Orienteering types of orienteering. For real tourists: Orienteering. Precision orienteering or trail navigation emphasizes accurate map reading and the ability to navigate a specific portion of a route.

September 14-16, 2018 V Ustuu-Khuree m., Dzun-Khemchiksky kozhuun Orienteering competitions "Cup of the Federation of Orienteering of the Republic of Tyva-2018" will be held, dedicated to the anniversary of Oidup A.S. The competition starts at 12.00. Travel up to 7 km of the Chadan - Bazhyn-Alaak highway, then to the Ustuu-Khuree temple complex.

Competition program

September 14
9.00-13.00 Registration of participants.
13.00 “Sports labyrinth”, training
17.00 Briefing on the type of competition at night
19.30 Orienteering competitions at night for groups MZh-18;21; Veterans - personal, for groups MW-14; 16 - team (4 people, at least 1 girl). (participants must have flashlights)
September 15th
9.00 Cross-sprint (15-20 min)
14.00 Cross - classic (35-40 min)
17.00 Awarding the winners of individual competitions
18.00 Competition program
16 of September
9.00 Cross - choice (60 min)
13.00 Awarding ceremony, departure

Regulations Directions On-line registration Maps Protocols

About your progress at the checkpoint

There are many options for the location of the point landmark on which the checkpoint is located relative to other landmarks. And for each case, the orienteer must use the most rational route from the anchor point to the checkpoint.

How to learn how to get to the control point quickly?

The first and most natural way is to start more often. Experience and intuition will appear. But this is just as time-consuming and not very successful as learning to read without knowing the letters. You must first learn a certain set of techniques.

An infinite number of situations near the control point can be divided into separate groups of situations that are similar to each other and require the use of approximately the same techniques to take the control point. For example:

The control point is located near a landmark;

The control point is located near the landmark;

The control point is located near a linear landmark;

The control point is located at the end of a linear landmark, etc.

Let's look at several situations that often occur at a distance.

1. The landmark from the checkpoint is located near the intersection of the road and the clearing. The distance from the anchor point to the checkpoint is within 100-200 m. Let’s designate it as checkpoint 2. We ourselves are at checkpoint 1.

From checkpoint 1 we get to the anchor point (the intersection of a path and a clearing) by roughly choosing the direction and running at high speed. At the reference point, we estimate the direction and distance as accurately as possible and proceed to checkpoint 2. At the designated point we stop and quickly look around. If we are within the visibility range of CP 2, we detect it.

What is the probability of hitting the checkpoint on the first approach?

Let’s assume that the visibility radius of the checkpoint is 10-15 m due to tall grass and bushes. When counting the distance in running, we inevitably make an error in distance; we may not run or run over. An error zone is formed, shown in orange in the figure. There is also an error in direction: we can go to the right or to the left. As a result, having counted the required number of steps in the chosen direction, we find ourselves, if we are lucky, in the visibility zone of the command post, outlined by a dashed line (conventionally depicted as a circle), and if we are unlucky, then inside a complex figure covering the visibility zone. Let's designate the visibility zone

S 1, and the “bad luck area” is S 2.

With a highly qualified orienteer, errors in direction and distance are smaller, and S2, as a rule, is always less than S1.

In any case, if the athlete is sure that he is in the vicinity of the checkpoint, he should not leave this place. Perhaps there is an additional landmark nearby and it would be logical to use that as well.

2. The landmark with the control point is located at a distance of 50-100 m from the linear landmark. The starting point is quite far from this linear landmark (300-500 meters or more). There are no clearly defined references along the length of this linear landmark. In the figure, the starting point from where you need to get to the checkpoint is the intersection of the road and the clearing.

We estimate the distance to point A and possible error K when running this distance. We subtract segment K from the distance to point A, and the remaining number shows how much you need to run along the clearing (to the conditional point B). Having covered the distance corresponding to this number, we know for sure that we did not reach the checkpoint area. We turn into the forest perpendicular to the clearing, walk a distance equal to the distance from the clearing to the checkpoint, turn again and move parallel to the clearing. We pass distance K and go to the area where the checkpoint was set up.

3. The landmark with the checkpoint is located at a distance of 50-100 m from the linear landmark, and our starting point is 200 m or more away from the linear landmark. We will have to move to the checkpoint approximately perpendicular to the linear landmark. There are no clear, far visible linear landmarks along the path of movement that make it easy to control the direction.

If we run in azimuth directly in the direction of the checkpoint, in the clearing we will not know whether we are to the right or left of the direction to the checkpoint. Therefore, in such cases, it is recommended to deliberately deviate to the right or left. In this case, when going out into the field, the orienteer knows where he is relative to the control point. It is clear that further you need to go deeper into the forest to the distance from the clearing to the checkpoint and continue moving parallel to the clearing in the right direction

Start-KP 1 - precise movement in azimuth;

KP 1-KP 2 - approximate movement in azimuth;

KP 2-KP 3 - movement with anticipation;

KP 3-KP 4 - running into the “bag”;

KP 4-KP 5 - movement along a chain of landmarks;

KP 5-KP 6 - use of linear landmarks with precise location determination;

KP 6-KP 7 - use of linear landmarks;

KP 7-KP 8 - use of forks with sharp turns of the road;

KP 8-KP 9 - horizontal movement;

KP 9-KP 10 - direct intersection of horizontal lines;

KP 10-KP 11 - exit to the checkpoint on the slope;

KP 11-KP 12 - use of front binding;

KP 12-KP 13 - use of rear binding;

KP 13-KP 14 - use of a brake guide;

KP 14-KP 15 - the same with inaccurate access to the KP;

KP 15-KP 16 - combined method movements.

Choosing a route

The chosen path must meet the following conditions:

The shortest;

Reliable in terms of orientation;

Ensuring speed of movement;

Does not require excessively frequent access to the card;

Does not require excessive effort; - safe.

And in total, the chosen path should make it possible to run from checkpoint to checkpoint in the shortest time with minimal effort.

All these demands are in conflict. For example, the shortest path goes through impassable thickets and swamps. The path, which does not require repeated reference to the map, can pass along a clearing crossed by hills and deep ravines. The route that ensures speed of movement runs along circular roads, increasing the distance by 2-3 times. So choosing a path of movement is the art of compromise, where you have to sacrifice some of some qualities in order to gain in others. You cannot sacrifice only one thing - safety! For example, you cannot choose a path through an impassable swamp or where you have to go down a cliff

1. Know how to see the main thing

In a sports card there is a concept of a unit of information. These are landmarks, their parts, combinations - in a word, everything that there is, as they say, “the eye can catch on to.” Most pieces of information can be marked with CP. For example, the smallest clearing that can be depicted on a map is a unit of information. Large rectangular clearing - 9 pieces of information (4 corners, 4 sides, yellow paint area).

There are usually several dozen pieces of information on one square kilometer of a map. When working with a map, an orienteer has to constantly memorize sections of the map one after another. It is clear that it is almost impossible to examine and remember everything that is drawn. Yes, this is not necessary. It is important to learn to highlight only those landmarks that are key points when choosing a path of movement. When there is a large saturation of maps, it is necessary to be able to use such a mental operation as generalization, i.e., isolate the most necessary objects on the map, ignoring unimportant elements. And, conversely, with a map poor in landmarks, it is necessary to use the principle of detail, taking into account even seemingly insignificant, barely noticeable details.

2. Regularities of geometry and speed

Often the forest is divided by clearings into rectangular shapes. If the shortest path runs along the diagonal of a square, then the path along the clearings, which are two sides of the square, turns out to be 41% longer. If the shortest path is along the diagonal of a rectangle that is half a square, then the path along the clearings will be 34% longer.

Therefore, the orienteer chooses a bypass path along the sides of the square only if he assumes that the diagonal path, due to poor cross-country ability, will lead to an increase in time by no less than 50-70%, that is, 1.5-1.7 times. After all, you need to remember that even on clearings there is rarely an ideal road. Sand, wet slippery grass, broken ruts, and thickets can worsen cross-country ability and increase running time.

When covering a distance with a large increase in heights, you need to know the following: climbing 15 m is equivalent in energy consumption to running 200 m at an average pace on a flat area with dense soil.

The choice of option largely depends on the level of preparedness of the orienteer: the more physically strong he is, the more profitable it is for him to choose more direct paths

3. Degree of reliability of landmarks

Let's say you have the choice of running a long section through the forest along a ridge or along trails, but all of these trails form a network. It’s difficult to immediately say which is faster, but it’s for sure that using relief landmarks is more reliable than using some paths.

Landforms, large rocks, and banks of water bodies will not change in several years. And the network of trails, the degree of passability of the area, small clearings, artificial structures, and the boundaries of swamps may change. May vary appearance landmarks and with the changing seasons. The area is best viewed in early spring, when there is no foliage. In autumn, small trails are masked by fallen leaves

4. Reducing speed under the influence of distance conditions

Running time extension coefficients for different conditions relative to the time spent on the same segment of travel on a smooth road with good conditions grip of shoes with the ground surface:

Travel conditions Time increase factor Good, smooth road 1.0 Trail 1.1 Wet clearing, sand 1.2-1.4 Forest without undergrowth 1.2 Loess with undergrowth 1.4-1.8 Rise of 50 m per 1 km. 1.5 Difficult area, swamp, arable land 2.0 Impassable area 3.0-5.0

(From the book by Shirinyan A. A. and Ivanov A. V. “Modern training of an orienteering athlete.”)

The principle of achieving the goal as quickly as possible.

The fastest option (that is, the option with the shortest equivalent length) should be selected. Exceptions to this rule may be due to the application of other principles described below, mainly the principle of reliable orientation.

Principle of orientation reliability.

Options that may lead to errors in orientation should be avoided. For example, if there is a long azimuth run in poor visibility conditions and the absence of reliable reference points, which can lead to significant deviations when running in a given compass direction, it is advisable to look at alternative options.

The principle of risk reduction.

Options that look dubious in terms of cross-country ability should be avoided. For example, even a narrow strip of 100% green paint can be completely impassable. The same applies to impassable rocks and swamps, water barriers, ground cliffs, and fences. If possible, large spaces marked with the second gradation of passability (raster or shading) should be avoided, since, according to the description of these symbols, running speed inside such areas can be reduced by 80%. which corresponds to a five-fold workaround.

The principle of economy.

If there are two more or less equivalent options, you should choose the one where running conditions require less energy, that is, there are no steep ascents and descents, difficult areas and other natural obstacles, in other words, a more convenient option for running. This principle should not conflict with the principle of achieving the goal as quickly as possible - the more convenient option should not differ significantly in travel time from the fastest one.

The principle of taking into account individual characteristics.

Each orienteer has his own strengths and weak sides. One has good strength qualities, easily runs uphill and through swamps, backwater likes to run on roads, the other, on the contrary, has good athletic training and runs quickly along the road, but does not like to overcome areas of dense vegetation and rubble in the forest. The third one may be relatively slow moving, but it wastes almost no time running through the brown grass. And finally, there are fully trained athletes who do not get lost in any situation. Naturally, each of them will choose the option in which he will best demonstrate his strengths and hide his weaknesses.

The choice of option also depends on whether the orienteer is at the beginning of the journey, while he is still running with fresh strength, or closer to the end, when general physical fatigue begins to take its toll. In the latter case, one must strictly adhere to the principle of economy and try to avoid areas whose passage requires great physical effort.

Algorithms for selecting options.

Algorithm for choosing an option on slightly rough terrain with relatively good cross-country ability:

1. First of all, we evaluate the shortest (direct or relatively direct) option.

2. If this option is acceptable, we quickly evaluate workarounds just in case. We dwell on them only if they provide a fairly obvious advantage.

3. If the direct option is inconvenient for running (or problematic from the point of view of orientation), we take a closer look at the bypass options. We choose the direct option only if the alternative options look even worse.

Algorithm for choosing an option in mountainous areas:

1. First of all, we find and evaluate the option with the lowest climb.

2. If this option is not too long, we consider it as the main one, but just in case, we evaluate other options. We only consider them if they provide a fairly obvious advantage, perhaps due to more comfortable road running.

3. If the option with the least climb is too long, inconvenient for running or problematic from the point of view of orientation, we persistently look for other options. We stop at the first one (with the least altitude gain) only if the alternative options look even worse.

Algorithm for choosing an option in poor traffic conditions:

1. First of all, we find and evaluate the option that runs along roads or the most “clean” areas.

2. If this option is not too long, we consider it as the main one, but just in case, we evaluate other, shorter options. We stop at them only if the passability of the areas through which the option passes is quite satisfactory. We completely discard dubious options, for example, those passing through 100% “green stuff”.

3. If the main option is too long or problematic from the point of view of orientation, we persistently look for other options. We choose the first one (the most convenient for running) only if the alternative options look even worse.

Remember what has been mentioned more than once: a good course director will always plan the course so that the most technically difficult option turns out to be the fastest. Improve your technical skills and boldly go for such options.

Tactics for passing individual sections of the distance

1. Start of the race. Tactics for taking the “first control point”:

Taking the first checkpoint - key moment distances. You shouldn't rush to get there. Gaining a few seconds at the first checkpoint does not solve anything, but you can lose a lot, or even everything at once.

On the way to the first checkpoint, it is necessary to solve several problems at once: “getting used to” the body, “entering” the map, becoming familiar with the features of the map, the terrain, the nature of the distance layout and setting up the checkpoint. It is necessary to evaluate the visibility and traffic conditions that may exist, in including, and seasonal nature. Here are the recommendations:

Don't go into routine maximum speed right from the start;

Choose the option that allows you to get as much information as possible on the way to the first checkpoint about the terrain and visibility of the terrain, while avoiding unnecessary risks;

Refer to the map more often, understand in detail what is indicated on it and how; — try to quickly adapt to the scale of the map;

Pay attention to the style of the relief depiction on the map;

Do not set yourself the task of catching up with the athlete who started in front of you, even if this is your main competitor.

2. “Key” stages:

Some stages of the course may be of particular importance for achieving a high result, especially the so-called “decisive choice stages”. The gain (or, conversely, loss) due to the choice of option at such stages can reach several minutes.

Try to identify such stages in advance (as a rule, these are long and extra-long stages) and analyze them at the first opportunity, for example, when running along the road, when you have some pause in orientation.

If you do not have such an opportunity in advance, carefully consider the choice of option directly at the previous checkpoint. At the same time, balance the time spent on choosing an option with the losses that you may have as a result of choosing a path that is not the most optimal. If we are talking about the possibility of gaining 20-30 seconds by choosing an option, you should not spend more than this time on choosing a path.

3. The final part of the distance:

The final part of the distance often turns out to be decisive in the struggle for a high result, and physical fatigue begins to play a special role here. We are talking more about psychological aspects, such as maintaining an extremely high level of concentration against the background of fatigue, abstracting from the participants running nearby (closer to the finish line, the distances of different classes converge and the number of “neighbors” increases), however, there are also some tactical nuances.

The key to success here may be choosing the most reliable options and orienteering techniques. Gather your remaining strength and complete the final part of the distance at high speed, while observing the principle of safety. Remember that the last checkpoint is most often located in a relatively open place with good visibility, and the finishing markings can serve as reliable insurance.

“Giving your all” at the finish line is necessary if you are fighting for a high result. In this sense, an illustrative example is the short distance of the 2000 World Cup final, when Valentin Novikov was on par with the leader 400 meters before the finish, but, having lost at the stage to the last control point, as well as at the finish line by a total of about 8 seconds, showed only the fourth result . Most likely, he simply did not have enough strength at the finish, as it was 1 km away. Before the finish, he lost about 20 seconds and lost the lead, then, with the help of extreme efforts, he restored the “status quo,” but in the last 400 meters he simply lost his strength.

"Secrets" of the orienteer.

1.Do not exceed the speed limit. Each person, depending on his physical and technical training, has his own “critical” speed. If it is exceeded, fatigue quickly sets in, the clarity of map reading disappears, orienteering technique deteriorates, and even control over the direction of movement is lost.

2. Before leaving your standing point, you need to ask this question: “What is the reference landmark at the end point of the route?” and answer it - determine the landmark from which the route will be reached and set the path to it on the map.

3.If on the first try you were unable to reach the end point of the movement, then you don’t need to rush from side to side, you need to carefully examine the area around you and clarify the legend (pictogram) of the checkpoint. If you are sure that the “reference” was taken correctly, you need to repeat the approach. If a mistake was made, then you need to go to a new reference and make an approach from it.

4. Having made a mistake and wasted time, there is no need to try to make up for lost time by speeding up the orientation process. We must remember the “critical” speed.

5. There is no need to be distracted when solving indicative problems from calm and patient reflection, not listening to the advice of passers-by, spectators and rivals.

Orienteering- this is a run in a given direction: an athlete with a map and compass must cover the distance, checking in at several checkpoints. You need to move over rough terrain (usually through forests and parks), and pass control stations in a special order. This sport came out of military exercises that were conducted for Scandinavian and British soldiers. The founding father is considered to be Swedish Major Ernst Killander, president of the Stockholm Amateur Sports Association. He came up with the rules and held the first ever competition in 1918.

Tells psychologist and psychophysiologist Tatyana Fadeeva, 31 years old, CMS, prize-winner of the Moscow Region Championship and the Federal “Russian Azimuth” competition.

“Orientation teaches you to rely only on yourself,” says Tatyana. – There are no fans or opponents nearby, you are alone with your distance. Essentially, this is a metaphor for life, with which you are also always face-to-face, and you need to move forward, fight fears, laziness, and reluctance to think. If you made a mistake, it is not a fact that you lost: where it is difficult for you, it is difficult for others, your competitors could also make a mistake. Therefore, if you get lost, you shouldn’t rush around and panic, you need to pull yourself together and make an informed decision. Stop, remember at what point you still knew where you were, go back, reorient yourself and continue moving. Everything is just like in life.”

It is not that simple. With high aerobic loads, it is difficult to maintain attention (during training, beginners are given texts and problems that must be read and solved on the run - try it and you will understand how “great” it is). But you need to keep an eye on the road, check the route, figure out how to get over obstacles. And the numbers of control points cannot be confused. Although this is the most interesting thing. Plus useful: few things in life can be more useful than the ability to think quickly in a stressful situation. (Catch instructions for dealing with stress.)

“Orienteering is unique in its combination of physical and mental load,” says Tatyana. – You’re not just running, but you’re also thinking, your head is 150% loaded. You don’t get distracted by extraneous thoughts, you forget about problems and just merge with the movement. Such immersion in the process can only be achieved in yoga, but only if you are a very experienced practitioner.

Competitions take place almost every weekend, and there I release the burden that has accumulated during the week. This is my coping strategy, a personal way to cope with stress. Cortisol and other stress hormones go away best when a person runs or wrestles, and orienteering is running and wrestling rolled into one. Plus, you are alone with nature and at this moment you take off all social masks - you are just an orienteer. You accept yourself as you are."

In Russia, orienteering is not as popular as, say, in Scandinavia. In Finland, the president comes to the main Jukola relay race, a whole town with showers and canteens grows up in the forest, and everything that happens is filmed from helicopters. But our big events also attract several thousand participants. Not only professionals can compete: the groups are open to everyone – there are children’s groups, and even pensioners’ groups, by the way.

“Orienteering is suitable for anyone, except perhaps glamorous young ladies who are afraid of ruining their manicure or scratching their knee,” says Tatyana. – This is a dirty sport. We run not on asphalt, but along forest paths, and return from the race grimy and sweaty. Whatever the weather, the relay will not be cancelled. And every time after a competition I have three loads of clothes to wash. But inside you feel an incredible cleansing. As a specialist, I can say that orienteering is an excellent help in solving any psychological problems . Even if you can’t run for physiological reasons, you can just walk; orienteering is not about speed at all. And it's always positive. When you find a checkpoint, you feel delight and jubilation. And you have such small victories - 20-30 per distance. You come back happy, no matter what mood you started in.”

Russian Orienteering Championship, Miass. “All women who train look young,” says our heroine. And we agree with her.

Do orienteering

Most orienteering clubs are aimed at teaching children. There is almost no training for adults, so you will most likely have to negotiate with a coach about a personal program. Usually one lesson with a map is enough to learn the symbols and understand how to orient the plan to the north. And then – practice. The second option is to bring your child to the club and run with him, many people do this. The address of the establishment closest to your home can be found on the website moscompass.ru or http://o-sport.ru/map.php.

If you don’t really like the idea of running through the forest in search of checkpoints, but are generally attracted to orienteering, the game “Inakor” is suitable - online active orienteering, a mix of orienteering, city quests and geocaching (searching for treasures hidden by someone using GPS ). You register on the website msk.inacor.ru, download a map (all Moscow parks are there, including little-known ones to the general public), a route and try to complete it the fastest, checking in at control points. The fastest ones receive prizes - virtual and real.

What you need for orienteering

A CO Adept requires the following minimum equipment:

correct spikes;
convenient shape – nylon is better so that branches don’t get caught;
compass;
electronic chip, it is applied to the station sensor.

Yoga for competition preparation

Yoga will prepare your body for trail running and your mind to work hard. Perform these asanas regularly, gradually increasing the time spent in each pose.

Virabhadrasana I (Warrior Pose I)

Strengthens leg muscles, opens hip joints, develops coordination, trains endurance.

Stand up straight. As you inhale, jump with your legs and spread your arms to the sides. Now turn your palms up, raise your outstretched limbs and connect your fingers.
Inhale, exhale, turn the toe of your right foot, pelvis and torso to the right 90 degrees, and turn your left foot slightly inward.
Inhale and as you exhale, bend your right knee to right angle. Move your head back slightly and look up at your thumbs.
Stay in this position as long as possible. Then inhale, return to the starting position and repeat the pose, switching legs.

Virabhadrasana III (Warrior Pose III)

Strengthens the muscles of the thighs, legs, buttocks, and develops the ability to maintain balance.

Stand up straight. As you inhale, jump your legs apart, spread your arms to the sides - and go into the “Virabhadrasana I” pose (the one that was before).
Inhale, exhale, now bend towards your right thigh, stretch your torso and arms forward, palms together.
Lift your left leg off the floor and slowly raise it until it is parallel to the floor (at the same time straightening your supporting leg). Look down, neck and back are in line.
Stay as long as possible, then, as you exhale, slowly lower your left foot to the floor, lifting your body up. Return to Virabhadrasana I, and then to the starting position. Repeat, switching legs.

Chaturanga dandasana (four-legged staff pose)

Strengthens the muscles of the back, abdomen, arms and legs, disciplines the mind, and helps maintain concentration.

Starting position - lying down (feet and straightened arms shoulder-width apart, body extended from heels to crown).
Pressing the heels of your palms into the floor, slowly bend your elbows, pressing them toward your body.
Lower your body so that it rests on four support points parallel to the floor. If you are a beginner, you can place your knees and forearms on the floor.
Stay in this position as long as possible.

The editors would like to thank the “Fitness on the Roof” project FITNESS HOLDING for their assistance in organizing the shooting.

If you look at the register of sports, you can see a whole list of disciplines of the sport " orienteering". This list can be divided into running orienteering,ski orienteering, and which appeared relatively recently bicycle orienteering.

So, let's start with the usual and familiar look. Running orienteering includes 12 disciplines. Five disciplines represent competitions familiar to everyone on a forest track in a given direction with separate (alternate) starts. These are disciplines such as:

1. Sprint
2. Classic
3. Cross
4. Marathon
5. Multi-day cross

The difference between the sports disciplines listed above and each other is the duration of the competition and the length of the distances. The shortest distance is the sprint; the winner in this discipline must cover the forest track in no more than 25 minutes. The most long distance- marathon. The best marathon runner in competition must run a distance of at least 140 minutes.

A multi-day cross-country race stands a little apart from this list. A multi-day orienteering cross-country race is not an extra-long distance that an orienteer spends several days to overcome. These are just multi-stage competitions, the result of which is summed up by arithmetic summing up the results of each race.

What's happened orientation in a given direction? To answer this question, you first need to understand what the sport of “orienteering” is in general. Let's take a look at the Competition Rules:

“Orienteering is a sport in which participants, with the help of map and compass must pass a given number of checkpoints (abbreviated as CP) located on the ground...”

So. First, the most detailed large-scale map of the area is prepared. The scale usually used is 1 cm 100 meters. A sports map, unlike a topographic map, is so detailed that it depicts objects such as anthills, fallen trees, small holes and bumps, isolated trees, stumps, etc. Competition distances are planned on this map. Detectable element at competitions is check Point- “KP”. To install the control point, various landmarks are selected - “references” on the map. And on the ground, the control point is a red and white triangular prism.

The task of the athlete-orienteer is to find and visit these checkpoints using a map and compass. KP detection control is carried out using various means marks. At the dawn of orienteering, mastic stamps and colored pencils were used. Sometimes, a list was left at the control point, in which the judge recorded the participant, or the orienteer entered himself. The most popular means of marking in orienteering long time served as a composter. Nowadays, various electronic marking systems are used more and more often, in which the athlete is marked with an electronic chip at a special electronic “station” located at the control point.

So here it is. At orienteering competitions in a given direction, the procedure for detecting control points by the participant is strictly regulated. A competition participant who completes the distance in an order other than the one specified, whichever is shorter or which is more convenient, is removed from the competition.

The next three disciplines are relay races. As in any other relay race, a team of several athletes participates in orienteering. Athletes cover the distance one by one. Having finished, the athlete passes the baton to a teammate. Relay competitions can be two-stage, three-stage and four-stage. In the latter case, the team consists of two men (boys) and two women (girls).

Usually, when planning the orienteering distance in a relay race, an observation (or in other words - spectator) control point or two control points are provided, the path between which lies through the starting point - the observation stage. The presence of an inspection section makes orienteering competition more spectacular, and also allows the athlete of the next stage to prepare for receiving the relay - seeing that his teammate has already passed through the inspection checkpoint.

The next group of disciplines is orienteering with a common start. In a separate start, orienteering athletes of the same age category start with an interval of 1–2 minutes. In a general start, all participants start at the same time. As a result, the fight is head-to-head and has great emotional intensity.

Disciplines with a general start are also divided depending on the length of the distance:

1. General start - sprint - short distance
2. General start - classic - middle distance
3. General start - cross - extended distance

Another discipline in running orienteering is elective orienteering. Unlike a given direction, here the athlete arbitrarily chooses in which order to detect the CP. Moreover, as a rule, the athlete is required to locate a certain number of control points from those indicated on the map and installed on the ground.

A large group of disciplines relate to winter:

1. Ski race - sprint (up to 30 min.)
2. Ski race - classic (35–60 min.)
3. Ski race - long (65–140 min.)
4. Ski race-marathon
5. Ski race - multi-day
6. Ski race - relay race - 3 people.
7. Ski race - general start (30–90 min.)

Ski orienteering has its own specifics. A cross-country ski race in orienteering refers to a competition in a given direction. The preparation of terrain and maps for ski orienteering competitions also has its own peculiarity. A complex network of paths and paths is being prepared on the ground, often cut artificially, on which ski tracks of varying quality are rolled. This grid is plotted on the map, indicating the quality of the ski tracks. At its core, ski orienteering competitions are orienteering in a labyrinth of ski tracks. However, the orienteer is not forbidden to go from the ski track to the virgin snow. But such tactics are unlikely to be successful.

By the way, a very interesting domestic invention is orientation on a marked route. Here the athlete solves the inverse problem. A winding ski track is laid on the terrain, on which control points are established. A participant in an orienteering competition on a marked course must put these control points on his map. The map is issued blank, only the starting location is indicated on it. For an error in applying a control point, a participant is punished with a penalty time or (in a relay race) penalty laps. These are the disciplines that include orienteering on a marked route:

1. Ski race - marked track (25–90 min.)
2. Ski race - relay race - marked track 3 people.

Another discipline is a combination of distances in a given direction and on a marked track, this is a cross-country skiing combination.

Approved by order of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism of Russia

Without knowledge of the basics of topography and orientation, the fate of a tourist can be sad. A detailed map in a mapper, a good compass and a GPS navigator are what a traveler needs.
1. TOPOGRAPHY
We will fundamentally omit military topography, methods of creating and updating maps, deciphering aerospace images, differences in projections, the use of navigators and stars (you need to sleep at night), maps of water areas and topoplans (1:5000 and larger), GIS and Yanedex maps (loadmap resource We study .net as needed). Let's start with the simple and important!
Let's remember: all topographic maps in Russia are compiled only in the Gauss-Kruger projection; equator length - 40,075,696 meters; 1 degree = 111 km, and 1 second = 31 meters; a 1:1000000 map sheet has dimensions of 6 degrees longitude and 4 degrees latitude (up to a latitude of 60 degrees); matchbox length 5 cm; magnetic poles move; There are 24 hours in a day :) This is input data, using which you can get everything else.
To navigate the terrain means to find the direction of the sides of the horizon and your location relative to surrounding local objects and relief elements.
Scale is the ratio of the length of a line on the map to the length of the corresponding line on the ground (numerical and linear in the border design of maps).
Azimuth is an angle measured from the direction north to the direction to a given landmark clockwise (from 0 to 360 degrees).
A map is a reduced visual, similar image of the earth's surface, made to a certain scale and projection.

I got the 1973 SNOV educational cards from practice. The content is abstract, there is no such area. Scale 1:50000.

The ability to read a map will come with time, fortunately, the symbols are intuitive and unified for each scale series (point, area, linear, their labels).
The boundaries of the map are determined by the longitude of its western and eastern meridians and the latitude of its southern and northern parallels. Each interval in longitude and latitude is divided into minute intervals, each marked with dark and light stripes. The minute intervals are divided into 6 parts by dots, each of which corresponds to 10". The map field is marked with a grid of rectangular coordinates with a square side equal to 1 km for maps of scales 1:10000, 1:25000 and 1:50000 and 2 km for maps of scale 1 : 100000. The vertical lines of the kilometer grid are parallel to the axial meridian of the zone the given topographic map sheet is located in. The angle γ (the convergence of the meridians) determines the inclination of the kilometer grid lines to the map frames.
Scale 1:25000 is the main scale for work (clickable).

(Vereshchaka T.V. - Topographic maps. Scientific basis of content - M., MAIK Nauka-Interperiodika - 2002)

Currently, it is the case in the Russian Federation that modern (updated) topographic maps at a scale of 1:25,000 and larger are not available to the common man; this is the lot of military personnel and specialists (for example, cartographers). Therefore, we will be dealing with maps of scales 1:50000 (1 cm - 500 m) and 1:100000 (1 cm - 1000 m). And this means this: firstly, with such a scale, much of what is useful to us will be generalized, i.e. will simply be absent; secondly, at a scale of 1:50000, your 100 meters traveled with difficulty is only 2 mm on the map. Although practice shows that this is quite enough, especially with long linear transitions.
Let's get started. We take any compass (Silva, Moskompass, or at least the Adrianov system), our map and begin.. determine your location.
This is the first problem. You can determine your location based on the situation (crossing roads, clearings, power lines, confluence of streams or rivers, the nearest settlements), along the terrain (the highest place, a cliff, a hole, the source of a stream), with a developed eye, you can position using the method of linear notching from 2-3 objects, you can also turn on GPS, remove geographical coordinates and make a calculation based on the card frame (if there is one, of course). Attention! The coordinates that our GPS navigator gives us are in the WGS84 system, which means the difference between them and the coordinates of the map frame will be 100 meters. Also, when orienting using the navigator’s altimeter, it should be taken into account that the error in altitude can be 10 meters.
The second problem is to map intermediate and final destinations. We mark the first point of the route on the map, apply a compass, and introduce a correction for magnetic declination. Magnetic declination is not a constant value. It is a manifestation magnetic properties Earth and varies widely. Moreover, the magnetic declination even for the same point can be different, changing from year to year. If the magnetic declination indicated in the map legend is eastern, then a correction for this angle should be introduced - the compass needle should be deviated east from the grid line to the east by n-degrees. Because the compass needle does not point to the place where all the meridians converge (geographical north pole), but to where the magnetic lines of force converge (magnetic north pole). In 2012, it was located at coordinates 85°54′00″ north latitude and 147°00′00″ west longitude (about 450 km from the north pole). You should also know that most of the clearings (south-north) in the forest were cut by foresters using a compass, i.e. they show the direction to the magnetic pole of that time.
We do it as shown in the picture Silva 1-2-3 System:

1. Place the compass on the map so that its edge is along the desired route line (the line from the standing point to the first waypoint).
2. Rotate the bezel until the “N” mark on the scale ring points north on the map. Check that the north/south lines of the bezel are parallel to the meridians on the map.
3. Hold the compass in front of you in a horizontal position. Rotate until the north end of the arrow points to the "N" mark on the compass scale ring.

The essence of movement by azimuths (FAQ in pdf) is to maintain on the ground the directions specified by magnetic azimuths (directional angles) and distances determined from the map. Directions of movement are determined using a magnetic compass, distances are measured in steps. This is the main method of movement in terrain poor in landmarks, especially at night and with limited visibility. In practice, everything is simpler - in order not to rush through dense forest and water, movement is carried out along country roads, clearings, and the edge of the forest in the right direction. Naturally, the route is laid out on the map in advance, measuring its length with a curvimeter or measuring compass, introducing corrections for the relief. Knowing average speed the movement of the group in a particular area, the places and duration of rest stops, it is theoretically possible to calculate the time of arrival at the final destination.

Nomenclature- a system for designating sheets of topographic maps of different scales (example for 1:10000 - N-34-67-G-g-2). In a sheet of 1:1000000 there are 4 sheets of 1:500000, 36 sheets of 1:200000 and 144 sheets of 1:100000. In turn, in a sheet 1:100000 there are 4 sheets 1:50000, in a sheet 1:50000 there are 4 sheets 1:25000, in a sheet 1:25000 there are 4 sheets 1:10000. The search for any card begins with a blank card. Finding adjacent cards is even easier - the nomenclature of adjacent sheets is indicated on all four sides of the frame.

(Chekalin S.I. Topographic and special maps. Tutorial M RGGRU named after. Sergo Ordzhonikidze 2007)

Special skill is required to read topographic maps of mountainous areas (below - Alps, 1:50000). The relief is displayed not so much by contour lines, but by special symbols of cliffs, shafts, and relief shading. Mountain, basin, ridge, hollow and saddle are the main elements of the relief. And what glaciers, hydrography, tunnels in the mountains are here!

US Army map of part of the territory of Udmurtia. Completely different color.

In a completely hopeless situation, space images will help us. Fortunately, the resolution of some of them is simply enormous. This is my native Glazov. Just recently, such pictures appeared throughout the city on the Yandex service. And of course we use it all the time Google.Earth(SAS.Planet uses the Google.Maps service, but not Google.Earth!)

Four 3-entrance houses are nine-story buildings, and next to them there are houses of 16 floors. It is useful to learn how to decipher satellite images, i.e. recognize and classify the objects depicted on them. Minus - it is impossible for a non-specialist to determine the relief. Need a stereo pair. Sometimes only space images contain the most current and reliable information about the area.

2. ORIENTEING
A wonderful sport is orienteering. Sometimes running, skiing, cycling. The most difficult, but also the most interesting thing is night orienteering.
Orienteering is a sport in which participants, using a sports map and compass, must pass control points (CP) located on the ground. Results, as a rule, are determined by the time it takes to complete the distance (in certain cases, taking into account penalty time) or by the number of points scored.
Depending on the method of completing tasks, the following types of orienteering competitions are held: 1. Orienteering in a given direction (OD) - passing checkpoints marked on the map and located on the ground in a given order. Participants choose the path from one checkpoint to another at their own discretion. 2. Orientation by choice (VO) - passing a checkpoint from among those available in the competition area. The choice of checkpoints and the order of their completion is arbitrary, at the discretion of the participant. 3. Orientation on a marked route (MT) - covering a distance marked on the ground from start to finish, with the location of checkpoints installed on the route marked on the map. That's it in short.
The whole point of this sport is to maintain a balance between speed and the ability to stay focused. Here, even MS (masters of sports) sometimes make mistakes:) They run quickly and their heads stop thinking, as a result of which they lose orientation, time, and glasses. Our “friends” are a compass and a tablet, visual memory, the ability to read a map, a good flashlight at night and, of course, strong legs. Any doping (alcohol) and technical aids (GPS navigators) are illegal!

Sports card- this is a large-scale special terrain diagram in which there is no coordinate grid, true meridian lines, declination, geodetic reference points and a special system of accuracy for plan, angular and altitude measurements is in effect in accordance with the requirements of the IOF and the Federal Security Service of Russia, and the special content consists of showing the terrain's passability and individual characteristics of the depicted objects. Sports cards are issued in accordance with the international system of symbols of the IOF, supplemented by national symbols approved by the FSO of Russia.
Pricks are made on the map with a needle at the locations of the control points.

Check Point(KP) - a point marked on the map, on the ground equipped with a sign in the form of a triangular prism with a side of 30x30 cm. Each face is divided by a diagonal from the lower left to the upper right corner into a white field at the top and an orange (red) field at the bottom. CPs should be located at landmarks marked on the map and clearly identifiable on the ground. The exact location of the control point should be described using legends. The location of the checkpoint must be clearly determined using a map and legend.
The main thing is not to forget that there is a control time, after which all your results will be canceled. A team race (M+F, M+M+F, etc.) is more interesting than an individual race, in the rain it is more interesting than in clear weather, at night it is more interesting than during the day, in the forest it is more interesting than in the field, in summer it is more interesting than in winter, by choice it is more interesting than according to the labeling.. although.

Easy map for orientation. Designed for running on asphalt paths or directly. Complex for biathletes near Izhevsk.

If you decide to try yourself in this, then the following awaits you: difficulties associated with the need to quickly navigate and make a quick decision; difficulties in choosing a course of action depending on emerging situations on the ground; difficulties associated with the need to perform work with gradually increasing physical fatigue; the difficulties associated with the need to carry out work with an uncorrected map, and the difficulties associated with the need to carry out work under adverse weather conditions.
Quite a difficult map to navigate over a long distance. It is especially difficult at night.

If you see a person running with a number on his chest and a compass on his neck, then give way to him. And may the power of the anorak be with you!

Introduction

Orienteering is one of the most specific sports, which combines high physical and mental stress against the background of great volitional and emotional stress, aimed at independently solving a number of practical problems. During heavy physical work, you should constantly monitor the surrounding area and map, and often adapt to unexpected situations and conditions. To achieve a good final result, an orienteering athlete must be able to concentrate, relax, and create mental images from the surrounding area (Akimov V.G., 2005).

Orienteering is one of the few sports in which competition participants act purely individually, out of sight of coaches, judges, and spectators. To achieve the goal, high psychological preparation, perseverance, determination, and self-control are required. Systematic work on mastering technical and tactical skills contributes to the development of cognitive mental processes and the growth of sportsmanship. (B.I. Ogorodnikov, A.N. Kircho, L.A. Krokhin, 2002).

Psychological skills and strategies can be used to optimize and increase physical and technical fitness. It is also important to consider psychological preparation in parallel with physical and technical preparation, which should be carried out regularly. Just as increasing speed on difficult terrain is associated with regular physical and technical training, the ability to cope with the pressure of competition can be associated with mental skills training (MST).

From the above judgments, the topic of our course work"Psychological preparation in orienteering."

The purpose of the work is to study psychological preparation in orienteering.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:

1. Study the features of orienteering as a sport.

2. Expand the concept of psychological preparation

3. Consider the specifics of the psychological preparation of an orienteering athlete

The object of the study is the training process of orienteering athletes.

Subject of research: psychological preparation in orienteering

When writing the course work, the method of studying and analyzing literary sources was used.

Orienteering as a sport

Specifics of orienteering

Orienteering, according to N.D. Vasilyeva (2004), is an independent sport, the essence of competition in which is to identify athletes who can fastest, using a compass and map, overcome a certain route through unfamiliar terrain through checkpoints (CP) fixed on the map and terrain. Results are usually determined by the time it takes to complete the distance (in certain cases, taking into account penalty time) or by the number of points scored.

The most common type of orienteering competition, both in our country and abroad, is orienteering in a given direction (S.B. Elakhovsky, 2003; N.D. Vasiliev, 2004). In this type of competition, the participant must find a control point on the ground as quickly as possible using a map in the same sequence defined for everyone. Participants choose the path from one checkpoint to another at their own discretion. In addition, competitions on marked routes and by choice are officially recognized and very popular in Russia. The essence of competitions on a marked route is that the participant, covering a marked (marked) distance with checkpoints installed on it, must determine their location and mark it on the map with a puncture and a punch in the card. Orientation by choice is the passage of a checkpoint from among those available in the competition area, while the choice and order of passing a checkpoint is arbitrary, at the discretion of the participant.

Also, according to the rules of orienteering competitions, there are two more types of programs - trail orienteering or orienteering for the disabled and rogaining. The first type allows people with limited motor abilities to take part in competitions and consists of passing checkpoints marked on the map in a given sequence and choosing the true checkpoint sign from several installed on the ground. Rogain - completing a distance of your choice using a map at a scale of 1:25000 or 1:50000 with the planned result of the winner being 300 minutes. These competitions are team competitions.

Orienteering competitions differ in the method of movement: running or skiing, cycling, walking and wheelchairs, which have their own specific characteristics.

All types of orienteering are united by one main feature - the presence of a detailed large-scale sports map of the area where the competition is held and the use of a compass.

A sports map is a large-scale special diagram on which there is no coordinate grid, true meridian lines and a special system of accuracy for plan, angular and altitude measurements in accordance with the requirements of the IOF and the Federal Protective Service of Russia. Used to compile sports cards conventional signs- symbols that convey the features of the landscape of various types of terrain and its characteristics, as well as signs used in sports cards at international competitions (Akimov V.G., 2005).

During competitions, an orienteering athlete must not only move quickly along the distance, but also simultaneously solve a number of specific tasks: read the map, compare it with the terrain, choose the optimal path to the checkpoint, etc. All these actions constitute the technical training of the athlete, but what includes psychological preparation we will consider in our work.