light buildings are built for keeping cows and calves, a maternity ward, an isolation ward for sick animals, a manure storage facility at a distance of at least 100 m from the buildings, a dairy, an engine room, a milking platform, and a room for service personnel. In the premises for cows, stalls and feeders of regular sizes are made. There are also several stalls for calving cows.

Calves are kept in cages for several days after birth and then released into a pen near the calf barn during the day. During the hottest hours of the day, calves are protected from the sun's rays under a canopy or in the shade of trees. At the end of the milking period, the calves are transferred to separate camps.

The best grazing time for cows is early morning and late evening hours. During the hot summer period, they practice night grazing. During the day, the cows are given green fertilizer.

When keeping camps, measures are taken to protect animals from blood-sucking insects.

Stall-walking housing system. It is adopted on farms with a high concentration of animals (more than 600 cows). With this system, animals receive green mass in a mown form and are kept in indoor stalls, and in the spring-summer-autumn period in pens located directly next to the barnyard. With this system, stall and milking equipment is used more fully, pastures are not trampled, but animals are deprived of the health benefits of being kept on pastures, and additional costs are required for mowing and transporting green mass.

Veterinary sanitation is one of the most important branches of veterinary medicine, dealing with the development and implementation of measures in livestock farming aimed at the prevention and elimination of animal diseases, protecting people from pathogens and invasions common to humans and animals, as well as ensuring the production of livestock products and feed of high sanitary quality. quality.

In livestock farms, veterinary sanitation involves carrying out measures aimed at maintaining the well-being of the entire herd, preventing the introduction or removal of pathogens of infectious diseases from it, and creating conditions that prevent contact of a pathogenic pathogen with the animal’s body. recommended norms and rules of veterinary sanitation are decisive in the implementation of technological processes for the production of high-quality livestock products. Currently, veterinary and sanitary measures are carried out on livestock farms, poultry farms, in transport, at the state border, at meat processing plants and other enterprises associated with the production of livestock products and, as a rule, are included in their cost. In this regard, reducing the costs of carrying out veterinary and sanitary measures through a reasonable selection of existing and development of new disinfectants and insectoacaricidal drugs, as well as promising equipment that provides optimal technology for the use of these drugs, is one of the urgent tasks of veterinary sanitation.

For the first time, the system of veterinary and sanitary measures, as an integral part of veterinary sanitation, was scientifically substantiated by Academician of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences A.A. Polyakov (1904 - 1990). A significant contribution in the areas of veterinary sanitation was made by VNIIVSGE scientists: A.A. Polyakov, A.A. Zakomyrdin (disinfection); V.S. Yarnykh (mechanization of veterinary and sanitary work); K.P. Andreev, D.K. Polyakov (disinfestation and decontamination); D.F. Trakhanov (deratization).

Until now, his books have become reference books for veterinary workers (Veterinary disinfection, 3rd edition, M., 1964; Fundamentals of veterinary sanitation, M., 1969; Guide to veterinary sanitation, M., 1986); which cover the issues of disinfection, disinfestation, decontamination and deratization in relation to the conditions of industrial livestock farming.

In the last decade, the science and practice of veterinary sanitation has been enriched with a wide range of new disinfectants, insectoacaricidal, raticidal and other drugs. New high-performance equipment has been developed for carrying out veterinary and sanitary measures, in particular, for carrying out aerosol treatments of premises and animals.

The role of veterinary sanitation in our time is increasing due to changing economic, natural, geographical, environmental and trade relations. Along with large industrial livestock enterprises, farms for raising and fattening animals and private enterprises for processing livestock products have appeared, where issues of veterinary sanitation require special attention.

The presented textbook on veterinary sanitation, written by a team of authors, provides data from domestic and foreign researchers on modern means and technology of disinfection, disinfestation, deratization and deodorization. The textbook authors' own material was also used.

The characteristics of the action of pathogens of infectious diseases of disinfectants and the conditions that determine their effectiveness are described, as well as methods for determining the content of the active substance in disinfectants and their solutions, as well as calculating the need and methods for preparing working solutions.

The textbook contains the most complete information on all areas of veterinary sanitation, including a list of veterinary and sanitary facilities and requirements for their operation; it contains veterinary and sanitary rules for livestock husbandry, methods and means of disinfection, disinfestation and decontamination, deodorization and deratization. The textbook provides detailed characteristics of traditional disinfectants and deratization agents and provides material on new disinfectants and deratization agents permitted for use by Veterinary legislation. Relatively new methods of disinfection and deratization treatments are described with sufficient completeness: the use of aerosols, foam forms of preparations, the gas method of disinfection and disinfestation, the use of ionizing and optical radiation.

The list of facilities for carrying out veterinary and sanitary measures is varied (livestock premises, equipment, railway and road transport, premises and facilities of enterprises processing livestock products, milk, meat, soil, clothing, manure, manure drains, disposal of corpses, etc.) . Particular attention is paid to quality control of carried out veterinary and sanitary measures (disinfection, disinfestation, deratization), as well as issues of personal hygiene and safety measures, labor and environmental protection when carrying out the above activities. The list of references presents new legislative documents on veterinary sanitation issues.

For better assimilation of the material, some of the data is presented in tabular-graphic form; illustrations are shown on a separate color insert. To consolidate the data obtained, key control questions and tasks are given at the end of each section.

Chapter 1. Veterinary sanitation, its role and place in the system of measures to combat infectious animal diseases

Veterinary sanitation(Latin veterinus - related to animals and sanitas - health) is the science of preventing infectious and invasive diseases of animals and humans, as well as obtaining products, raw materials and feed of animal origin of high sanitary quality.

In agriculture, veterinary sanitation is used as part of a set of measures to combat infectious and invasive animal diseases on large and small farms.

Veterinary sanitation, like other sciences, has its own original methods of laboratory and industrial research, including the study of microorganisms, insects and mites that are biologically dangerous to animals and humans, as well as issues of chemistry and some branches of physics.

Veterinary sanitation, as a science, develops measures for the sanitation of various objects from pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria, viruses, fungi, eggs and helminth larvae. Its recommendations are especially important for meat processing plants, slaughterhouses, dairies, refrigerators, factories that process technical raw materials of animal origin, and such means of transport as wagons, ocean and other ships, airplanes, and cars. Recommendations of veterinary sanitation are decisive in the implementation of technological processes for the production of livestock products and in determining the operating mode of these industries.

Veterinary sanitation deals with the following problems:

ü development and implementation of scientifically based measures to prevent diseases common to animals and people;

ü prevention of infectious diseases, creation of sustainable well-being of all animal species;

ü ensuring that farms produce livestock products of high sanitary quality;

ü development of measures to protect nature from the accumulation of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microflora and chemicals;

ü development of veterinary and sanitary requirements for the design and construction of premises for animals, meat processing and raw materials enterprises, as well as disinfection and washing stations on railways and marinas.

Veterinary sanitation includes disinfection, disinfestation, deratization and deodorization.

Currently, as a result of changed economic, natural, geographical and environmental conditions, interstate trade and political relations, and a more complicated epizootological and epidemiological situation, the task of preventing infectious and invasive animal diseases, including zoonotic ones, has become more urgent than ever before for veterinary specialists. Therefore, in modern production conditions, veterinary sanitation is becoming increasingly important. In livestock farms, veterinary sanitation involves carrying out mass measures aimed at maintaining the well-being of the entire herd, preventing the introduction or removal of pathogens of infectious and invasive diseases into or out of the farm, and thereby creating conditions that exclude contact of the pathogenic pathogen with the animal’s body. Recommended norms and rules of veterinary sanitation are decisive in the implementation of technological processes for the production of high-quality livestock products.

Disinfection, disinfestation and deratization should be considered as integral parts of the overall complex of sanitary, hygienic, zoopreventive and health measures.

Managers of farms and enterprises are responsible for the organization of these activities and the timeliness of their implementation, and veterinary personnel are responsible for the correctness and completeness of the implementation of these activities in accordance with the “Rules for disinfection and disinfestation of objects of state veterinary supervision”, approved by the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation No. 13-5 -02/0522 dated July 15, 2002 and “Veterinary and Sanitary Rules for the Organization and Conduct of Deratization Measures” No. 13-5-02/0043 dated March 14, 2001.

Structure and organization of veterinary and sanitary service in the Russian Federation

Coordinating center for research on veterinary sanitation in

the country is the All-Russian Research Institute of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GNU VNIIVSGE Rosselkhozakademii);

For the timely implementation of veterinary and sanitary measures at livestock, milk and meat processing and raw materials enterprises, a network of regional and city veterinary and sanitary stations, veterinary and sanitary and disinfection teams, as well as institutions carrying out veterinary and sanitary measures at livestock complexes, railways, meat processing and raw materials enterprises;

Regional (territorial, republican) veterinary and sanitary stations develop plans, organize and carry out appropriate veterinary and sanitary measures to ensure the veterinary well-being of farms and settlements in their service area; participate in the review of project documentation for the construction and reconstruction of livestock and other enterprises, and also exercise supervision over their veterinary and sanitary condition;

City veterinary and sanitary stations carry out activities to ensure the veterinary and sanitary well-being of cities. The stations organize and conduct local preventive veterinary-sanitary and anti-epizootic measures to ensure the well-being of animals in all state, cooperative and other organizations that do not have their own veterinary service, as well as private animal owners in the city. The station monitors the veterinary and sanitary condition of all city farms that have animals;

Disinfection teams (a unit of the veterinary service as part of veterinary stations for the control of animal diseases, laboratories and other veterinary institutions) carry out disinfection, as well as disinfestation, disinfestation and deratization on livestock and poultry farms, warehouses and enterprises for the storage and processing of raw materials of animal origin, and also at other facilities where there may be a danger of the spread of infectious animal diseases;

Disinfection and washing stations (DPS) and disinfection and washing points (DPP) have been created on the railways. Their functions include round-the-clock veterinary and sanitary measures in transport during loading and unloading of animals, monitoring them along the way, as well as cleaning and disinfection of cars in which animals, products and raw materials of animal origin were transported.

The success of the veterinary service, the organization of disease prevention and control measures, as well as ensuring the production of high sanitary quality livestock products on farms largely depends on the availability and operation of veterinary and veterinary-sanitary facilities.

Veterinary institutions and facilities designed on farms are provided depending on the direction and specialization, size and are designated for carrying out treatment and preventive, sanitary and diagnostic studies.

In accordance with the current structure of the state veterinary service of the Russian Federation, the most important link ensuring the veterinary and sanitary well-being of public livestock farming and in other enterprises, organizations, as well as in the farms of citizens, is the veterinary service of farms and administrative districts.

Animal disease control stations– the central link of veterinary service in each district. Together with local hospitals and points, a regional veterinary laboratory, a meat, dairy and food control station, as well as with the veterinary service of collective farms, state farms and other farms, the animal disease control station is designed to ensure the implementation of anti-epizootic, therapeutic and preventive and veterinary and sanitary measures.

The district veterinary station consists of a complex of buildings and structures. This complex includes a hospital with a laboratory, a hospital, an isolation ward, an artificial insemination station for farm animals and other premises. The largest of the service premises is the outpatient clinic.

The veterinary service widely uses a network of diagnostic rooms and laboratories located directly on farms. More complex diagnostic studies are performed by district, interdistrict, regional, republican and other special laboratories.

The regional veterinary laboratory is one of the largest research and production veterinary institutions.

Veterinary hospital– a medical and preventive institution whose area of activity is a livestock enterprise. It serves all animals of a given farm, as well as livestock that is in the individual use of the population living on the territory of these farms. The veterinary hospital is located on the central estate of the farm or on the territory of one of the largest livestock farms.

Veterinary station– one of the most common veterinary institutions. Serves 1-2 farms, as well as individual animals. The veterinary center carries out preventive and veterinary-sanitary measures, outpatient and inpatient treatment of animals.

Medical and sanitary station carries out preventive and veterinary and sanitary measures, outpatient and inpatient treatment in farms with transhumance livestock farming.

Veterinary laboratory– a special veterinary institution designed to carry out preventive, therapeutic, veterinary and sanitary measures and diagnostic studies only in specialized livestock farms (poultry farms for egg and meat production, poultry farms, reproducers).

Veterinary facilities provided for several livestock complexes and farms have a general economic purpose: they are located on the central estate of the farm or near one of the largest complexes, taking into account the optimal distance from other farms (complexes) and farms.

Veterinary facilities intended for one livestock, fur or poultry farming enterprise are located on the territory of the enterprise, connecting them with convenient communications for servicing nearby farms.

Veterinary facilities must be provided with water, including hot water, electricity, heat, communications, equipped with sewerage and have convenient access roads.

Veterinary distances from veterinary facilities to agricultural enterprises and auxiliary production facilities are given in Table No. 1.

Table 1. Minimum distances between veterinary facilities.

Name of veterinary facilities	Name of livestock enterprises and individual objects	Minimum veterinary distance, m
1. General veterinary hospitals, quarantine premises	A) industrial complexes for cattle and pig breeding.


2. Collection points for raw materials for the production of meat and bone meal, biothermal pits
B) fur farming enterprises
B) poultry farms, breeding farms
3. Workshops for the disposal of animal and poultry corpses and confiscated goods	A) industrial complexes for cattle and pig breeding
B) fur farming enterprises
B) poultry farms, breeding farms
4. Veterinary and sanitary recycling plants for the production of meat and bone meal	A) industrial complexes for cattle and pig breeding
B) fur farming enterprises
B) poultry farms, breeding farms
5.Separate veterinary facilities.	A) livestock and fur farming buildings and structures
B) auxiliary production, warehouse and auxiliary buildings and structures of livestock and fur farms	Same
B) poultry farms
D) livestock and fur farms	Equal to fire breaks

The distances between individual buildings and structures of veterinary facilities must be no less than fire breaks.

Veterinary facilities must be fenced and separated from the nearest residential area by a sanitary protection zone.

The dimensions of the sanitary protection zone to veterinary facilities that are part of livestock complexes and farms are determined according to SanPiN for these enterprises.

In other cases, the size of the sanitary protection zone of general economic facilities for veterinary hospitals, quarantines, isolation wards, medical and sanitary and slaughterhouses must be at least 200 m, for collection points for raw materials for the production of meat and bone meal - 500 m, biothermal pits - 1000 m.

The nomenclature and purpose of veterinary facilities are given in Table No. 2.

If the farm does not have a veterinary hospital or medical-sanitary station, general facilities for treating the skin of animals and an isolation ward for animals suffering from infectious diseases may be provided.

In enterprises for the production of beef and for raising replacement heifers with 6 thousand livestock places, pig fattening and with a complete production cycle with an annual fattening of 54 thousand or more pigs per year, poultry enterprises provide a slaughter and sanitary station serving these enterprises.

The size of quarantine is determined depending on the cyclogram of the arrival and movement of livestock based on the duration of quarantine of each group of incoming animals in isolated sections for 30 days and the period of sanitization and disinfection of vacated premises for at least 5 days.

A quarantine and slaughterhouse intended to serve one enterprise may be located on the same site with this enterprise. At the same time, they must be located separately from each other at a distance of at least 50 m, must be fenced with a solid or mesh fence 2 m high with a base buried in the ground at least 0.2 m, have independent entry (exit) to the public road use.

In farms that do not have a slaughterhouse and are located in the area of activity of veterinary and sanitary recycling plants for the production of meat and bone meal, collection points for raw materials for the production of meat and bone meal are provided as general economic facilities.

A biothermal pit is provided in the case where farms are located outside the area of activity of veterinary and waste treatment plants and do not have a workshop for processing biological waste.

Organization of veterinary and sanitary supervision in the Russian Federation

Veterinary supervision is understood as a system of continuous monitoring carried out by veterinary specialists in various sectors of the national economy. The goals of veterinary and sanitary supervision are: prevention and suppression of violations of veterinary and sanitary rules; prevention of consequences associated with violation of veterinary and sanitary rules; ensuring the production of safe livestock products; preventing the occurrence and spread of animal diseases; protecting human health from diseases common to humans and animals.

The organization of veterinary supervision is regulated by veterinary legislation, which sets out the main provisions of veterinary and sanitary supervision, veterinary and sanitary rules for various types of livestock farms.

Depending on the subordination of organizations carrying out veterinary supervision, there are state veterinary, departmental veterinary and sanitary and industrial veterinary supervision. State veterinary supervision is carried out only by the state veterinary inspection of the country, republic, territory, region and state veterinary institutions (district and city state associations, veterinary and sanitary examination laboratories, transport veterinary and sanitary stations, border veterinary control points, etc.). Functions of state veterinary supervision: identification of mass non-communicable animal diseases; organization of anti-epizootic measures, including measures to prevent and eliminate outbreaks of diseases common to humans and animals, measures to protect the territory of the Russian Federation from the introduction of infectious animal diseases from foreign countries and monitoring their implementation;

development of veterinary rules and other regulations that are mandatory for livestock farming, keeping animals, production, storage, transportation and sale of livestock products; control over the implementation of organizational and preventive measures by enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens, and their compliance with current veterinary rules;

establishing the procedure for the production and use of biological, chemical and other drugs in veterinary medicine;

carrying out special measures to protect animals from the damaging effects of extreme factors, natural and technological disasters;

implementation of measures to suppress violations of the veterinary legislation of the Russian Federation and application of sanctions established by the law of the Russian Federation “On Veterinary Medicine”.

State veterinary supervision is carried out by the following officials:

chief state veterinary inspector of the Russian Federation - head of the Veterinary Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation, who is appointed and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation, autonomous region, autonomous districts, regions, territories, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, districts, cities that are appointed and are dismissed from their positions by the heads of their superior management bodies; heads of zonal departments of state veterinary supervision at the state border and transport - chief state inspectors of zonal departments, who are appointed and dismissed by the Veterinary Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation. Departmental veterinary and sanitary supervision at the facilities of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, as well as at the facilities of the United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States located on the territory of the Russian Federation, is carried out by departmental veterinary and sanitary services operating in accordance with the regulations on veterinary and sanitary supervision being developed in accordance with the law of the Russian Federation “On Veterinary Medicine” and approved by the indicated ministries in agreement with the chief state veterinary inspector of the Russian Federation.

Industrial veterinary supervision on livestock farms of different forms of ownership is carried out by specialists from the industrial veterinary service.

The objects of veterinary supervision are:

livestock farms, containing all types of animals, animals, birds, fish; premises for animals; farm areas; manure storage facilities; pastures; ponds, silos, feed kitchens, feed warehouses; animal care items; vehicles (carts, sleighs, harnesses, cars, tractors); pet food; products and raw materials of animal origin; slaughterhouses, recycling plants, cattle burial grounds, biothermal pits; bases for holding livestock, cattle feeding stations; fodder bases and warehouses;

on transport and the State Border, vehicles (cars, ships, barges, airplanes, cars) for transporting animals, products and raw materials; loading and unloading areas and equipment; water taps; places for disinfection of manure; routes for driving and transporting animals; animals, meat, fish, eggs, raw materials, fodder; markets and station bazaars; places of trade in livestock, products, raw materials; livestock, meat, milk, fish, meat, dairy, fish, other products of animal origin; honey, mushrooms, other plant products; enterprises for the slaughter and processing of livestock and poultry: territory, premises, animals, semi-finished products, canned goods and sausages, skins, bones, horns, hooves, horse hair, cane;

enterprises for the procurement and processing of milk and dairy products: milk stations, dairy cheese factories, cheese factories and factories; enterprises for the procurement, storage and processing of raw materials of animal origin: procurement bases, receiving points, leather processing plants, fur factories, wool processing plants, bone processing and recycling plants.

The following methods of veterinary and sanitary supervision have been adopted in our country: monitoring of veterinary inspection facilities; checks, surveys, inspections; special studies; veterinary and sanitary assessment (examination) of objects; checking relevant documentary data.

Observation is the most accessible method of veterinary and sanitary supervision on collective farms, state farms, peasant farms and other livestock enterprises. Veterinary specialists monitor compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules for keeping and feeding animals, quarantine rules, loading animals and products into wagons, vehicles, etc.

Checking, examination, inspection is a more fundamental method of veterinary and sanitary supervision, carried out in livestock farms, at enterprises for the procurement, processing, storage of products and raw materials. check, examine the veterinary and sanitary condition, compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules, established production technology, etc.

Special studies are carried out by veterinary specialists to determine the health of products and raw materials against particularly dangerous diseases transmitted from them to humans. They examine water and feed for their veterinary and sanitary assessment. Special studies are also carried out if there is a suspicion of poor quality of products, etc.

Veterinary and sanitary examination (assessment) is the main method of veterinary and sanitary supervision carried out in the meat and dairy industries, markets and other facilities. It is crucial for preventing the sale of low-quality human food products.

Checking documents (veterinary certificates, certificates, certificates, inspection reports of farms, enterprises, autopsy reports of animal corpses, etc.) is a fairly effective method of establishing the well-being of farms, enterprises, and settlements. It is used in the procurement and transportation of animals, products and raw materials. When completing farms, exporting, importing animals, products and raw materials.

Test questions and assignments

1. What is the structure and organization of the veterinary and sanitary service in the Russian Federation?

2. Give the concept of veterinary supervision. What is its significance?

3. List the objects and methods of veterinary supervision?

4. What are the characteristics of state, departmental and industrial veterinary supervision?

5. What is the role of veterinary sanitation in the system of measures to combat infectious animal diseases?

6. Name the veterinary and sanitary facilities for local and public purposes.

7. What veterinary and sanitary facilities do you know at cattle and pig breeding enterprises?

8. Name the composition of the production premises of the veterinary inspection station, veterinary station, and slaughter and sanitary station.

9. What veterinary institutions do you know and their functions?

Chapter 2. Disinfection

Disinfection is understood as the destruction of environmental objects or the removal from them of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. In the system of veterinary and sanitary measures that ensure the well-being of livestock farming against infectious diseases, increasing the productivity of animals (poultry) and the sanitary quality of products, raw materials and feed of animal origin, disinfection (in the broad sense of the word) occupies one of the important places. The term “disinfection” (from the French word des – elimination and the Latin infectio – infection, infection) translated means “disinfection”.

The pathogen can be transmitted from an infected animal to a healthy one by infected inanimate objects (transmission factors) and live carriers (insects, ticks, mouse-like rodents, etc.). Therefore, the system of disinfection measures includes: disinfection itself (in the narrow sense of the word), pest control(des – eliminate and insectum – insect) and deratization(rattus - rat), aimed at the destruction of arthropods (insects, ticks) and rodents - reservoirs, carriers and distributors of pathogens of many infectious diseases. The role and significance of the measures of each section of disinfection will be determined by the epizootological characteristics of a particular infectious disease, and the choice of exposure will be determined by the specificity of the mechanism of transmission of the pathogen, its factors and routes of spread.

The main purpose of these measures is to break the epizootic chain by influencing its most important link - the factor of transmission of the pathogen from the source of infection to the susceptible organism.

Disinfection, disinsection and deratization are included in the plan of anti-epizootic measures for each farm, household, district, region, and republic.

They are carried out by: veterinary workers of collective farms, state farms, livestock complexes, joint-stock companies and other farms (veterinary treatment operators, veterinary orderlies, disinfectors); disinfection teams of regional and city stations for combating animal diseases, state veterinary associations; self-supporting veterinary and sanitary units; disinfection stations and points on railway transport.

On farms, the staff of specialists carrying out veterinary and sanitary work is established depending on the volume of work in accordance with the standards. At pig-breeding complexes and poultry farms, veterinary and sanitary measures are carried out by teams working on contract and lease terms. In regional disinfection teams, according to the standard staff, the positions of chief (veterinarian or paramedic), veterinary orderly and driver are established.

Veterinary and sanitary units were created as self-supporting institutions of regional subordination with different numbers depending on the volume of work. Squads consist of sections and units.

According to the list of veterinary services provided by budgetary organizations and institutions of the state veterinary service of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation, approved on January 20, 1992, disinfection, disinsection, and deratization are paid veterinary services.

In industrial livestock farming, disinfection is an integral part of veterinary technology, that is, it is included in the technological process of producing livestock products.

The plan provides for the timing, methods and regimes of disinfection of production and auxiliary premises, workwear and footwear, vehicles, territory and other processing objects; the need for disinfectants, washing and disinfection equipment and human resources, taking into account the volume of work; take into account the location of processing facilities, production technology, epizootic situation and other features of the farm.

Responsibility for the material support of disinfection measures rests, as indicated above, on the head of the farm, and for the timeliness and completeness of execution - on the chief (senior) doctor of the farm.

Taking into account the epizootic significance, a distinction is made between preventive and forced disinfection. The latter, in turn, is divided into current and final.