Century traditional clothing of the Eskimos is called. National traditional clothing of the Chukchi. What do they live in in winter?
Crimean studies.
Lesson 6
Topic: Administrative regions and cities of Crimea.
Lesson objectives: 1. Introduce students to the administrative regions and cities of Crimea.
2 Explain the purpose and principles of dividing Crimea into separate regions.
Lesson Objectives :1 Continue to develop the ability to work with a map and atlas.
2 Doing practical work 2.
Equipment : Wall map of Crimea, atlases, outline maps, workbooks.
Lesson content.
1 Activation of students’ cognitive activity.
2 Studying new material.
3 Doing practical work.
4 Consolidation.
5 Homework assignment.
During the classes.
1.What is the area of the Crimean Peninsula?
2Do you know any districts or cities of Crimea?
3 Why do people need to divide the territory into separate districts?
Let's find the answers in our notebook:
Division is necessary in order to conveniently develop the economy and other areas of life, i.e. to manage the economy.
Now let's look at the “Administrative Map of Crimea”.
How is it different from a physical card?
What new did you find on this map?
What is this card for?
So: using this map we get acquainted with the administrative structure of Crimea. -What is it like?
Administrative-territorial division of the Republic of Crimea
Administratively consists of 25 municipalities:
14 (with a predominantly rural population),
11 cities of republican subordination , within the boundaries of which municipalities were created with their subordinate settlements as 11 (with a predominantly urban population).
Number of administrative-territorial units compared to municipal units
administrative units
territorial division
quantity
units
ATD
and np
units of municipal
self-government
quantity
units
municipal
self-government
administrative districts
cities of republican subordination
urban districts
including: urban areas
city subordinate to the urban district
cities of regional subordination
urban settlements
urban settlements
rural settlements
250
rural settlements
947
Districts and urban districts[
Districts
Urban
districts
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12 The task is to complete the task in notebook 1, 2, 3 pp. 10-11.
Doing practical work.-2
Topic: Determining the features of the geographical location of your region, settlement. Drawing on a contour map of the borders and capital of the Republic of Crimea, the surrounding seas and their bays.
Target : teach to find and mark borders, extreme points, seas, bays on a contour map.
Equipment : atlas, administrative and physical maps of Crimea.
Progress.
1 On the physical contour map of Crimea, find and label the following geographical objects:
a) extreme points of the Crimean peninsula:
northern-Perekopsky ditch
southern – Cape Sarych;
western – Cape Kara-Burun;
eastern – Cape Lantern.
b) seas - Black and Azov.
c) bays - Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Feodosia, Sivash, Kazantipsky.
D) straits - Kerch.
2 On the administrative contour map, mark and sign:
Border and capital of the Republic of Crimea;
Large cities of Crimea (18)
Administrative regions of Crimea.
3 Highlight the territory of the Yalta region in red and sign the name of the locality where you live
Homework assignment.
1Learn the nomenclature of Crimea, i.e. coastline.
Task 2 4 page 11, 5 – page 13 complete in writing.
Crimea is a popular holiday destination in the summer, with thousands of people looking for a map of it. The site administration has prepared all sorts of map options for your reference. To say that the Crimean peninsula is unique is to say nothing. Crimea is Europe in miniature, all kinds of landscapes are collected here - high mountain ranges and deep canyons, beautiful azure beaches and endless steppes, quiet seashores, and noisy river waterfalls. Crimea is called the pearl of Europe and for good reason - it is a place of unique cultural and historical value, a true Mecca for all types of tourism. And the wonderful mild climate allows you to visit Crimea both in summer and in the cold season. It is impossible to get to know Crimea in one visit; you need to visit here again and again, each time discovering new places.
Detailed map of Crimea with villages and roads.
8980×6350 px - 1:50 000 - 14 mb
Having a detailed map of Crimea, it is easy to find the desired settlement or recreation center; the diagram shows in detail the roads with terrain reliefs.
Map of highways of Crimea.
The road map of the Crimean Peninsula shows the kilometers between the main directions of Crimea: Alushta, Bakhchisaray, Belogorsk, Dzhankoy, Evpatoria, Kerch, Krasnoperekopsk, Saki, Sevastopol, Simferopol, Sudak, Chernomorskoye, Feodosia Yalta. With the help of this data, the answer to the question will be easily given - how many kilometers are between the indicated cities?
Detailed tourist map of Crimea
Are you planning a vacation trip around Crimea? Then this card is best suited for movement. There is an alphabetical list of all settlements with a search by map squares.
The uniqueness of the Crimean peninsula partly lies in its unique climate. Although the peninsula is not large, its climate zones are very diverse. Surprisingly, with an area of the peninsula of 27 thousand square kilometers, there are as many as three climatic macroregions. This is not counting the fact that there are up to 20 subregions here! The secret of this phenomenon is the combination of various relief formations, the fact that the peninsula is washed by two seas, the presence of bays, and also the fact that its borders are surrounded by high-altitude mountains. Basically, the climatic zones are divided into three main relief units of the peninsula - the steppe, mountain, and southern embankment zone.
A special feature of the region is the presence of areas where winter period especially warm. At the same time, it is phenomenal that if, for example, in Yalta and Melitopol in summer the temperature spread is only 1 degree, in winter the temperature difference can reach 11 degrees! This is precisely explained by the landscape; the Crimean mountains in this case protect Yalta from mainland winds. It is warmest, of course, on the southern coast of Crimea; here the mild weather is due to the proximity of the sea. The most severe in terms of cold are the Crimean Mountains, the peaks of which remain cold even in summer. The warmest place in Crimea is Miskhor. The average temperature in January here is +4.4 degrees, and the annual average is almost 14 degrees Celsius. Thus, Crimea remains an attractive holiday destination for tourists even in winter; people come here for the Christmas holidays or winter holidays. Map of Crimea regions:
You can also view maps of the peninsula's regions in detail:
Crimean mountains- silent giants keeping the secrets of history
Mountains divide the Crimean peninsula into two parts: most of- the steppe, and actually the mountain part. The mountains stretch from the northeastern to the southwestern part of the peninsula, from Sevastopol to Feodosia, forming three parallel mountain ranges, which in turn are separated by beautiful green plains. The length of the mountains is almost 200 kilometers, the width is approximately 50 kilometers. The main ridge has the highest mountain height, it includes such giants as Roman-Kosh, with a height of more than one and a half kilometers, Chatyrdok, whose height is 1525 meters (which is only 20 meters less than the height of Mount Roman-Kosh), and Ai-Petri , whose height is 1231 meters. The southern slopes of the Main Ridge are steep, while the northern slopes are gentle.
The peaks of the Crimean mountains without forests form plateaus called “yayls”. From Turkic the word “yayl” is translated as “summer pasture”. Yayls combine the properties of mountains and plains; they are connected by narrow ridges with mountain passes. Since ancient times, routes from the Crimean steppe to the southern coast passed through these places.
Over the centuries, the Yailas were eroded by rainwater, the flows of which crisscrossed the mountains with numerous passages, forming beautiful caves, mines and wells.
Behind the Main Ridge is the Inner Ridge. It is much lower; the highest point of the inner ridge is Mount Kubalich, its height is less than 750 meters. The inner ridge extends from the Mekenzi Mountains to Mount Agarmysh. The length of this ridge is 125 kilometers.
The third row of the Crimean mountains is called the Northern Ridge. This mountain range is the lowest, its height reaches only 340 meters. This ridge is also called the foothills. The southern slopes of the northern ridge are steep, while the northern ones are gentle, gradually turning into plains. The Crimean Mountains are an excellent place for mountain tourism, hiking, and rock climbing. Well-established infrastructure allows you to organize a comprehensive, complete vacation that is good for your health.
Maps of Crimean cities over 10,000 population.
| Kerch | |
| Saki | |
| Gvardeiskoye | |
| Graceovsky | |
Crimean steppes- fertile fields and mud volcanoes. If mountains are located on only 20 percent of the territory of the peninsula, then the steppe occupies about 70 percent of the entire territory of Crimea. The Crimean steppe is the southern edge of the East European Plain. It is almost completely located at the same level, only slightly lowering in the north. On the Kerch Peninsula, the steppe is divided by the Parpach ridge, here the southwestern part is flat, and the northeastern part is hilly. This area contains the famous mud hills and coastal lake basins. There are unique mud volcanoes here (these volcanoes are not related to real volcanoes, because they spew cold mud instead of hot lava).
Plain part The Crimean steppe consists of southern chernozems, unusually fertile, so more than half of the territory is occupied by arable land, the rest is forest and pasture, and only less than 5% of the steppe is occupied by vineyards and garden plots.
The basis of green tourism- Crimean forests. It is naive to believe that Crimea is an arid, bare steppe. Almost 350 thousand hectares of the peninsula are occupied by forests. Mostly oak trees grow on the mountain slopes; here they make up about 65% of all trees (while pine trees make up less than 15%). The legendary juniper and evergreen small-fruited strawberries grow on the South Coast. Here you can find pistachios, Pontian broom, cistus, pyracantha, bush jasmine, and many other plants that are difficult to find on the mainland of Ukraine.
Diversity of water resources of Crimea. There are more than one and a half thousand rivers and drainages on the Crimean peninsula. The total length of water flows is almost 6 thousand kilometers. At the same time, it should be noted that most of them are small streams that dry up in summer. It is surprising that there are only 257 rivers on the peninsula that are more than 5 kilometers long.
The main rivers of the peninsula are divided into the following groups:
- Rivers of the northern slope of the Crimean mountains. Here is the famous Salgir, the longest Crimean river, its length is 232 kilometers. The remaining rivers of the northern slope are much shorter, for example, Wet Indol - only 27 kilometers, Churuksu - 33 kilometers.
- Rivers of the northwestern slope. Here is the most long river Alma, its length is 84 kilometers. Other rivers (Chernaya, Belbek, Kacha, Western Bulganok) are a little shorter.
- Rivers of the Southern Coast of Crimea. There are mainly small water flows here, for example, the length of the Uchan-Su River is only 8.4 kilometers, Demerdzhi - 14, and Derekoyka - 12 kilometers.
An amazing fact: the rivers of the northwestern slopes are located almost parallel, and half of their path are mountain streams. The rivers of the northern slopes that flow across the plain flow into Sivash. On the South Coast, short rivers are entirely mountain streams; they all flow into the Black Sea. The Uchan-Su River is unique here; along its short path it forms four beautiful waterfalls.
The reason for the poor development of river waters on the peninsula is that the main source of rivers is rain. Rainwater feeds the rivers of Crimea by almost 50 percent, while groundwater gives the rivers only 30 percent of their water potential. The rest is snow melting. Crimea's groundwater potential barely exceeds a billion cubic meters; for comparison, Ukraine supplies three times as much water to the peninsula annually. 20 reservoirs and more than a hundred ponds help control groundwater. The North Crimean Canal from Ukraine supplies 3.5 billion cubic meters of water to Crimea, this is the main water source for agriculture. If it were not for this water source, the arid Crimean steppe could not be fertile. (for comparison, in 1937 there were 35 thousand hectares of irrigated land, and in 1994 there were more than 10 times more - 400 thousand).
Of course, speaking about water resources, one cannot fail to mention estuary lakes, valuable healing sources of salt water. In total, there are more than 50 such lakes on the territory of Crimea, their total area exceeds 5 thousand square kilometers. Salts and medicinal muds are obtained here. The most famous such lake is Saki, but you can also visit Sasyk, Donuzlav, Bakal, Krasnoe or Lake Aktash.
Bottom line: In Crimea you can find absolutely everything on maps, and even more. Holidays for medical purposes, winter and summer holidays, extreme tourism, hiking and cycling, wine tourism, rock climbing - here you can find holidays for every taste and budget. The unique climate and atmosphere of these places will make you come here again and again.
Administratively, the Republic of Crimea consists of 25 regions:
14 districts (with a predominantly rural population),
11 cities of republican subordination, within the boundaries of which municipalities were created with their subordinate settlements as 11 urban districts (with a predominantly urban population).
Number of administrative-territorial units
Districts 14
Cities of republican significance 11
City districts 3
Cities of regional significance 5
Urban settlements 56
Municipal districts 14
City districts 16
Intracity districts 3
Urban settlements 38
Rural settlements 234
Settlements - 1020, including: urban - 72, rural - 948.
Districts and urban districts
The territory subordinate to the city of Sevastopol, as well as the northern part of the Arabat Spit belonging to the Kherson region of Ukraine, are located on the Crimean Peninsula, but are not part of the republic.
Districts
1 Bakhchisarai district
2 Belogorsky district
3 Dzhankoy district
4 Kirovsky district
5 Krasnogvardeisky district
6 Krasnoperekopsky district
7 Leninsky district
8 Nizhnegorsky district
9 Pervomaisky district
10 Razdolnensky district
11 Saki district
12 Simferopol district
13 Sovetsky district
14 Chernomorsky district
Urban districts
15 Alushta
16 Armyansk
17 Dzhankoy
18 Evpatoria
19 Kerch
20 Krasnoperekopsk
21 Saki
22 Simferopol
23 Sudak
24 Feodosia
25 Yalta
Settlements with a population of more than 10 thousand as of January 1, 2013
Simferopol 337 285
Kerch 145 265
Evpatoria 106 877
Yalta 78 115
Feodosia 69 461
Dzhankoy 36 086
Krasnoperekopsk 29 815
Alushta 28 418
Bakhchisarai 26 482
Saki 23 655
Armyansk 22 337
Belogorsk 18 220
Sudak 15,457
Primorsky 14 938
Gvardeiskoe 12 711
Oktyabrskoye 11 572
Shchelkino 11 184
Gaspra 11 384
Chernomorskoe 11,098
Graceovsky 11 391
Krasnogvardeyskoye 10 766
A little history
Before the revolution of 1917, the Crimean peninsula was part of the Tauride province, 5 of 8 counties were located on it: Evpatoria, Perekop, Simferopol, Feodosia and Yalta, as well as 2 city administrations - Kerch-Yenikali and Sevastopol.
In the period from the end of 1917 to the end of 1920, Crimea passed “from hand to hand” (Muslims, “Reds”, Germans, Ukrainians, again “Reds”, “Whites”, and again “Reds”). After final establishment Soviet power 2 new counties were formed in Crimea - Sevastopol (December 15, 1920) and Kerch (December 25, 1920).
On January 8, 1921, the division of counties into volosts was abolished. Instead, a county-district system was created. In the Dzhankoy (formerly Perekop) district the Armenian and Dzhankoy districts were formed; in Kerch - Kerchensky and Petrovsky; in Sevastopol - Sevastopol and Bakhchisarai; in Simferopol - Biyuk-Onlarsky, Karasubazarsky, Sarabuzsky and Simferopolsky; in Feodosiya - Ichkinsky, Staro-Krymsky, Sudak and Feodosiya; in Yalta - Alushta and Yalta.
Crimean ASSR
On October 18, 1921, by a resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the Tauride province of the RSFSR was transformed into the Crimean ASSR, divided into 7 districts (former counties), which, in turn, were divided into 20 districts.
In November 1923, the districts were abolished and 15 districts were created in their place: Ak-Mechetsky, Alushta, Armenian, Bakhchisarai, Dzhankoy, Evpatoria, Kerch, Karasubazar, Sarabuz, Sevastopol, Simferopol, Staro-Krymsky, Sudak, Feodosia and Yalta. However, already in 1924, Ak-Mechetsky, Alushta, Armenian, Sarabuz and Staro-Krymsky districts were abolished.
On October 15, 1930, instead of 10 districts, 16 were created: Ak-Mechetsky, Alushtinsky, Balaklava, Bakhchisaraysky, Biyuk-Onlarsky, Dzhankoysky, Evpatoriya, Ishunsky, Karasubazarsky, Leninsky, Seytlersky, Simferopol, Staro-Krymsky, Sudak, Feodosia and Yalta. The cities of Kerch, Sevastopol, Simferopol and Feodosia were under republican subordination.
In 1935, 10 new districts were formed: Ak-Sheikhsky, Ichkinsky, Kirovsky, Kolaisky, Kuibyshevsky, Larindorfsky, Mayak-Salynsky, Saki, Telmansky and Freidorfsky. The Feodosia district was abolished. In 1937, the Zuysky district was formed.
Some districts had national status: Balaklava, Kuibyshev, Bakhchisarai, Yalta, Alushta, Sudak - Crimean Tatar, Freidorf and Larindorf - Jewish, Buyuk-Onlar and Telman - German, Ishunsky (later Krasnoperekopsky) - Ukrainian. To the beginning of the Great Patriotic War all areas lost their national status (in 1938 - German, in 1939 - Jewish, then all the rest).
On the map, Crimean Tatar areas are highlighted in turquoise, Jewish areas in blue, German areas in orange, Ukrainian areas in yellow, and mixed areas in pink.
1 Akmechitsky (Ak-Mechetsky) district
2 Aksheikh (Ak-Sheikh) district
3 Alushta district
4 Balaklava district
5 Bakhchisarai district
6 Buyuk-Onlar district
7 Dzhankoy district
8 Yevpatoriya district
9 Zuysky district
10 Ichkinsky district
11 Kalaisky district
12 Karasubazar district
13 Kirovsky district (center Islyam-Terek)
14 Krasnoperekopsky district
15 Kuibyshevsky district (center Albat)
16 Larindorf district (center of Jurchi)
17 Leninsky district
18 Mayak-Salynsky district
19 Saki district
20 Seyitler district
21 Simferopol district
22 Starokrymsky district
23 Sudak district
24 Telman district (center Kurman-Kemelchi)
25 Freidorf district
26 Yalta district
27 Sevastopol
Crimean region
On December 14, 1944, 11 districts of Crimea were renamed: Ak-Mechetsky - to Black Sea, Ak-Sheikhsky - to Razdolnensky, Biyuk-Onlarsky - to Oktyabrsky, Ichkinsky - to Sovetsky, Karasubazarsky - to Belogorsky, Kolaisky - to Azovsky, Larindorfsky - to Pervomaisky , Mayak-Salynsky - to Primorsky, Seitlersky - to Nizhnegorsky, Telmansky - to Krasnogvardeysky, Freidorfsky - to Novoselovsky.
On June 30, 1945, the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was transformed into the Crimean region. In addition to 26 districts, it included 6 cities of regional subordination: Evpatoria, Kerch, Sevastopol, Simferopol, Feodosia and Yalta.
In 1948, Sevastopol was transferred from the Crimean region to direct subordination to the RSFSR. In the same year, the Yalta region was abolished. In 1953, the Novoselovsky district was abolished, in 1957-1959 - the Balaklava, Zuysky and Staro-Krymsky districts. The city of Dzhankoy came under regional subordination.
On December 30, 1962, the Azov, Kirov, Kuibyshev, Oktyabrsky, Pervomaisky, Primorsky, Razdolnensky, Saki, Simferopol, Sovetsky and Sudak districts were abolished. The remaining 10 districts (Alushta, Bakhchisaray, Belogorsky, Dzhankoy, Evpatoriya, Krasnogvardeysky, Krasnoperekopsky, Leninsky, Nizhnegorsky and Chernomorsky) were transformed into rural areas. In 1963, instead of the Evpatoria district, the Saki district was created. In 1964, the Alushta district was abolished, and Alushta was transformed into a city of regional subordination.
On January 4, 1965, rural areas were transformed into districts. The Kirov, Razdolnensky and Simferopol districts were also restored. In 1966, Pervomaisky and Sovetsky districts were created. In 1979, Saki received the status of a city of regional subordination. In the same year, the Sudak region was formed.
After 1991
In 1993, Armyansk received the status of a city of republican subordination.
After 2014
In 2014, territories with settlements subordinate to city councils of cities of republican subordination received the status of municipalities as urban districts.
Crimea is a major tourist center of the Black Sea. The territory of the peninsula is divided between two administrative entities: the republic of the same name and the Sevastopol City Council.
Relatively recently, Crimea appeared on the map of Russia - this peninsula became part of our country in March 2014.
Cities and towns of Crimea
Detailed map of Crimea with all roads and routes
The capital of the republic is Simferopol. It has a rich ethnic composition: Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Uzbeks and other nationalities live in it.
There are many resorts on the peninsula various types, located both on the coast and at some distance from it. As a rule, they are tied to populated areas.
Resort cities of Crimea
Yalta
Yalta is a large resort city on the Southern Coast. The city is the center of a large agglomeration - Greater Yalta, which includes villages Alupka, Livadia, Oreanda, Massandra.
Yalta has the best climatic conditions for the treatment of patients with diseases of the nervous and respiratory systems. The local ecosystem is unique, as it was formed under the influence of both mountainous and coastal climates.
Within the city there are many historical and architectural attractions. Among the latter, “ bird home“- a building on a steep cliff above the sea, externally reminiscent of a medieval castle. In addition, there are many other memorable places in Yalta, including the Livadia, Vorontsov and Massandra palace complexes.
Outside the city there are waterfalls Wuchang-Su, mountains Ayu-Dag And Ai-Petri, lake Karagol, Cape Nature Reserve Martyan. The developed transport infrastructure allows you to get to any of these attractions.
Sevastopol
Sevastopol is a large sea port, home of the Black Sea Fleet. The city is surrounded mountain range which may seem for interesting connoisseurs active rest.
There are many agencies in Sevastopol that are ready to organize diving and windsurfing, horseback riding, and trips along the coast on motor boats and sailing yachts.
Simferopol
Simferopol is located far from the coast, but when traveling to the South Coast it is almost impossible to pass this city. The administrative map of Crimea designates it as the center of the republic. Considering rich history Simferopol, in the city and near it there are many monuments of the past - Scythian Naples, house Vorontsova, estate Sabers.
There are many museums and galleries, several theaters and philharmonic societies in Simferopol. Near the city there is the Su-Uchkhan waterfall and the adjacent Kizil-Koba cave, which is an ancient karst system no less than 21 kilometers long.
Alushta
Moving along the mountain highway from Simferopol to the south, you can get to Alushta - the second most popular resort on the Crimean coast of the Black Sea after Yalta. The length of the health and tourism complex of Alushta is about 90 kilometers - this is Big Alushta, located between Partenit and the village of Privetnoye.
Alushta is located in a valley surrounded by the mountain peaks of Demerdzhi, Eklizi-Burun and Roman-Kosh.
You can explore the historical sights of Alushta, including the house-museums of writers Ivan Shmelev and Sergei Sergeev-Tsensky. Outside the city there is also the Museum of Nature of the Crimean Reserve along with an arboretum. There are many attractions and entertainment complexes within walking distance from the shore.
Evpatoria
The city of Evpatoria is located in the western part of the peninsula, among many salt lakes. This - ideal conditions for the activities of balneological hospitals. In addition to the Evpatoria waters, local mud has a healing effect.
Quantity sunny days in the city more than in Yalta. The swimming season in Evpatoria begins early, as the shallow Kalamitsky Bay warms up quickly.
In summer, the Evpatoria coast is characterized by breezes that provide cool air with warm water.
Near Evpatoria there are the resorts Zaozernoye, Novofedorovka and Nikolaevka. The city is also located in close proximity to the Evpatoria group of lakes, including the Sivash and Moinaki reservoirs. There is a water park on the Evpatoria beach.
Alupka
The city of Alupka is located in the place where the Main mountain range of the Crimean Mountains comes closest to the sea coast. To get here along the winding serpentines, you need a map of the peninsula. The streets in the city are confusing; many neighborhoods have the characteristics of mountain settlements. The length of Alupka along the coast is 4.5 kilometers, and the Ai-Petri peak rises above the city.
Alupka is integral part agglomeration Big Yalta. In addition to resorts, Alupka attracts tourists with the Vorontsov Palace, an architectural monument from the times of the Russian Empire.
Livadia
The settlement of Livadia is another part of Greater Yalta. The village was once used as a summer imperial residence, and in memory of those times, the Livadia Palace has been preserved, today open to tourists.
Travelers are also interested in Livadia Park, famous for its diversity of plants and shrubs, as well as its unusual landscape. This park is the oldest on the coast. To get to know the surroundings of Livadia in more detail, vacationers can use the services of one of the many agencies that organize excursions - however, you can go for a walk on your own.
Oreanda
The village of Oreanda, along with Alupka and Livadia, is a district of Greater Yalta. Its distinctive feature is its natural landscapes. Fans of active recreation can visit Krestovaya Mountain located near the village and walk along the Tsar’s Path.
Oreanda is known for its Golden Beach, which is considered the best in Greater Yalta. This beach is a natural stretch of coastline strewn with polished pebbles. The local sea air is suitable for treating people with respiratory diseases.
Massandra
Massandra is an eastern suburb of Yalta. Famous wines are produced here: many of the mountain slopes near Massandra are devoted to vineyards. In the village there is a winemaking plant of the same name, which owns a rich collection of wines.
In addition to winemaking, Massandra is famous for the palace of Alexander III, as well as the Massandra Park.
Bakhchisarai
Bakhchisaray, like Simferopol, is a “continental” resort. Despite the lack of beaches, about half a million tourists visit the city every year. They are mainly attracted by the medieval atmosphere of the city. In addition, Bakhchisaray has an advantageous geographical position, and is located at an important transport junction between Sevastopol and Simferopol.
The main attraction of Bakhchisarai is the Khan's palace. In the vicinity of the city you can see “cave cities”, as well as magnificent natural attractions: the settlement is located between the Inner and Outer ridges of the Crimean Mountains.
Kerch
Kerch is the easternmost city of the peninsula, its “sea gate” for those traveling by ferry. The city is interesting because it is a port of both the Black and Azov Seas, and the waters of Sivash are also located in close proximity to it. Both seas, as well as the lake, have different hydrological regimes, so recreation conditions on their coasts differ.
In the vicinity of the city, the steppe landscape predominates. Those who wish, in addition to the beaches, can visit the Melek-Chesme mound - an ancient well-preserved burial site, today converted into a museum.
Old Crimea
This city is located in the east of the peninsula in a place where the steppe, mountains and sea touch. The town is remote from the main tourist routes. However, the locality has a developed resort infrastructure, and is suitable for those who want to spend their vacation in solitude, away from noisy places where travelers gather.
There are several galleries and museums in Old Crimea, including the house-museum of Konstantin Paustovsky, as well as the ethnographic museum of the Crimean Tatars.
Nature of Crimea
A detailed map of Crimea in Russian allows you to see that according to the type of landscapes, the peninsula is divided into two zones: the first, steppe, occupies two thirds of its territory, and the second, mountain– remaining space.
The steppe extends from the northern outskirts of the peninsula to its central part, smoothly turns into hills, and then is replaced by mountainous terrain. There are areas in the mountains that are not inhabited by humans.
The nature of the vegetation cover directly depends on the features of the relief. So, grass grows in the steppes, but there are no forests. And vice versa: in mountainous areas trees predominate, especially with a developed root system, which are firmly attached to the rocks. Relict vegetation is common on the South Coast.
Climate and weather of Crimea
The peninsula is located in three climatic macroregions; there are also twenty microregions on its territory. Macroregions due to terrain. First macroregion – steppe– located in the northern and eastern parts of the peninsula, second – foothill and mountain– in the center and closer to the south, and third – South coast– near the very edge of the Black Sea.
“Home” winds near the coast are rare; they blow much more often in the steppe. Throughout the entire peninsula, air flows from the east and northeast predominate, with the only exception being Feodosia, which is open to western winds.
As for precipitation, in the steppe part of the region there is an insufficient level of moisture. The most precipitation on the peninsula falls on the northern spurs of the Crimean Mountains - more than 1000 mm annually.
The territory subordinate to the city of Sevastopol, as well as the northern part of the Arabat Spit belonging to the Kherson region of Ukraine, are located on the Crimean Peninsula, but are not part of the republic.
Population
Population of urban districts and districts
Distribution of the permanent population by urban districts and regions of the Republic of Crimea according to the population census in the Crimean Federal District as of October 14, 2014 and according to current records as of July 1, 2014:
| urban district/ area |
Total 14.X. 2014 people |
urban population 14.X. 2014 people |
% | rural population 14.X. 2014 people |
% | Total 1.VII. 2014 people |
urban population 1.VII. 2014 people |
% | rural population 1.VII. 2014 people |
% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republic of Crimea | 1891465 | 959916 | 50,75% | 931549 | 49,25% | 1884473 | 956332 | 50,75% | 928141 | 49,25% |
| Simferopol | 352363 | 332317 | 94,31% | 20046 | 5,69% | 351544 | 331492 | 94,30% | 20052 | 5,70% |
| Alushta | 52318 | 29078 | 55,58% | 23240 | 44,42% | 52084 | 28959 | 55,60% | 23125 | 44,40% |
| Armyansk | 24415 | 21987 | 90,06% | 2428 | 9,94% | 24328 | 21909 | 90,06% | 2419 | 9,94% |
| Dzhankoy | 38622 | 38622 | 100,00% | 0 | 0,00% | 38494 | 38494 | 100,00% | 0 | 0,00% |
| Evpatoria | 119258 | 105719 | 88,65% | 13539 | 11,35% | 118643 | 105232 | 88,70% | 13411 | 11,30% |
| Kerch | 147033 | 147033 | 100,00% | 0 | 0,00% | 146066 | 146066 | 100,00% | 0 | 0,00% |
| Krasnoperekopsk | 26268 | 26268 | 100,00% | 0 | 0,00% | 26183 | 26183 | 100,00% | 0 | 0,00% |
| Saki | 25146 | 25146 | 100,00% | 0 | 0,00% | 25016 | 25016 | 100,00% | 0 | 0,00% |
| Zander | 32278 | 16492 | 51,09% | 15786 | 48,91% | 31981 | 16339 | 51,09% | 15642 | 48,91% |
| Feodosia | 100962 | 69038 | 68,38% | 31924 | 31,62% | 100629 | 68823 | 68,39% | 31806 | 31,61% |
| Yalta | 133675 | 84517 | 63,23% | 49158 | 36,77% | 133176 | 84250 | 63,26% | 48926 | 36,74% |
| Bakhchisarai district | 90911 | 27448 | 30,19% | 63463 | 69,81% | 90731 | 27395 | 30,19% | 63336 | 69,81% |
| Belogorsky district | 60445 | 16354 | 27,06% | 44091 | 72,94% | 60311 | 16327 | 27,07% | 43984 | 72,93% |
| Dzhankoy district | 68429 | 0 | 0,00% | 68429 | 100,00% | 68201 | 0,00% | 68201 | 100,00% | |
| Kirovsky district | 50834 | 9277 | 18,25% | 41557 | 81,75% | 50559 | 9228 | 18,25% | 41331 | 81,75% |
| Krasnogvardeisky district | 83135 | 0 | 0,00% | 83135 | 100,00% | 82860 | 0 | 0,00% | 82860 | 100,00% |
| Krasnoperekopsky district | 24738 | 0 | 0,00% | 24738 | 100,00% | 24661 | 0 | 0,00% | 24661 | 100,00% |
| Leninsky district | 61143 | 10620 | 17,37% | 50523 | 82,63% | 61138 | 10619 | 17,37% | 50519 | 82,63% |
| Nizhnegorsky district | 45092 | 0 | 0,00% | 45092 | 100,00% | 44938 | 0 | 0,00% | 44938 | 100,00% |
| Pervomaisky district | 32789 | 0 | 0,00% | 32789 | 100,00% | 32750 | 0 | 0,00% | 32750 | 100,00% |
| Razdolnensky district | 30633 | 0 | 0,00% | 30633 | 100,00% | 30458 | 0 | 0,00% | 30458 | 100,00% |
| Saki district | 76489 | 0 | 0,00% | 76489 | 100,00% | 76227 | 0 | 0,00% | 76227 | 100,00% |
| Simferopol district | 152091 | 0 | 0,00% | 152091 | 100,00% | 151346 | 0 | 0,00% | 151346 | 100,00% |
| Sovetsky district | 31898 | 0 | 0,00% | 31898 | 100,00% | 31758 | 0 | 0,00% | 31758 | 100,00% |
| Chernomorsky district | 30500 | 0 | 0,00% | 30500 | 100,00% | 30391 | 0 | 0,00% | 30391 | 100,00% |
Settlements
Main article: Large settlements of CrimeaIn the Republic of Crimea there are 1019 settlements, including 16 urban settlements (16 cities) and 1003 rural settlements (including 56 urban settlements (counted as rural) and 947 villages and towns).
Story
In the period from the end of 1917 to the end of 1920, Crimea passed “from hand to hand” (Muslims, “Reds”, Germans, Ukrainians, again “Reds”, “Whites”, and again “Reds”). After the final establishment of Soviet power in Crimea, 2 new districts were formed - Sevastopol (December 15, 1920) and Kerch (December 25, 1920).
On January 8, 1921, the division of counties into volosts was abolished. Instead, a county-district system was created. In the Dzhankoy (formerly Perekop) district the Armenian and Dzhankoy districts were formed; in Kerch - Kerchensky and Petrovsky; in Sevastopol - Sevastopol and Bakhchisarai; in Simferopol - Biyuk-Onlarsky, Karasubazarsky, Sarabuzsky and Simferopolsky; in Feodosiya - Ichkinsky, Staro-Krymsky, Sudak and Feodosiya; in Yalta - Alushta and Yalta.
Crimean ASSR
On October 18, 1921, by a resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the Tauride province of the RSFSR was transformed into the Crimean ASSR, divided into 7 districts (former counties), which, in turn, were divided into 20 districts.
In November 1923, the districts were abolished and 15 districts were created in their place: Ak-Mechetsky, Alushta, Armenian, Bakhchisarai, Dzhankoy, Evpatoria, Kerch, Karasubazar, Sarabuz, Sevastopol, Simferopol, Staro-Krymsky, Sudak, Feodosia and Yalta. However, already in 1924, Ak-Mechetsky, Alushta, Armenian, Sarabuz and Staro-Krymsky districts were abolished.
On October 30, 1930, instead of 10 districts, 16 were created: Ak-Mechetsky, Alushtinsky, Balaklava, Bakhchisaraysky, Biyuk-Onlarsky, Dzhankoysky, Evpatoriya, Ishunsky, Karasubazarsky, Leninsky, Seytlersky, Simferopol, Staro-Krymsky, Sudak, Feodosia and Yalta. The cities of Kerch, Sevastopol, Simferopol and Feodosia were under republican subordination.
In 1935, 10 new districts were formed: Ak-Sheikhsky, Ichkinsky, Kirovsky, Kolaisky, Kuibyshevsky, Larindorfsky, Mayak-Salynsky, Saki, Telmansky and Freidorfsky. The Feodosia district was abolished. In 1937, the Zuysky district was formed.
Some districts had national status: Balaklava, Kuibyshev, Bakhchisarai, Yalta, Alushta, Sudak - Crimean Tatar, Freidorf and Larindorf - Jewish, Buyuk-Onlar and Telman - German, Ishunsky (later Krasnoperekopsky) - Ukrainian. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, all regions lost their national status (in 1938 - German, in - Jewish, then all the rest).
On the map, Crimean Tatar areas are highlighted in turquoise, Jewish areas in blue, German areas in orange, Ukrainian areas in yellow, and mixed areas in pink.
| 1 Akmechitsky (Ak-Mechetsky) district | 15 Kuibyshevsky district (center Albat) |
| 2 Aksheikh (Ak-Sheikh) district | 16 Larindorf district (center of Jurchi) |
| 3 Alushta district | 17 Leninsky district |
| 4 Balaklava district | 18 Mayak-Salynsky district |
| 5 Bakhchisarai district | 19 Saki district |
| 6 Buyuk Onlar district | 20 Seyitlersky district |
| 7 Dzhankoy district | 21 Simferopol district |
| 8 Yevpatoriya district | 22 Starokrymsky district |
| 9 Zuysky district | 23 Sudak district |
| 10 Ichkinsky district | 24 Telmansky district (center Kurman-Kemelchi) |
| 11 Kalaisky district | 25 Freidorf district |
| 12 Karasubazar district | 26 Yalta district |
| 13 Kirovsky district (center Islyam-Terek) | 27 Sevastopol |
| 14 Krasnoperekopsky district |
Crimean region
On December 14, 1944, 11 districts of Crimea were renamed: Ak-Mechetsky - to Black Sea, Ak-Sheikhsky - to Razdolnensky, Biyuk-Onlarsky - to Oktyabrsky, Ichkinsky - to Sovetsky, Karasubazarsky - to Belogorsky, Kolaisky - to Azovsky, Larindorfsky - to Pervomaisky , Mayak-Salynsky - to Primorsky, Seitlersky - to Nizhnegorsky, Telmansky - to Krasnogvardeysky, Freidorfsky - to Novoselovsky.
On June 30, 1945, the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was transformed into the Crimean region. In addition to 26 districts, it included 6 cities of regional subordination: Evpatoria, Kerch, Sevastopol, Simferopol, Feodosia and Yalta.
In 1948, Sevastopol was separated into an “independent administrative and economic center” and “classified as a city of republican subordination” [⇨] . In the same year, the Yalta region was abolished. In 1953, the Novoselovsky district was abolished, in 1957-1959 - the Balaklava, Zuysky and Staro-Krymsky districts. The city of Dzhankoy came under regional subordination.
On December 30, 1962, the Azov, Kirov, Kuibyshev, Oktyabrsky, Pervomaisky, Primorsky, Razdolnensky, Saki, Simferopol, Sovetsky and Sudak districts were abolished. The remaining 10 districts (Alushta, Bakhchisaray, Belogorsky, Dzhankoy, Evpatoriya, Krasnogvardeysky, Krasnoperekopsky, Leninsky, Nizhnegorsky and Chernomorsky) were transformed into rural areas. In 1963, instead of the Evpatoria district, the Saki district was created. In 1964, the Alushta district was abolished, and Alushta was transformed into a city of regional subordination.
On January 4, 1965, rural areas were transformed into districts. The Kirov, Razdolnensky and Simferopol districts were also restored. In 1966, Pervomaisky and Sovetsky districts were created. In 1979, Saki received the status of a city of regional subordination. In the same year, the Sudak district was formed.
After 1991
In 1993, Armyansk received the status of a city of republican subordination.
After 2014
In 2014, territories with settlements subordinate to city councils of cities of republican subordination received the status of municipalities as urban districts.
All urban-type settlements that had this status at the time of joining Russia in March 2014 lost their status as urban settlements and were classified as rural settlements; It was in this capacity that they were taken into account in the 2014 census materials, which led to the statistical phenomenon of an increase in the rural population and a decrease in the urban population of the Republic of Crimea.
see also
Write a review about the article "Administrative-territorial division of the Republic of Crimea"
Notes
Links
- // Topographic maps of regions of Ukraine 1:200000, approximately 2006
- // Topographic maps of regions of Ukraine 1:200000, approximately 2006
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
An excerpt characterizing the administrative-territorial division of the Republic of Crimea
“Lanciers du sixieme, [Lancers of the sixth regiment.],” said Dolokhov, without shortening or increasing the horse’s stride. The black figure of a sentry stood on the bridge.– Mot d’ordre? [Review?] – Dolokhov held his horse and rode at a walk.
– Dites donc, le colonel Gerard est ici? [Tell me, is Colonel Gerard here?] - he said.
“Mot d'ordre!” said the sentry without answering, blocking the road.
“Quand un officier fait sa ronde, les sentinelles ne demandent pas le mot d"ordre...,” Dolokhov shouted, suddenly flushing, running his horse into the sentry. “Je vous demande si le colonel est ici?” [When an officer goes around the chain, the sentries do not ask review... I ask, is the colonel here?]
And, without waiting for an answer from the guard who stood aside, Dolokhov walked up the hill at a pace.
Noticing the black shadow of a man crossing the road, Dolokhov stopped this man and asked where the commander and officers were? This man, a soldier with a bag on his shoulder, stopped, came close to Dolokhov’s horse, touching it with his hand, and simply and friendly said that the commander and officers were higher on the mountain, with right side, in the farmyard (that’s what he called the master’s estate).
Having driven along the road, on both sides of which French conversation could be heard from the fires, Dolokhov turned into the courtyard of the manor’s house. Having passed through the gate, he dismounted from his horse and approached a large blazing fire, around which several people were sitting, talking loudly. Something was boiling in a pot on the edge, and a soldier in a cap and blue overcoat, kneeling, brightly illuminated by the fire, stirred it with a ramrod.
“Oh, c"est un dur a cuire, [You can’t deal with this devil.],” said one of the officers sitting in the shadows on the opposite side of the fire.
“Il les fera marcher les lapins... [He will get through them...],” said another with a laugh. Both fell silent, peering into the darkness at the sound of the steps of Dolokhov and Petya, approaching the fire with their horses.
- Bonjour, messieurs! [Hello, gentlemen!] - Dolokhov said loudly and clearly.
The officers stirred in the shadow of the fire, and one, a tall officer with a long neck, walked around the fire and approached Dolokhov.
“C”est vous, Clement?” he said. “D”ou, diable... [Is that you, Clement? Where the hell...] - but he did not finish, having learned his mistake, and, frowning slightly, as if he were a stranger, he greeted Dolokhov, asking him how he could serve. Dolokhov said that he and a friend were catching up with their regiment, and asked, turning to everyone in general, if the officers knew anything about the sixth regiment. Nobody knew anything; and it seemed to Petya that the officers began to examine him and Dolokhov with hostility and suspicion. Everyone was silent for a few seconds.
“Si vous comptez sur la soupe du soir, vous venez trop tard, [If you are counting on dinner, then you are late.],” said a voice from behind the fire with a restrained laugh.
Dolokhov replied that they were full and that they needed to move on at night.
He gave the horses to the soldier who was stirring the pot, and squatted down by the fire next to the long-necked officer. This officer, without taking his eyes off, looked at Dolokhov and asked him again: what regiment was he in? Dolokhov did not answer, as if he had not heard the question, and, lighting a short French pipe, which he took out of his pocket, asked the officers how safe the road was from the Cossacks ahead of them.
“Les brigands sont partout, [These robbers are everywhere.],” answered the officer from behind the fire.
Dolokhov said that the Cossacks were terrible only for such backward people as he and his comrade, but that the Cossacks probably did not dare to attack large detachments, he added questioningly. Nobody answered.
“Well, now he’ll leave,” Petya thought every minute, standing in front of the fire and listening to his conversation.
But Dolokhov again began the conversation that had stopped and directly began asking how many people they had in the battalion, how many battalions, how many prisoners. Asking about the captured Russians who were with their detachment, Dolokhov said:
– La vilaine affaire de trainer ces cadavres apres soi. Vaudrait mieux fusiller cette canaille, [It’s a bad thing to carry these corpses around with you. It would be better to shoot this bastard.] - and laughed loudly with such a strange laugh that Petya thought the French would now recognize the deception, and he involuntarily took a step away from the fire. No one responded to Dolokhov’s words and laughter, and the French officer, who was not visible (he was lying wrapped in an overcoat), stood up and whispered something to his comrade. Dolokhov stood up and called to the soldier with the horses.
“Will they serve the horses or not?” - Petya thought, involuntarily approaching Dolokhov.
The horses were brought in.
“Bonjour, messieurs, [Here: farewell, gentlemen.],” said Dolokhov.
Petya wanted to say bonsoir [good evening] and could not finish the words. The officers were whispering something to each other. Dolokhov took a long time to mount the horse, which was not standing; then he walked out of the gate. Petya rode beside him, wanting and not daring to look back to see whether the French were running or not running after them.
Having reached the road, Dolokhov drove not back into the field, but along the village. At one point he stopped, listening.
- Do you hear? - he said.
Petya recognized the sounds of Russian voices and saw the dark figures of Russian prisoners near the fires. Going down to the bridge, Petya and Dolokhov passed the sentry, who, without saying a word, walked gloomily along the bridge, and drove out into the ravine where the Cossacks were waiting.
- Well, goodbye now. Tell Denisov that at dawn, at the first shot,” said Dolokhov and wanted to go, but Petya grabbed him with his hand.
- No! - he cried, - you are such a hero. Oh, how good! How great! How I love you.
“Okay, okay,” said Dolokhov, but Petya did not let him go, and in the darkness Dolokhov saw that Petya was bending down towards him. He wanted to kiss. Dolokhov kissed him, laughed and, turning his horse, disappeared into the darkness.
X
Returning to the guardhouse, Petya found Denisov in the entryway. Denisov, in excitement, anxiety and annoyance at himself for letting Petya go, was waiting for him.
- God bless! - he shouted. - Well, thank God! - he repeated, listening to Petya’s enthusiastic story. “What the hell, I couldn’t sleep because of you!” Denisov said. “Well, thank God, now go to bed.” Still sighing and eating until the end.
“Yes... No,” said Petya. – I don’t want to sleep yet. Yes, I know myself, if I fall asleep, it’s over. And then I got used to not sleeping before the battle.
Petya sat for some time in the hut, joyfully recalling the details of his trip and vividly imagining what would happen tomorrow. Then, noticing that Denisov had fallen asleep, he got up and went into the yard.
It was still completely dark outside. The rain had passed, but drops were still falling from the trees. Close to the guardhouse one could see black figures of Cossack huts and horses tied together. Behind the hut were two black wagons with horses standing, and in the ravine the dying fire was red. The Cossacks and hussars were not all asleep: in some places, along with the sound of falling drops and the nearby sound of horses chewing, soft, as if whispering voices were heard.
Petya came out of the entryway, looked around in the darkness and approached the wagons. Someone was snoring under the wagons, and saddled horses stood around them, chewing oats. In the darkness, Petya recognized his horse, which he called Karabakh, although it was a Little Russian horse, and approached it.
“Well, Karabakh, we’ll serve tomorrow,” he said, smelling her nostrils and kissing her.
- What, master, aren’t you sleeping? - said the Cossack sitting under the truck.
- No; and... Likhachev, I think your name is? After all, I just arrived. We went to the French. - And Petya told the Cossack in detail not only his trip, but also why he went and why he believes that it is better to risk his life than to make Lazar at random.
“Well, they should have slept,” said the Cossack.
“No, I’m used to it,” answered Petya. - What, you don’t have flints in your pistols? I brought it with me. Isn't it necessary? You take it.
The Cossack leaned out from under the truck to take a closer look at Petya.
“Because I’m used to doing everything carefully,” said Petya. “Some people just don’t get ready, and then they regret it.” I don't like it that way.
“That’s for sure,” said the Cossack.
“And one more thing, please, my dear, sharpen my saber; dull it... (but Petya was afraid to lie) it was never sharpened. Can this be done?
- Why, it’s possible.
Likhachev stood up, rummaged through his packs, and Petya soon heard the warlike sound of steel on a block. He climbed onto the truck and sat on the edge of it. The Cossack was sharpening his saber under the truck.
- Well, are the fellows sleeping? - said Petya.
– Some are sleeping, and some are like this.
- Well, what about the boy?
- Is it spring? He collapsed there in the entryway. He sleeps with fear. I was really glad.
For a long time after this, Petya was silent, listening to the sounds. Footsteps were heard in the darkness and a black figure appeared.
- What are you sharpening? – the man asked, approaching the truck.
- But sharpen the master’s saber.
“Good job,” said the man who seemed to Petya to be a hussar. - Do you still have a cup?
- And over there by the wheel.
The hussar took the cup.
“It’ll probably be light soon,” he said, yawning, and walked off somewhere.
Petya should have known that he was in the forest, in Denisov’s party, a mile from the road, that he was sitting on a wagon captured from the French, around which the horses were tied, that the Cossack Likhachev was sitting under him and sharpening his saber, that there was a big black spot to the right is a guardhouse, and a bright red spot below to the left is a dying fire, that the man who came for a cup is a hussar who was thirsty; but he knew nothing and did not want to know it. He was in a magical kingdom in which there was nothing like reality. A large black spot, perhaps there was definitely a guardhouse, or perhaps there was a cave that led into the very depths of the earth. The red spot might have been fire, or maybe the eye of a huge monster. Maybe he’s definitely sitting on a wagon now, but it’s very possible that he’s not sitting on a wagon, but on a terrible high tower, from which if you fall, you would fly to the ground for a whole day, a whole month - you’d keep flying and never reach it. It may be that just a Cossack Likhachev is sitting under the truck, but it may very well be that this is the kindest, bravest, most wonderful, most excellent person in the world, whom no one knows. Maybe it was just a hussar passing for water and going into the ravine, or maybe he just disappeared from sight and completely disappeared, and he was not there.
Whatever Petya saw now, nothing would surprise him. He was in a magical kingdom where everything was possible.
He looked at the sky. And the sky was as magical as the earth. The sky was clearing, and clouds were moving quickly over the tops of the trees, as if revealing the stars. Sometimes it seemed that the sky cleared and a black, clear sky appeared. Sometimes it seemed that these black spots were clouds. Sometimes it seemed as if the sky was rising high, high above your head; sometimes the sky dropped completely, so that you could reach it with your hand.
Petya began to close his eyes and sway.
Drops were dripping. There was a quiet conversation. The horses neighed and fought. Someone was snoring.
“Ozhig, zhig, zhig, zhig...” the saber being sharpened whistled. And suddenly Petya heard a harmonious choir of music playing some unknown, solemnly sweet hymn. Petya was musical, just like Natasha, and more than Nikolai, but he had never studied music, did not think about music, and therefore the motives that unexpectedly came to his mind were especially new and attractive to him. The music played louder and louder. The melody grew, moving from one instrument to another. What was called a fugue was happening, although Petya had not the slightest idea what a fugue was. Each instrument, sometimes similar to a violin, sometimes like trumpets - but better and cleaner than violins and trumpets - each instrument played its own and, not yet finishing the tune, merged with another, which started almost the same, and with the third, and with the fourth , and they all merged into one and scattered again, and again merged, now into the solemn church, now into the brightly brilliant and victorious.
“Oh, yes, it’s me in a dream,” Petya said to himself, swaying forward. - It's in my ears. Or maybe it's my music. Well, again. Go ahead my music! Well!.."
He closed his eyes. And with different sides, as if from afar, sounds began to tremble, began to harmonize, scatter, merge, and again everything united into the same sweet and solemn hymn. “Oh, what a delight this is! As much as I want and how I want,” Petya said to himself. He tried to lead this huge choir of instruments.
“Well, hush, hush, freeze now. – And the sounds obeyed him. - Well, now it’s fuller, more fun. More, even more joyful. – And from an unknown depth arose intensifying, solemn sounds. “Well, voices, pester!” - Petya ordered. And first, male voices were heard from afar, then female voices. The voices grew, grew in uniform, solemn effort. Petya was scared and joyful to listen to their extraordinary beauty.
The song merged with the solemn victory march, and drops fell, and burn, burn, burn... the saber whistled, and again the horses fought and neighed, not breaking the choir, but entering into it.
Petya didn’t know how long this lasted: he enjoyed himself, was constantly surprised by his pleasure and regretted that there was no one to tell it to. He was awakened by Likhachev's gentle voice.
- Ready, your honor, you will split the guard in two.
Petya woke up.
- It’s already dawn, really, it’s dawning! - he screamed.
The previously invisible horses became visible up to their tails, and a watery light was visible through the bare branches. Petya shook himself, jumped up, took a ruble from his pocket and gave it to Likhachev, waved, tried the saber and put it in the sheath. The Cossacks untied the horses and tightened the girths.
“Here is the commander,” said Likhachev. Denisov came out of the guardhouse and, calling out to Petya, ordered them to get ready.
Quickly in the semi-darkness they dismantled the horses, tightened the girths and sorted out the teams. Denisov stood at the guardhouse, giving the last orders. The party's infantry, slapping a hundred feet, marched forward along the road and quickly disappeared between the trees in the predawn fog. Esaul ordered something to the Cossacks. Petya held his horse on the reins, impatiently awaiting the order to mount. Washed cold water, his face, especially his eyes, burned with fire, a chill ran down his back, and something in his whole body was trembling quickly and evenly.
- Well, is everything ready for you? - Denisov said. - Give us the horses.
The horses were brought in. Denisov became angry with the Cossack because the girths were weak, and, scolding him, sat down. Petya took hold of the stirrup. The horse, out of habit, wanted to bite his leg, but Petya, not feeling his weight, quickly jumped into the saddle and, looking back at the hussars who were moving behind in the darkness, rode up to Denisov.
- Vasily Fedorovich, will you entrust me with something? Please... for God's sake... - he said. Denisov seemed to have forgotten about Petya’s existence. He looked back at him.
“I ask you about one thing,” he said sternly, “to obey me and not interfere anywhere.”
During the entire journey, Denisov did not speak a word to Petya and rode in silence. When we arrived at the edge of the forest, the field was noticeably getting lighter. Denisov spoke in a whisper with the esaul, and the Cossacks began to drive past Petya and Denisov. When they had all passed, Denisov started his horse and rode downhill. Sitting on their hindquarters and sliding, the horses descended with their riders into the ravine. Petya rode next to Denisov. The trembling throughout his body intensified. It became lighter and lighter, only the fog hid distant objects. Moving down and looking back, Denisov nodded his head to the Cossack standing next to him.
- Signal! - he said.
The Cossack raised his hand and a shot rang out. And at the same instant, the tramp of galloping horses was heard in front, screams from different sides and more shots.
At the same instant as the first sounds of stomping and screaming were heard, Petya, hitting his horse and releasing the reins, not listening to Denisov, who was shouting at him, galloped forward. It seemed to Petya that it suddenly dawned as brightly as the middle of the day at that moment when the shot was heard. He galloped towards the bridge. Cossacks galloped along the road ahead. On the bridge he encountered a lagging Cossack and rode on. Some people ahead - they must have been French - were running from the right side of the road to the left. One fell into the mud under the feet of Petya's horse.
Cossacks crowded around one hut, doing something. A terrible scream was heard from the middle of the crowd. Petya galloped up to this crowd, and the first thing he saw was the pale face of a Frenchman with a shaking lower jaw, holding onto the shaft of a lance pointed at him.
“Hurray!.. Guys... ours...” Petya shouted and, giving the reins to the overheated horse, galloped forward down the street.
Shots were heard ahead. Cossacks, hussars and ragged Russian prisoners, running from both sides of the road, were all shouting something loudly and awkwardly. A handsome Frenchman, without a hat, with a red, frowning face, in a blue overcoat, fought off the hussars with a bayonet. When Petya galloped up, the Frenchman had already fallen. I was late again, Petya flashed in his head, and he galloped to where frequent shots were heard. Shots rang out in the courtyard of the manor house where he was with Dolokhov last night. The French sat down there behind a fence in a dense garden overgrown with bushes and fired at the Cossacks crowded at the gate. Approaching the gate, Petya, in the powder smoke, saw Dolokhov with a pale, greenish face, shouting something to the people. “Take a detour! Wait for the infantry!” - he shouted, while Petya drove up to him.
