The meaning of the surname Ilinskaya in Oblomov’s novel. I.A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”: a system of proper names. labor practical education
Home > AbstractsAnthroponyms in the novels of I.A. Goncharova
“Oblomov”, “Cliff” and “Ordinary History”
Andrey Fedotov, 10th grade student at the gymnasium
№ 295 St. Petersburg, scientific. hands Belokurova S.P.
Introduction
The purpose of this work is to study proper names (anthroponyms) in I. A. Goncharov’s novels “An Ordinary Story”, “Oblomov”, “Cliff”, since the analysis and identification of the features and patterns of naming characters allows, as a rule, to more fully reveal the author’s intention, identify the features of the author's style. In the work “The role of names and surnames in the novels of A.I. Goncharov’s “Oblomov”, “Ordinary History” and “Cliff””, the meanings of names were explored, the connections between the hero’s name and his character functions were revealed, as well as the relationships between the heroes with each other. The result of the research was the compilation of the dictionary “Goncharov’s Onomasticon” for the novels “Ordinary History”, “Oblomov” and “Precipice”. In the science of language, there is a special section, a whole area of linguistic research devoted to names, titles, denominations - onomastics. Onomastics has a number of sections, which are traditionally distinguished in accordance with the categories of proper names. ANTHROPONYMYS studies people's proper names. ANTHROPONYMS - proper names people (individual and group): personal names, patronymics (patronyms), surnames, family names, nicknames, nicknames, pseudonyms, cryptonyms (hidden names). In fiction, the names of the characters participate in the construction of the artistic image. The character's first and last name, as a rule, is deeply thought out by the author and is often used by him to characterize the hero. Character names are divided into three types: meaningful, speaking, And semantically neutral.Meaningful Usually names are given that fully characterize the hero. N.V. Gogol, for example, in the comedy “The Inspector General,” gives his heroes meaningful surnames: this is Lyapkin-Tyapkin, for whom nothing worthwhile ever came of it and everything fell out of hand, and Derzhimorda, a policeman, who was appointed so that he would not allow petitioners to come to Khlestakov. To the second type of naming - speaking- these include those names and surnames whose meanings are not so transparent, but are quite easily detected either in the phonetic appearance of the hero’s name and surname. In the poem “Dead Souls”, telling surnames abound: Chichikov - the repetition of the syllable “chi” seems to make the reader understand that the hero’s naming is reminiscent of either a monkey’s name or the sound of a rattle. TO semantically neutral includes all other names and surnames. As for such works as “Ordinary History”, “Oblomov” and “Cliff” by I.A. Goncharov, then here are mainly presented to the reader meaningful And speaking first and last names, and the latter should be deciphered. Since the works of I. A. Goncharov are not historical chronicles, the naming of the heroes is determined only by the will of the writer.
II. Names of characters and their role in "Ordinary History"
“An Ordinary Story”, the first novel of Goncharov’s famous trilogy, was published in 1847. This work is smaller than others in volume and simpler in composition - there are practically no additional storylines, so there are few characters. This makes it easier to analyze anthroponyms. Let's dwell on the names of the main characters. Alexander Fedorovich Aduev . Alexander translated from Greek language means ‘courageous fighter, defender of people’, and Fedor means ‘God’s gift’. Thus, if you combine the name and patronymic of Aduev Jr., it turns out that the combination of the name and patronymic of Alexander Fedorovich is not accidental: it assumes that its bearer must have a gift sent from above: to help people and protect them. Uncle Alexander is the representative of capital St. Petersburg life in the novel. Petr Ivanovich Aduev , a successful official and at the same time a breeder 1 is a pragmatic, skeptical person. Probably, the explanation for this can be found in his name, which is translated from Greek as ‘ stone’ 2. Let us also pay attention to what phonetic associations the surname Aduev evokes . Hell, hellish, hellish- words with the root “hell” remind, on the one hand, of the underworld, on the other, of the first man Adam (remember that the hero first walked the path that his nephew will repeat after him, that he is a “breeder - a pioneer”). The sound of the surname is firm, energetic - phonetically consonant not only with “hell”, but also with the command “Atu!” - sending the dog forward, setting it on the animal. Senior Aduev repeatedly speaks about the need for action, active work, career advancement. In terms of character naming, it would probably look like this: Alexander (courageous fighter, protector of people) – romantic and idealist, faces Peter (stone) – a septic and a pragmatist. And... the wave breaks on a stone. Let's look at the naming of the main female images: Hope – one of the most popular names in Rus' (in Russia). It is obvious that the naming of the heroine is by no means accidental - the author pins hopes for the future, for its development, with this female type, since the formation of this type has not yet been completed, everything is still ahead of him. For the hero of the novel, Alexander Nadenka, this is literally his “hope for love,” for the embodiment of all his ideas about an eternal, heavenly feeling. But the romance with Nadenka Lyubetskaya is doomed. Love to Julia Tafaeva, who gave Alexander hope for the resurrection of the soul, gradually, over time, turns under the pen of Goncharov almost into a farce. The name Julia is considered a divine name, and translated from Greek means ‘ the first fluff on the beard’, thus, the reader can understand that its bearer is a very weak person by nature. Lizaveta – translated from Hebrew means ‘ oath, I swear to God. Lisa - Alexander Aduev’s third lover - the namesake of Pyotr Ivanovich’s wife Lizaveta Alexandrovna. What unites the heroines is their position as victims of the interests of their lovers: the heroes are not able to give Lisa and Lizaveta Aleksandrovna the main thing they want - love. Both heroines are ready to make a sacrifice, to fulfill their “oath,” but find themselves hostages of callous and insensitive men. In the novel “An Ordinary Story” there is not only a conflict of ideas, but also a conflict of naming. Names, colliding with each other, give us an understanding of the characteristics of the characters’ characters and help to deepen our understanding of the author’s intention.
III. The role of the names of heroes in the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
Continuing the study of names and surnames in the texts of I.A. Goncharov, let us turn to Goncharov’s main work - the novel “Oblomov”. “Oblomov” - the second novel of the trilogy, the most famous among a wide range of readers from the creative heritage of I.A. Goncharov, was completed in 1857. According to the testimony of both contemporaries and descendants, the novel was a significant phenomenon in Russian literature and public life, because it touches on almost all aspects of human life, in it you can find answers to many questions to this day, and not least thanks to the image of the title character Ilya Ilyich Oblomov . One of the meanings of this name, Hebrew in origin, is ‘ My God Yahweh', ‘God's help’. The patronymic repeats the name, Goncharov’s hero is not only Ilya, but also Ilya’s son, “Ilya in a square” - a worthy successor of family traditions (this will be discussed in detail in the work). The motif of the past is also reinforced by the fact that the name of Goncharov’s hero involuntarily reminds the reader of the epic hero Ilya Muromtse. In addition, at the time of the main events of the novel, Oblomov is 33 years old - the time of the main feat, the main achievement of a man in most of the fundamental legends of world culture, both Christian and folklore. Oblomov evokes associations with the word bummer, which in literary language means action on a verb break off: 1. By breaking, separate the ends, extreme parts of something; break off around the edge. 2. trans. Simple To force someone to behave in a certain way, subjugating his will, breaking stubbornness. // It is difficult to persuade, convince, force to agree with something 3. Let's move on to the interpretation of first and last names Andrey Ivanovich Stolts . As for the surname, it came from Germanstolz– ‘proud’. The very name of this hero - the antipode of Ilya Ilyich - is in contrast to the name Oblomov. Russian name Andrey translated from Greek means ‘ courageous, brave'. The meaning of Stolz's name continues and strengthens the opposition between two heroes: meek and soft Ilya- stubborn, unbending Andrey. No wonder the most important order Russian Empire was and remains an order Andrew the First-Called. Let us also remember that it is Andrei, in honor of Stolz’s old friend, that Oblomov names his son. It is also worth mentioning the patronymic of Stolz. At first glance, this is a purely Russian patronymic - Ivanovich. But let us remember that his father is German, and, therefore, his real name is Johann . As for the name Ivan itself, this name has long been considered a typical, characteristic Russian name, beloved among our people. But it is not originally Russian. Thousands of years ago, the name was common among the Jews of Asia Minor Yehohanan. Gradually the Greeks remade Yehohanan V Ioannes. In German this name sounds like Johann. Thus, Stolz in naming is more likely not “half German”, but two-thirds, which is great importance: emphasizes the predominance of the “Western”, that is, the active principle in this hero, as opposed to the “Eastern”, that is, the contemplative principle in Oblomov. Let us turn to the female images of the novel. The role of the Beautiful Lady, who inspires Ilya Ilyich Oblomov to perform feats in the name of love, is played in the novel Olga Sergeevna Ilyinskaya . What is this heroine in terms of her naming? Name Olga- presumably from Scandinavian - means “holy, prophetic, bright, bringing light.” The surname of Oblomov’s beloved is Ilyinskaya- it is by no means accidental that by its very form it represents a possessive adjective formed from the name Ilya. According to fate, Olga Ilyinskaya was destined for Ilya Oblomov - but the insurmountability of circumstances separated them. It is curious that in the description of this heroine the words proud And pride, reminiscent of another character in the novel, whom she would later marry, turning from Olga Ilyinskaya to Olga Stolz.
IV. Anthroponyms in the novel “Cliff”
The novel “The Cliff” was created by I.A. The Goncharovs are about 20 years old. It was started almost simultaneously with Oblomov, but saw the light only in 1869. The main characters of the novel are Boris Raisky, Vera and Mark Volokhov. More precisely, as the author himself defines, “in “The Precipice” ... the three faces that occupied me most were Grandma, Raisky and Vera” 4. A bright, positive hero speaks on behalf of goodness Boris Pavlovich Raisky. The surname is clearly derived from the word “paradise”. Faith occupies a central position between two male antipodean characters in the novel. Vera, in her own way, continues to develop the image of Olga Ilyinskaya. Raisky is passionate about his cousin, but Vera cannot choose him, realizing that this is not the hero who can lead her forward and become her chosen one. Boris - the name of one of the heavenly princes-snake fighters. The serpent with whom he fights for Faith - Mark Volokhov . Volokhov, although lacking faith, is distinguished by his inner strength and originality. The hero’s false prophecy is also emphasized by the fact that the Volokhov surname goes back, perhaps, not only to the word “wolf”, but also to the name of the pagan god Veles 5. This is one of the most ancient Slavic gods, who was also considered the patron saint of hunters (remember the gun from which Volokhov shot). Confirmation of the component of the already mentioned meaning of “serpent” in the naming of the hero is the scene of Volokhov’s acquaintance with Vera. Mark steals apples (remember that Raisky speaks of Vera’s feeling as a “boa constrictor”, and that in the meaning of his name Boris there is a “snake-fighting” theme). One of the main characters of the novel is grandmother Tatyana Markovna Berezhkova - a very interesting character. At first glance, it seems that the surname comes from the word “to protect” - the grandmother takes care of the way of the estate, traditions, peace of pupils, and nephew. But on the last pages of the novel it turns out that the grandmother is still keeping a terrible secret. And her surname can easily be traced back to the “shore” with its terrible cliff.
V. Conclusion
It becomes obvious that thoughtful reading fiction impossible without researching the proper names that appear in a particular work. The study of proper names in the writer’s novels allowed us to do the following: conclusions: 1. Works by I.A. Goncharov’s works are full of “meaningful” and “speaking” proper names, and the most significant in the system of means of artistic expression of the work are the names of the main characters. 2. In the text of works, naming is carried out various functions: used for deepening the character's characteristics(Oblomov, Pyotr Aduev, Agafya Matveevna Pshenitsyna), to reveal it inner world(Oblomov, Stolz), create emotional-evaluative characteristics character (minor characters in Oblomov), serve to create contrast(Oblomov – Stolz) or, conversely, designations continuity of worldview heroes (Petr Ivanovich Aduev and Alexander Aduev, Oblomov and Zakhar), etc. 3. Compared to “An Ordinary Story”, more early work writer, in “Oblomov” and “Cliff” one can note the great semantic load of proper names.
1 In the 40s, there were practically no entrepreneurs who came from the nobility in Russia. Usually this activity was carried out by merchants.
2 On the interpretation of patronymics Ivanovich see page 14.
3 Dictionary of the Russian language in 4 volumes. T.P - M., 1986.
4 Goncharov I.A. Intentions, objectives and ideas of the novel “The Precipice”. Sob. Op. in 8 vols. – M.: Pravda, 1952.
5 Veles (Velekh) – Slavic god. The patron of livestock and wealth, the embodiment of gold, the trustee of merchants, cattle breeders, hunters and cultivators... All lower spirits obey him. The name Veles, according to many researchers, comes from the word “hairy” - shaggy, which clearly indicates the deity’s connection with cattle, of which he is the patron.
Reveal the secret of the surname OBLOMOV(in Latin transliteration OBLOMOV) looking at the results of calculations in numerological magic of numbers. You will discover hidden talents and unknown desires. You may not understand them, but you feel that you don’t know something about yourself and your loved ones.
The first letter of the surname OBLOMOV will tell you about the character
The ultimate dream is to be just the two of us. Do you see your happy life only in a closed world. Communicate with friends more often and remember: Your love for logical analysis can ruin even the best relationships.Characteristic features of the surname OBLOMOV
- constancy
- penetration abilities
- capacity for great feelings
- unity with nature
- impermanence
- lack of systematicity
- artistry
- great ingenuity
- logics
- pettiness
- thoughtfulness
- shyness
- pedantry
- hard work
- great emotionality
- mysterious disturbances
OBLOMOV: number of interaction with the world “8”
People under the influence of the number eight are characterized by a restless and purposeful character. They are rarely satisfied with what they have and strive to expand the boundaries of their capabilities as much as possible. The potential of "eight-athletes" is very great, but their demands cannot be called small, so they rarely experience a feeling of satisfaction from the work done or the joy of victory. Eight people know how to make plans and implement them, but they are forced to put up with the fact that everything turns out a little (or even completely) differently than planned.
Eight players are afraid of little. Responsibility for others and leading large teams is natural for them, as are drastic changes in life. As a rule, they get along well with others, but try to avoid too much intimacy and prefer to play the role of leader in relationships. Highly valuing intelligence, moral qualities and a sense of humor, they cannot tolerate flattery and lies, and are also very sensitive to manifestations of impoliteness and tactlessness.
The marital relationships of the “Eighters” develop peacefully, although there is not always passion or even deep affection in them. However, people of number 8 almost always strive for stable relationships and marriage - they feel uncomfortable without a permanent life partner. Their innate tact helps them avoid quarrels in the family, and their ability to both act independently and distribute responsibilities helps them cope with everyday problems.
Eights love to receive guests and do not miss the opportunity to show off their home, which is usually large and cozy. Own housing is a “fad” for many people of eight; They usually don’t feel too comfortable in rented apartments or their parents’ house. At the same time, they cannot be called money-grubbers, interested only in material goods; many 8-ers generously share everything they earn, Active participation take part in the activities of charitable organizations and help close and distant relatives with money. But the main thing that Eight people give to others is their love and sincere interest.
Eights care so much about others that sometimes they lack the strength and energy to organize their own lives. Another common problem is the pursuit of unattainable goals and the inability to remain calm and common sense when obstacles appear along the way.
OBLOMOV: the number of spiritual aspirations is “3”
The Troika has an ambiguous influence on its clients: they can be friendly and arrogant, compliant and uncompromising, sociable and closed. They like to be visible, they love comfort, but they certainly cannot be called stable, so their behavior always remains extremely unpredictable.
Those born under the sign of three equally listen to the voice of the heart and mind, and in adulthood they carry with them a baggage of invaluable experience and worldly wisdom. Accustomed to being guided in everything by the arguments of reason, C students are completely incapable of empathy, but among their acquaintances there are many vulnerable, impressionable and even unbalanced people.
Those under the influence of three can achieve success in any profession, but still prefer areas that can give stability. They have a great understanding of people, they can draw psychological picture everyone and easily find a way out of even the most difficult situations. C students feel very comfortable in secular society, know how to carry on a conversation, and have not only oratory skills, but also the ability to listen to others. They love friendly get-togethers, and if they take on the task of organizing a holiday, they do it better than any professional.
In the field personal relationships, as strange as it may seem, three people regularly face problems. They seem callous and indifferent, and are not inclined to demonstrate positive features of their own character and are rarely themselves. Such a person may well be known as a cunning liar and a hypocrite, since his desire to embellish the truth sometimes knows no bounds. He is not used to sharing his thoughts and desires with his other half, but at the same time he lives in a castle in the air that he built with his own hands.
Those born under the influence of three always find their place in the sun. He likes to tell people about his successes, often greatly exaggerating the reality. Many consider this man to be an ordinary braggart, but at the same time they do not judge him too harshly, because he is not without charm. In addition, a C student is happy to give gifts, is attentive to those in need, and often participates in charity.
OBLOMOV: the number of true features is “5”
If a person is influenced by A, then they remain adult children for a long time. Even at an advanced age, such people behave like rebellious teenagers. Such a person is ready to risk everything for a mere trifle. Thinking through and planning the consequences of their decisions is not for them. Sometimes the protest of such persons is directed against generally accepted rules and looks rather ridiculous.
In general, we can say that this is a kind of entertainment. Inventing enemies for yourself and fighting them is the main fun for an “excellent” person. A stable, calm life causes him melancholy, dissatisfaction and a desire for change.
It is interesting that even if there is temporarily no struggle in the life of such a person, he himself is drawn to dramas and tragedies. It is not only interesting to him, but also feeds his vitality. Suffering and dark stories make him curious. And this can lead to stupid actions and fatal mistakes. But an “excellent” person is simply unable to overcome this attraction. He wants to know this world thoroughly and from all sides.
Often the culprit is too vivid imagination and self-confidence. With such a set of traits, they rarely become good spouses, reliable business partners. After all, they don’t care about the future at all. They will never raise funds for significant purchases - they would rather take out a loan. They are also not able to plan their lives - the trip can be disrupted at any moment.
At the same time, they believe that fate favors them and if suddenly a serious trouble occurs, they will be able to mobilize all their talents and everything will be resolved in the best way. Even if they have already made mistakes, this does not teach them anything. They rarely draw conclusions from the situation. This is the skill they lack most.
What cannot be taken away from people under the sign of A is their erudition and outlook. They can talk about everything in the world, and it’s exciting and emotional. They will always be listened to with pleasure. If such a person has a hobby, he will try to benefit from it. In general, we can say that these people are always at the forefront.
Where the more cautious would never go, the “excellent” students will follow with joy. And for such adventures you always need to be in good physical shape, so they love sports, watch their diet and often remain slim and fit into old age.
Illness and monotonous life drive such people into depression, from which it is not easy for them to get out.
Goncharov, like Gogol, has a logically verified system of personal naming in his works, which applies to both the main characters and episodic ones:
1. Ilya Ilyich Oblomov . Name: echoes the name of a folk hero, as well as the name of the god of thunder (Ilya the Prophet), associated with the cult of fertility. Surname: the fact that the name and patronymic are duplicated indicates the hero’s close connection with his ancestors, with his father. The “doubleness” of the name shows the immutability, closed nature of Oblomov’s world Etymology of the surname: oblo - round, “cloud, envelop”, a fragment of one’s past, part of the whole, “fragmentable” - fragile, brittle (at the edges), dialectal “oblomon” - a dream , lean on your elbows (connected with the special role of such a detail as Agafya Matveevna’s bare arms, expressing the semantics of roundness, softness, bliss and laziness).
2. Olga Ilyinskaya . The method of connecting the characters with each other through names is obvious. Olga's surname indicates her closeness to the image of Oblomov. Her surname and the hero’s first name and patronymic together form a full circle of absolute consonance, the name “Ilya” repeated three times. The names of the heroes establish a hidden contact from the very beginning; the communication between Olga and Ilya is predetermined from the very beginning - the initials of the heroes mirror each other. Olga and Andrei Stolts are also related to each other.
3. Stolz stolz – pride, pride. The very adjective “pride” marks the quality attributed to foreigners by the stereotypical consciousness of Russian people. A Russian person, according to these ideas, is characterized by humility and obedience, while a foreigner is characterized by pride, even some arrogance. Pride has long been considered in Rus' one of the seven deadly sins. Dahl: “proud be- stupid reputedly”, “Pride is the devil’s delight.” (An example of Andrei’s pride. His father advises him, having arrived in St. Petersburg, to go to Ivan Bogdanovich’s friend (Andrei’s father) Reingold: “He will teach...We came from Saxony together...He has a four-story house. I'll tell you the address" Andrey: " Don’t, don’t say it, I’ll go to him when I have a four-story house, but now I’ll do without him" When Olga agreed to become his wife, he “went home with pride.” Olga also has pride: she reads Ilya’s letter and cries “with pride,” then says: “I am punished for pride.” Olga and Stolz are as if on the border of two worlds: “theirs” and “theirs”. In the “foreign” world, pride is welcomed, in “our own” it is condemned. In the Russian consciousness, the concept of “pride” is associated with individualism, selfishness, and is viewed as negative, associated with feelings of shame and guilt.
4. Oblomov's guests:
ü Volkov – a character who constantly makes "visits". His surname matches his character and reminds famous expression: “The wolf’s feet feed him.” Volkov advises Ilya to go to Goryunov, Tyumenev, Mussinsky, Mezdrov- Volkov lists a number of surnames that imitate the euphonious surnames of middle-class nobles. (the space of the text is filled with “off-stage”, “off-screen” characters), Musinsky - from the word “muse”, Apollo Musaget, Mezdrov - from “mezdra” - a thin subcutaneous layer of tissue in animals, “mezdryak” (dialect) - crybaby, weak person .
ü Sudbinsky – By constant work he achieves ranks and money. This character's last name hints at the concept of "fate" that will be developed later. Thanks to Sudbinsky, a number of surnames of Oblomov’s former colleagues appear in the text: Svinkin (lost his “business” in the department, for which he was deprived of an award. The surname is associated with the common comparison of a careless worker with a pig: to work like a pig. But the rude style is softened due to the suffix ^ " TO") .
Metaphysics of the finale
Sun. Sechkarev: “The fourth part of the novel is the most delightful and most metaphysically significant part of the novel.” The charm of Goncharov's prose is not easy to decipher. Goncharov’s great artistic talent is a kind of Venus de Milo: his beauty is felt, his strength is beyond doubt, but almost impossible to analyze and define.
The rhythm and coloring of the fourth part of the novel is set by the phrase: “ Everything fell into sleep and darkness around him" The pink-lilac color that accompanies a summer romance (two soft pink spots on the cheeks of the excited Olga, pinkish rays of the sun) gave way to white - the color of snow slowly falling to the ground: “ Everything died and was wrapped in a shroud" These words can be read metaphorically: under the snow, as well as under the shroud, his love, his hope were buried. Although Ilya will live another seven years (a significant number!), it will only be survival. As the hero admits: “ Once upon a time I lived and was in paradise", Now " bitter, lost life b". On the last pages, as if in focus, all the ideas of the novel are concentrated. Motive " crystal soul“(nobility, kindness, purity of nature) of Oblomov doomed to death is not just stated, as in the first part, but convincingly embodied (the scene of Ilya Ilyich’s sincere joy when reporting the family happiness of Stolz and Olga). The problematics of the “novel of education” come to life again in the hero’s reflections on the “ideal of life” and “the purpose of man.”
Death of Ilya Ilyich
His departure took place organically and painlessly, becoming a step in the usual direction: “eternal peace, eternal silence and lazy crawling from day to day quietly stopped the machine of life.” Usually the death of a hero is perceived as blessed by God. This phrase is forgotten: “ He had a presentiment of imminent death and was afraid of it.” This phrase is not passing, not accidental, it is in the logic of the leading theme of Oblomov’s entire story: childhood fears, frightening fantasies - the product of an unfree, monotonous life. Perhaps the philosophical approach to death that Ilya cultivated in himself last years, betrayed him at the very end, the soul of the little boy was exposed. Shyness and fear, which originated in childhood, also colored the last days of the hero’s stay on earth.
Homework questions for this lesson.
Presentation of Oblomov and Stolz - childhood, upbringing, attitude to home, to the world, justification of surnames.
What associations do the surname and first name of the main character evoke?
What is the reason for the multiple motivations for the main character's surname?
What semantic load do G.’s naming carry?
How does the naming show the contrast of the characters?
Lifestyle
What do heroes want, love, and fear most?
Attitude towards love
What is the relationship between Stolz and Oblomov?
What are Stolz and Oblomov arguing about? Ideals, attitude to reality
How is their inner world revealed in dialogues?
What is the meaning of Oblomov’s reflections alone with himself in chapter five of the second part?
Oblomov and Stolz: the meaning of comparison.
Dream or life.
Names Oblomov and. Stolz.
1.The meaning of the name.
Why is he Ilya?
Ilya is a rare name for a literary hero, and is by no means a romantic name.
One of the meanings of this name, Hebrew in origin, is God's help.
Name - Ilya Ilyich - strengthening through repetition
The patronymic repeats the name, Ilya is squared - a worthy successor of family traditions.
The name and patronymic reflect the image of time that runs through the novel -
fusion in the consciousness of the hero of the past and present.
Motive of the past reinforced by the fact that the hero's name recalls
epic hero- Ilya Muromtse.
Muromets sat dormant for 33 years, but became a hero - thanks to a miracle and the fact that his strength was urgently needed.
And Oblomov also sat (on the sofa), but never became a hero,
although they tried to perform a miracle on him.
Consonance of proper names Ilya and Iliad helps to draw a parallel between the history of Oblomov’s existence and
Homer's story about the many years of war of the ancients.
The hero's name is a symbol of the past, connections with ancestors, not only with real ones - Ilya's father, but also with
mythological - "Iliad", and with
folklore - epics about Ilya Muromets
Yu. Aikhenvald drew attention to this:
And in fact, in their habits, behavior, and attitude towards people, Ilya Muromets and Ilya Oblomov have similar traits: kindness, kindness, gentleness...
Three years before the publication of the novel, an article by Konstantin Aksakov was published in Russian Conversation (1856, No. 4)
"Bogatyrs of the times of Grand Duke Vladimir according to Russian songs."
In it, he characterized Ilya Muromets as follows:
“There’s no daring about him. All his exploits are sedate, and everything about him is sedate: this is a quiet, invincible force. He is not bloodthirsty, does not like to kill, and, where possible, even avoids striking.
Calmness does not leave him anywhere; the inner silence of the spirit is expressed in the outer image, in all his speeches and movements... Ilya Muromets is generally known more than all other heroes.
Full of irresistible strength and invincible goodness, he, in our opinion, is a representative, a living image of the Russian people.”
Let’s not guess whether Goncharov knew Aksakov’s interpretation (especially since “Oblomov’s Dream” was published before Aksakov’s article),
but the fact that when creating the image of Ilyusha Oblomov, the images of ancient heroes excited his creative imagination is undoubtedly
for this is one of the stories that tells
nanny to a child, little Ilya, shaping his childhood consciousness:
“She tells him about our exploits. Achilles and Ulysses, about prowess Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, about Polkan the hero, about Kolechisha passer-by, about how they wandered around Russia, beat countless hordes of infidels, how they competed to see who could drink the magic of green wine in one breath and not grunt.”
Goncharov is slightly ironic, but at the same time clearly communicates that
the nanny “put into the children’s memory and imagination the Iliad of Russian life,”
in other words, we have a basis for a parallel: Ilya Muromets - Ilya Oblomov.
Let us at least point out the name - Ilya, quite rare for a literary hero.
Both sit until they are thirty-three years old, when; certain events begin to happen to them. Kaliki “traversing and fermenting” come to Ilya Muromets, heal him, endowing him with strength, and he, having appeared at the court of Grand Duke Vladimir, then sets off to wander and perform feats.
To Ilya Oblomov, already stunned by his lying on the bed (as if on a stove),
is old friend Andrey Stolts, also traveling around the world,
puts Ilya on his feet, takes him to the court (of the small prince, of course) of Olga Ilyinskaya,
where, rather like a knight rather than a hero, Ilya Ilyich performs “feats” in honor of the lady:
does not lie down after dinner, goes to the theater with Olga, reads books and retells them to her.
The main character's surname evokes associations with the word
bummer,
it's in literary language means the action of the verb break off: 1-Breaking, separating the ends, extreme parts of something, breaking off around, along the edge.2-Forcing someone to behave in a certain way.
In addition, an important role is played figurative meaning words
chip- a remnant of something that previously existed and disappeared.
The hero's surname can also be associated with a folk poetic metaphor
dream - bummer- this is a dream that enchants a person, as if crushing him with a gravestone, dooming him to a slow, gradual death.
Possible convergence of the surname with an outdated adjective
bald- round: the circle motif is one of the leading ones in the novel.
The plurality of motivations for the main character's surname can be due, on the one hand, to the motive
under-incarnation, unrealized inclinations of a hero, on the other hand, a “bummer” in the character’s life path.
Surname Stolz came from German Stolz
proud.
curiosity.
The surname of this hero, the antipode of Ilya Ilyich, contrasts with the surname of Oblomov.
But in the fragment - something solid intersects with Stolz.
The Russian name Andrey translated from Greek. means - courageous, brave.
The meaning of Stolz's name continues and strengthens the contrast between two heroes - the meek and soft Ilya and the stubborn and unbending Andrei.
But, giving your hero counterbalance to the German surname Russian name, the author of the novel seems to
combines opposing qualities in the image of Stolz:
rationalism, practicality, efficiency and
high spiritual aspirations, spiritual subtlety, sensitivity to beauty.
2) Age- They are the same age.
3) Nationality.
Oblomov and Stolz are twins and antipodes of Goncharov’s book.
Oblomov is a natural hare.
Stolz is a Russian German, his mother is Russian, a governess, his father is a German, an agronomist.
There is quite a long tradition of making the heroes of the antipodes foreigners.
But it is interesting that Goncharov does not paint Stolz as a pure German,
In Stolz, Goncharov was interested in the fusion, the synthesis of two cultures.
“Stolz was only half German, according to his father: his mother was Russian;
he professed the Orthodox faith;
his natural speech was Russian:
he learned it from his mother and from books, in the university classroom and in games with village boys, in discussions with their fathers and in Moscow bazaars.
He inherited the German language from his father and from books.”
Stolz grew up and was brought up next door to Oblomovka,
but the conditions shaping his character were completely different.
The hero's father, a German, manager of a noble estate,
He instilled in his son the skills of independent and hard work, the ability to rely on his own strength.
Mother, a Russian noblewoman with a tender heart and a poetic soul,
passed on her spirituality to Andrey.
In other words, according to the main cultural parameters (language and faith) for Goncharov, Stolz was Russian.
And in later life, as we know, he served Russia and cared about its success.
Goncharov claims that it is
biculture is the most promising for the development of human personality
Stolz also received beneficial aesthetic impressions from the rich art gallery in the neighboring princely “castle”.
Various national-cultural and socio-historical elements, from patriarchal to burgher, created, united in the personality of Stolz,
a character alien, according to the novelist, to limitations and extremes.
The young hero’s response to his father’s advice to choose any “career” is indicative:
“serve, trade, at least write, perhaps”:
“Yes, I’ll see if it’s possible for everyone,” Andrey said.
4) Contrasting portraits
Portraits of heroes in contrast.
193 pages - Stolz- “He is all made up of bones, muscles and nerves, like a blooded English horse. He is thin; he has almost no cheeks at all, that is, bone and muscle, but no sign of fatty roundness; complexion is even, darkish and no blush; the eyes, although a little greenish, are expressive” (part 2, chapter 2).
Page 4 Oblomov “Ilya Ilyich’s complexion was neither ruddy, nor dark, nor positively pale, but indifferent, or seemed so, perhaps because Oblomov was somehow flabby beyond his years: perhaps from lack of exercise or air, but maybe both. In general, his body, judging by its matte finish, is too white color neck, small plump arms, soft shoulders, it seemed too pampered for a man” (Part 1, Ch.
5)Miscellaneous upbringing and character traits formed by this upbringing
Critics really liked the book, even left-wing ones. For what?
For impartial and tough realism Firstly.
The definition of realism is the connection between characters and circumstances.
The first part of the novel leads precisely to Oblomov’s explanation through Oblomovka.
The question suggests itself:
What in Oblomovka’s life shaped the hero’s character?
Let them list everything:
and flies and fear of news,
and the house over the ravine,
and attitude towards studying (I especially like the one about holidays: very relevant).
The famous phrase about the fact that Oblomov has Zakhar and 300 more Zakharovs - why should he do anything?
Educational techniques in relation to Ilyusha consisted of endless “no” and “no” ».
He was not allowed near horses, dogs, a goat, a ravine, or a gallery...
Constant prohibitions and tireless guardianship led to the fact that
strength waned and faded, instead of life-action, the habit of life-imagination was developed, and all the spiritual strength of the hero was spent on it.
With kindness, an almost childlike sympathy for everything around him, with a loyal, pure and honest heart, a passive and weak character was formed.
Oblomov’s attitude towards his status as a landowner (interrogation about “others”) is without a grain of doubt or embarrassment (although Stoltz is afraid to show what Zakhar is dressing him).
The downside is that you have to live on your own; no one can take your place.
A be he is afraid of.
Here we need to focus on two things.
First, ask to formulate the ideal of life that is accepted in Oblomovka.
And carefully pull out two details from the answers, even put them on the board:
repeatability, cyclicality(lack of development) and
lack of purpose.
It’s not worth explaining why we need it yet. We saw it - and it was good.
Secondly, ask who (ideally) should implement this ideal.
Serfs are not enough for happiness: they, like Zakhar, are stupid and dependent, they themselves need supervision and guidance.
Be sure to mention the name of Militrisa Kirbitevna and write it down on the board as well.
There is also a kind sorceress... who will choose some favorite... some lazy person whom everyone offends, and will shower him, for no reason at all, with all sorts of good things, and he, you know, eats and dresses up in ready-made dress, and then marries some unheard-of beauty,Militrisa Kirbitevna ».
A sorceress who can arrange anything is precisely the ideal (of a given type of civilization and a given hero).
Ilya Ilyich completely believes in fairy tales.
Nanny
“whispers to him about some unknown side, where there are neither nights nor cold, where miracles happen, where rivers of honey and milk flow, where no one all year round doesn’t do it, but every day they only know that all the good fellows, like Ilya, are walking
Ilyich, yes, they are beauties, no matter what you can say in a fairy tale or describe with a pen.
Fairy tales and myths developed daydreaming, fostered contemplation, inaction .
They instilled fear of life, timidity in front of everything incomprehensible, and inner constraint into Ilyusha’s soul.
“Although the adult Ilya Ilyich later learns that there are no honey and milk rivers, no good sorceresses, although he jokes with a smile at his nanny’s stories, this smile is not sincere, it is accompanied by a secret sigh: his fairy tale is mixed with life, and he sometimes unconsciously sad, why is a fairy tale not life, and why is life not a fairy tale?
Stolz received
labor practical education
But Hertz's music and the castle in Verkhlev with portraits of the prince and Pierre and Michel. Page 188,
but the dream still has no place in his life p. 194, he was afraid of imagination.
Howeverthe author’s attitude towards the hero is not uniquely positive .
Stolz is a daredevil, a fighter, disappears from home for whole days.
6) Education
Oblomov study is a punishment sent by heaven for our sins.
Maybe Oblomov is poorly educated?
Education in a boarding school up to 15 years,
then poetry p.72 -
Madonna engravings 218
started learning English could talk on any topic - like Chichikov .
page 219- Rousseau Schiller, Goethe, Byron
The general and eternal aspect of the persons and situations of Oblomov was expanded thanks to the extensive literary and cultural context of the novel.
young Oblomov dreamed of seeing paintings with Stolz
Correggio,
Michelangelo's paintings and
statue of Apollo Belvedere,
was engrossed in works
Each of these names and all of them together very accurately indicate the spiritual capabilities and ideals of the hero “Oblomov”.
After all, Raphael is, first of all, the “Sistine Madonna”, in whom Goncharov’s contemporaries saw the embodiment and symbol of eternal femininity;
Schiller was the personification of idealism and idealists;
and Rousseau idealized “natural” life among nature and away from soulless civilization.
Ilya Ilyich, thus, even before his love for Olga, was well acquainted with both hopes and “universal human sorrows” and disbeliefs.
And one more fact speaks of this: even in his half-asleep St. Petersburg existence, the hero could not, in his words, “indifferently remember Casta diva,” that is, that very female aria from Bellini’s “Norma”, which would seem to merge with the appearance of Olga Ilyinskaya, as well as the dramatic outcome of Oblomov’s love for her.
It is significant that with his interpretation of Casta diva, Ilya Ilyich actually foresees this drama even before meeting Olga.
“What sadness,” he says, is embedded in these sounds! .. And no one knows anything around... She is alone... The secret weighs on her... "
But the result of this education - For Oblomov - is the gap between science and life - page 71,
No subsequent influences - books, university life, service - could seriously shake these qualities.
“The teaching had a strange effect on Ilya Ilyich: between science and life there lay a whole abyss, which he did not try to cross. His life was on its own, and his science was on its own.”
A Stolz - page 218 - I have been abroad twice, studied in Europe
And Stolz is always learning something and incorporating his knowledge into life.
Oblomov holds on to his native Oblomovka until the last moment,
Stolz leaves home after university with one hundred rubles and parting words from his father.
Only- gave up on all hopes and everything?:
Explanation p. 220 . - Reason?
I didn’t understand this life, I didn’t see its purpose.
Page 207 Life is a good life
page 210- Beneath this comprehensiveness lies emptiness
7) Lifestyle
Ilya Oblomov, unlike Ilya Muromets, is afraid of movement:
“Who goes to America and Egypt! The English: that’s how they were created by the Lord God; and they have nowhere to live at home. Who will go with us? Is it some kind of desperate person who doesn’t care about life,” exclaims Oblomov.
There is no movement not only externally, inside there are only dreams and disinterest in life
Ilya Ilyich only sarcastically remarks:
“The yellow gentleman with glasses... pestered me: did I read the speech of some deputy, and his eyes widened at me when I said that I don’t read newspapers. And he talked about Ludovik-Philippe, as if he were his own father. Then I became attached, as I think: why did the French envoy leave Rome? How can you condemn yourself all your life to daily loading yourself with world-wide news, screaming for a week until you scream!”
In fact, it must be said that the empty chewing of world news has been ridiculed more than once by Russian writers; just remember the salon of Anna Pavlovna Scherer depicted by Leo Tolstoy.
This ridicule was fair, however, only partly.
The very structure of the undemocratic structure of society did not allow the discussion to turn into action, in other words, for citizens to take a real part in the destinies of their fatherland.
But lack of interest even in such a discussion means the lowest stage of exclusion from historical self-awareness.
His failures in the service are explained not only by his inability to do the job, but, above all,
instinctive fear of life .
The only thing that brings the hero a feeling of happiness is dreams of returning to paradise, to Oblomovka.
Oblomov slowly moves from one closed space to another: his native village - a room on Gorokhovaya Street - a room on the Vyborg side - a coffin and grave in the nearest cemetery
“No matter how vigilantly the loving eye of his wife guarded every moment of his life, eternal peace, eternal silence and lazy crawling from day to day quietly stopped the machine of life. Ilya Ilyich died, apparently, without pain, without suffering, as if a watch had stopped and they had forgotten to wind it” - part 4, ch.
“constantly on the move: if society needs to send an agent to Belgium or England, they send him; you need to write some project or adapt a new idea to business - they choose it. Meanwhile, he goes out into the world and reads: when he
Stolz is on the move.
Oblomov is lying down.
What is this connected with?
Was he disappointed?
What did he do before that?
Did you lie there all the time?
Why Region leads such a lifestyle, but is he capable of living differently?
Page 64. He was still young then
Page 217 All life is thought and work
8)Service .
Oblomov. Life is work and boredom. Page 64
Where does this belief come from?
Therefore, the service did not work out. Sudbinsky--
And Stolz - page 193
served, went about his own business, made a house and money himself.
9) Role in society
Oblomov. Page 68 was not a slave to women - a lot of trouble and his soul was pure, waiting for his love p 69 but stopped waiting and despaired
Stolz- page 195
He was not blinded by beauty... he was not a slave to women... he exuded freshness and strength... page 196
Why did he give up such a life? Page 70- He gave up on all hopes.
What did he do, the pattern of life
And Stolz - page 193 - is always on the move...
10) Dreams, attitude to the inner world.
Instead of external activity, Oblomov has internal activity,
and Stolz has a complete absence of this internal activity,
Does this mean Stolz is flawed?
Page 79 Inner volcanic work of an ardent head
Page 77 It also happens that he is filled with contempt...
And Stolz - page 194- he was most afraid of imagination
But in love, passions captured him to the point of bloody sweat - page 494.
Dreams of O. and Sh.
Is it possible to live without dreaming?
Interesting with such a person?
Page 197 But he was not able to arm himself with that courage - does that mean he is somehow similar to Oblomov with his cowardice or not?
11)Ideals
page 213- Waiting for my wife to wake up …
Is life poetry?
Sheet music, books, piano, elegant furniture
Conversations to your liking
p. 217 Is the goal of your whole life the pursuit of the ideal of the lost paradise?
- Everyone is looking for rest and peace?
Is Oblomov the only one like this?
Page 221 - our name is legion.
Page 219. What are you fighting for if your goal is not to provide for yourself?
Stolz's ideal- Why suffer all your life?
For the work itself? Page 219.
Re-read the episode from chapter 4h. 2 from words
One day, returning from somewhere too late... to the words - now or never.
Selectively retell it, paying special attention to the pictures of life that O. draws.
how they collide in this episode
“task of existence” and “practical truth”?
Dialogues between Stolz and Oblomov in chapters three and four of the second part of the novel.page
Questions
a) What are Stolz and Oblomov arguing about?
b) How is their inner world revealed in dialogues?
The dialogue in chapter three is essentially a conversation between two friends who have not seen each other for a long time.
Oblomov talks about the main thing for himself - about the fate of Oblomovka, about own life. He is frightened by what Stolz is offering.
In response to Stolz’s call to go on a visit abroad, Oblomov defends himself with melancholy:
“Where is this going? What for?<...>I fell behind, I don’t want to...»
The speech of the characters in this dialogue confirms the previous observations of the teacher and the children about the characters of Stolz and Oblomov.
Andrey's remarks convince us that he is brave, agile, energetic, and full of energy.
They either
interrogative and therefore require an answer
“So, how are you doing? Are you healthy?”; “Well, tell me, what are you doing in Oblomovka?”)
or
make a final judgment on a particular phenomenon
“What a rogue this elder is!” “Is consciousness really a justification?” “It seems to you that you’re too lazy to live?”
In Stolz's remarks
many verbs imperative mood : “go”, “sit down”, “look”, “tell”, “dump”.
In Oblomov's speech
questions are usually rhetorical in nature ,
and exclamations contain joy, complaints about life, fear of it
“Stolz! Stolz! - Oblomov shouted in delight, rushing to the guest. “What health!” “Well, brother Andrei, you too!” “Why, life is touching!” “To strangers? What did you make up!” "Oh my god!" “This was still missing!” "Everything is lost! trouble!
It is no coincidence thatin Oblomov's remarks are very frequent
ellipses .
They
lengthen their remarks, conveying Oblomov’s ignorance of the circumstances of some matter, his desire to delay this or that decision,hide some secret thought or circumstance
“Only I don’t have a complete plan yet...” “The next thing you know, you’ll be left penniless...” “Here... ten, twenty, two hundred rubles... yes, here’s twenty.” “You mean it... how come all of a sudden... wait... let me think... I’m not shaved...”
INChapter four of the second part begins to develop between the characters
dispute about life.
In this dispute, Oblomov expresses his own point of view with pleasure.
He draws pictures created by his imaginationidylls .
And the reader will again see Oblomovka with its nature, the cult of food, and life in the designated circle.
No matter how much the hero strives to introduce elements of the new into these pictures, no matter how poetic this idyll is, Stolz will call it Oblomov’s.
She obviously falls out of the rush of modernity.
But about these same dreams of a friend, Stolz will say: “Yes, you are a poet, Ilya.”
Only a poet is given such a wealth of imagination, such purity and harmony of style as is found in Oblomov’s words.
The hero himself firmly believes that “life is poetry.”
Stolz's ideal is in every way the opposite of Oblomov's.
He believes that you need to work first :
“Labor is the image, content, element and purpose of life...”
But for Oblomov, work is God’s punishment, all of St. Petersburg life is boredom.
He pronounces her sentence:
“Boredom, boredom, boredom!.. Where is the man here? Where is his integrity? Where did he disappear, how did he exchange for all sorts of little things?”
In this life for Oblomov there is no mind, no heart:
“No, this is not life, but a distortion of the norm, the ideal of life, which nature indicated as the goal for man...”
Regarding these thoughts of Oblomov, Stolz exclaims:
“You are a philosopher, Ilya! Everyone is busy, but you don’t need anything!”
Stolz pronounces his verdict on Oblomov’s ideal:
"This...<...>Some kind of... Oblomovism.”
He reminds his friend that he also once dreamed
“to serve as long as you can, because Russia needs hands and heads to develop inexhaustible sources... to work so that you can rest more sweetly, and to rest means to live the other, artistic, graceful side of life, the life of artists, poets.”
Oblomov once dreamed of traveling the length and breadth of Europe, working for the benefit of Russia.
This lofty goal inspired him, and he took certain steps to achieve it.
But the lack of will, the difficulty of the path and the remoteness of the goal
did what he could not achieve in small ways - learn mathematics and English language. And now he “drove labor out of life” and doomsyourself to death.
12) Friendship. Page 197.
But despite their differences, they are friends.
Friendship between Oblomov and Stolz?
Why are they friends? What is friendship?
Are they friends or not?
Or just like with Alekseev and Tarantiev, mutual use?
In friendship, as in love, there must be sacrifice, you need to give each other yourself, your time...
The reasons for their friendship?
Does Stolz need Oblomov? Coming from the ball to him p. 198.
Stolz is the only one in the novel, like Horatio in the tragedy (“the high spirit has died”), who knows the true price of Oblomov.
He says to Olga:
“And if you want to know, I taught you to love him too... He fell from the aftershocks, cooled down, finally fell asleep like the dead, disappointed, having lost the strength to live, but did not lose honesty and fidelity. His heart did not emit a single false note, nor did any dirt stick to it.”
Not only Olga, Stolz taught all our criticism.
2 lifestyles. How to live?
Hide from life or act?
(4 lifestyles - Oblomovka, Vyborg side - Oblomov’s idyll, Crimea - Differences)
Oblomov turned away from life because there is no sincerity in it; he retained purity in himself, but actually died.
He did neither evil nor good - that's good?
Is inaction evil or good?
Oblomov has 300 Zakharovs, he gets everything easily and doesn’t have to strain.
The result is no interest in life, no incentive to move.
Stolz has to do everything himself,
This is both his upbringing and his position, he is not rich, he overcomes all difficulties himself.
Interest to life.
Do you need to overcome obstacles in life? Or not
Or does it depend on the person?
And Onegin is melancholy, Pechorin is all victims of material security.
A person has no time to suffer, and be bored, and mope when he is forced to earn his living.
Stolz's life - for himself
What for Russia?
Provides jobs and trade to the West.
Oblomov is a drone,
Stolz is also a businessman and capitalist
Hide from life - work - TV
or act? But how?
What do you mean by action and a fulfilled life?
The trial of Oblomov
Appearance - not bad,
Education - yes
He knows how to live differently.
But why is he lying there?
The goal appears - love - but he is not resurrected - which means it is not love that moves the world, but what- power circumstances and real life - the novel is realistic.
The trial of Stolz-
Education - poets, mother's music - Hertz variations, loves music - Olga's singing, but does it touch him as much as Oblomov?
He has Oblomovka next to the caresses,
The castle in Verkhlevka with its ancient legends and portraits.
Why is there no inner burning and dreams?
But where is the highest goal - Oblomov says - you are both mistaken, a woman is not a goal,
Page 477 life and work itself are the goal of life, not woman
and he himself had nowhere else to go when he was convinced of Olga’s reciprocity.
Stolz's goal is a woman and personal happiness?
Stolz himself, for a long time carried away by the activity, exclaims, having received Olga’s consent to become his wife: “I’ve waited!
How many years of thirst for feeling, saving the strength of the soul! How long have I waited - everything has been rewarded: here it is - the last happiness of a person!
This omnipotence of love is explained by the most important ability that Goncharov endowed it with.
With its correct understanding, love does not limit itself only to the happiness of those who love, but also humanizes other relationships of people, even class and class ones.
Olga - fire
But she didn’t light Oblomov,
And Stolz lit up.
Where is his inner life?
artistic embodiment of images Oblomov and Stolz.
Criticism has repeatedly noted that
The images of Oblomov and Stolz are not equal in their artistic merits.
Comment on Chekhov's words about Stolz:
“Stolz doesn’t inspire me with any confidence. The author says that he is a magnificent fellow, but I don’t believe him... He is half composed, three-quarters stilted.”
Do you agree with the writer?
the absence of lordship, the active beginning of his nature,
the desire to seek a balance of “practical aspects with the subtle needs of the spirit”, simple, direct, real view of life.
he chose Oblomov as his friend,
He saw in Oblomov something that others did not see: “...at the basis of Oblomov’s nature lay a pure, bright and kind beginning, filled with deep sympathy for everything that is good and that only opened up and responded to the call of this simple, uncomplicated, eternally trusting
But he notices that
“he controlled sorrows and joys like the movement of his hands, like the steps of his feet, or how he dealt with bad and good weather,”
comparesStolz with
"blooded English horse ».
Page 193 - In the moral directions of your life,
lived on a budget
Can such a person be likable?
Was the image of Stolz conceived as the embodiment of the ideal of a harmonious personality?
Stolz's activity, his inherent culture of activity, and culture of mind are shown.
Against this background, Oblomov’s patriarchal passivity again stands out,
what's in the image of Stolz visible
the search for “a balance of practical aspects with the subtle needs of the spirit (it is also inherent in the hero himself - Stolz).
At the same time, it is discovered
Stolz's limitations, the vagueness of the very essence of his activity, its purpose.
There is some
Stolz's similarity with other “guests”, his dependence on vanity.
With all that, the author assigns this type an important place in the history of Russia; He
ranks Stolz among the cohort of new figures :
“How many Stoltsevs should appear under Russian names!” - Goncharov exclaims confidently and joyfully. (Rakhmetov at Chernyshevsky).
its connection with the spiritual - moral, patriarchal, and with the modern - active, rational principles.
The ideal turns out to be not embodied in any of the heroes considered so far.
Almost none of the ideal images of the great Russian writers received a convincing artistic embodiment,
more precisely, they are convincing in the system of value coordinates of a given artist (thus, Chernyshevsky’s “new people” were a real model for thousands of their followers),
however, as soon as you take a different starting point, you immediately face claims to reliability,
The fact is that the ideal image has to be sculpted from features that the writer wants to see and that can realize themselves in reality, but are not yet available.
Sketchy
Busy as guests - lack of a higher goal
Reasonable - lack of dreams and, as a result, lack of inner life.
Stolz was not so lucky in Russian criticism.
He only attracted condemnation because it was believed that
Goncharov wanted to draw a hero equal in size to Oblomov.
Stolz, however, is not a problem for Goncharov, at least not an artistic problem, he is simply like
Fortinbras to Hamlet, shows Oblomov the path of life.
Meanwhile, it has been said more than once that the image of Stolz from the point of view of poetics is unsuccessful, false, contrived.
He was also criticized from the point of view of content:
for pragmatism,
for bourgeois egoism,
for the mechanism
for lack of spiritual flight.
Stolz was seen as a representative of Western rationalism, which is alien to us.
Stolz, who, as we know from the novel, is connected with the highest state administration, ministers listen to his word.
Even Dobrolyubov praising him, though
denied him the right to be named
“a new man,” and the rest rejected him outright for “lack of higher interests.”
But the final verdict, almost not subject to appeal, was pronounced by Stoltz Yu.
Loschits.
Having repeated much of the previous indictment, the modern researcher also calls Stolz
"international tourist"
claiming that Goncharov is talking about a world wanderer who has visited all lands and peoples, about a “creature” that lives many times, wandering across centuries and lands.
It doesn't take much intelligence to guess what we're talking about. about Agasphere, that is, the Eternal Jew, a homeless wanderer.
But Stolz is worse than Agasfer:
“His ability to be, so to speak, omnipresent makes one think about a lot - this is, after all, an almost inhuman ability.”
However, having listed the routes of his voyages (in Russia - St. Petersburg, Oblomovka, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Crimea; abroad - Belgium, England, Paris, Bonn, Jena, Erlangen, Switzerland...), we can only be surprised: nothing special...
Let us remember Gogol, who lived a third of his life in Italy,
Dostoevsky, who visited both Germany and France,
Leo Tolstoy, it is more difficult to name a Russian writer who has not traveled around Russia and Europe.
Let’s not even talk about Goncharov, who traveled God knows where on the frigate “Pallada” and visited abroad more than once, where, by the way, the novel “Oblomov” was mainly written.
For Loshits, Stolz is the bearer of an evil principle, not rebuilding, no,
destroying patriarchal Russia, embodied in Oblomovka, destroying consciously, with gloating, as if pursuing a secret goal:
“As long as the “sleepy kingdom” exists, Stolz is somehow uneasy, even in Paris he has trouble sleeping.
It torments him that from time immemorial Oblomov’s men have been plowing their land and reaping rich harvests from it, without reading any agronomic brochures.
And that their surplus grain is delayed, and does not travel quickly by rail - at least to Paris. ...
The “Sleepy Kingdom” collapses not because Ilya Ilyich is too lazy, but because his friend is amazingly active.
By the will of Stolz
The “sleepy kingdom” should turn into... a station railway, and Oblomov’s peasants will go to work on the embankment.”
But if you believe not Loschits, but Oblomov’s elder, not Ilya Ilyich’s dream, but the reality that was reported to Oblomov and which required his intervention, his men lived much worse:
“I inform your lordly honor that everything is fine in your patrimony, our breadwinner. There has been no rain for the fifth week: you know, they angered the Lord God because there was no rain. The old people won’t remember this kind of drought: the spring crops are scorching like fire. The winter worm destroyed another place, and early frosts destroyed another place; They plowed for spring crops, but we don’t know if anything will come out? Perhaps the merciful Lord will have mercy on your lordly mercy, but we don’t care about ourselves: let us die. And on Midsummer Day, three more men left: Laptev, Balochev, and Vaska, the blacksmith’s son, especially left. I drove the women away from their husbands; those women didn’t come back... And there’s no one to hire here: everyone went to the Volga, to work on the barges - the people here have become so stupid now, our breadwinner is my father, Ilya Ilyich! Our canvas will not be at the fair this year: I locked the drying room and the bleaching plant and set Sychug to watch day and night: he is a tough guy; Yes, so as not to steal anything from the master, I watch him day and night. Others drink heavily and ask for rent. There is a shortage in arrears...” And so on. Good blessed Oblomovka!..
Why don't people like Stolz so much?
It contains, perhaps, the most terrible sin for our vulgar sociological science:
he, like Tushin from The Precipice, is a Russian capitalist taken from his ideal side.
The word “capitalist” almost sounds like a curse to us.
We can be touched by Oblomov, who lives by serfdom,
Ostrovsky's tyrants,
Turgenev's noble nests,
even find positive traits in the Kuragins, but Stoltz!..
For some reason, no one could find as many reproachful words regarding Tarantyev and Mukhoyarov, the “brother” of Agafya Matveevna, who literally rob and ruin Oblomov, as they were used in relation to childhood friend Stoltz, who rescues Oblomov, precisely because he (he) sees , it is he who sees!) the golden heart of Ilya Ilyich.
An interesting change occurs:
all the bad qualities that can be associated with the spirit of profit and entrepreneurship and that are noticeable in Tarantiev and Mukhoyarov, Gorky merchants, entrepreneurs Chekhov and Kuprin, are addressed to Stoltz.
But if Gorky, Ostrovsky, Chekhov painted real Russian capitalism, entangled in the threads of uneradicated serfdom, fused with autocracy,
then Goncharov painted
the image of an idealized capitalist, a romantically elevated image.
And Stolz’s bourgeois pathos at that moment was much more progressive for Russia than feudal stagnation.
None of the predators surrounding Oblomov sets themselves the tasks of organizing any business; their tasks are small; snatch, grab and lie down in a hole.
Saltykov-Shchedrin noticed
This is Russian contempt for professionalism
(but Stolz is a professional businessman;
unlike Tarantiev, who “knocks down” Oblomov’s underwear and chervonets, he works, and does not rob),
A. Social and historical conflict.
Contrast between the past and the present or the soon to come future.
In his article “What is Oblomovism?” Dobrolyubova was as follows character hierarchy.
Oblomov and other heroes are Oblomovites, in whose detachment almost all the heroes of the previous time were enrolled: Onegin, Pechorin, Rudin - this is the Russian past, passing away, but still preserved in habits and morals.
Oblomovism for Dobrolyubov is a social concept,
Oblomov - a historical type, a product of serfdom, which infected all layers of society with its idleness.
Stolz - present, moderate, self-satisfied bourgeois, it avoids pressing social problems.
“We will not go like Manfreds and Fausts into a daring struggle with rebellious issues.”
Olga's doubts and dissatisfaction predict a hero of the near future who will call everyone forward.
At the end of the novel, the reason for the ruined life of Ilya Ilyich is named - Oblomovism. What this is, Dobrolyubov explained at length: this is the worthlessness of nobles who are accustomed to living off serf labor (character and circumstances are directly related). Oblomov is recorded as one of the “superfluous people” and is considered the last representative of this type in Russian literature. All the signs are there: an educated nobleman who has not found a place or job in life (“smart uselessness”), corrupted by the fact that the position of a landowner frees him from the need to work, who could not stand the test of love and comparison with a much more “high” heroine in a moral sense ...
Goncharov himself did not protest, but he clearly did not want such straightforward unambiguity in his assessment.
a more complex picture consisting of a number of contrasts and in some ways justifying Oblomov (like the entire patriarchal structure).
In his tragedy Goncharov saw
something universal, not connected only with its era.
« eternal » .
Or at least the original Russian (“national type”).
Sometimes I add that
Goncharov’s meticulous realism gives us another reason to justify Oblomov: obesity, inactivity and early death, in my opinion, clearly indicate that he had a diseased heart. And all his healthy acquaintances tormented him (the well-fed cannot understand the hungry), only Pshenitsyna felt sorry for him. But in the 19th century, medicine was still weak...
B. Eternal features of the Oblomov type
The contrast between the eternal and the temporary.
Stolz wants to live like everyone else and is chasing external treasures ;
Oblomov wants to be within himself, but for self-immersion no fuss needed - treasures internal .
Stolz lives by mind, logic, and life is irrational. Oblomov feels it and that’s why, perhaps, he’s afraid.
And both have meaning in life:
Stolz has vanity and the road that fill the entire space of his existence,
Oblomov has peace and home.
Oblomov is not only a fragment of a man, a product of Russian serfdom,
but also how
eternal man seeking peace:
There is no happiness in the world, but there is peace and will, striving for a harmonious life, for an ideal.
The dispute between Oblomov and Stolz is a contrast
2 stageshistorical development, discussion between mythological man and historical man .
This is not life
Not everything, you yourself, for ten years, were looking for the wrong thing in life.
Oblomov, who timidly begins the argument, unexpectedly finds himself at the end of it in the role of the attacking party.
Stolz translates Oblomov’s positive concept
lost paradise into the negative concept of utopia in its use - a place that does not exist
Quote: I have seen Rus' far and wide.
For the work itself.
Oblomov finds a weak point in Stoltsov’s understanding of life:
Only insects work pointlessly.
A person always faces the question - why?
Defining Oblomov as an “all-Russian type”, Soloviev, in fact, indicates that Goncharov managed to bring to light, saying modern language, one of
archetypes of Russian culture, which, of course, cannot be exhausted either by time or by the social environment.
“I tried to show in Oblomov, just like
Why do our people turn prematurely? in... jelly - climate, environment, extent, outback, dense life - and also private individual circumstances for each.”
The writer knew that with the destruction of serfdom
Oblomovism will not disappear - it is an indigenous Russian, national trait.
He writes: ““Oblomovism”... does not all happen through our own fault, but from many, from ourselves “independent reasons!”
It surrounded us like air, and prevented us (and still partly prevents us) from walking firmly along the path of our destination.”
The roots of Oblomovism, according to Goncharov, lie in the nature of every person; they are in the laziness and apathy that are characteristic of him from birth.
Oblomovism is a phenomenon that is relevant for our time.
“I instinctively felt,” Goncharov noted, “that little by little they were getting into this figure. elementary properties Russian person."
In alternating historical, political and cultural situations, Goncharov’s novel was interpreted in a new way each time,
and it was not the characteristics of the image that changed:
everyone agreed that Oblomov depicted a sleepy sloth -
the assessment changed, the attitude towards the hero changed.
For example, in the years that today’s journalism is called “stagnant,” Oblomov’s image was more than once interpreted as positive, expressing through his fate the creed of inaction in the face of bad reality.
In the stagnant years, when an intelligent and honest reader wanted to see behind Oblomov’s inaction
“the result of the disappointment of an intelligent and honest person in the very possibility of real activity,” the lines of N. Goll’s poem were widely popular among the St. Petersburg intelligentsia:
Lying on a torn sofa
We are under a spring blower.
But if they call, we will stand up.
...And if they don’t call us?..
Ponder. Are only Oblomov’s qualities reflected in this poem?
“Behind Oblomov’s inaction,” wrote E. Krasnoshchekova, “one sees... not only natural laziness, dependency brought up from childhood, but also
apathy is the result of disappointment of an intelligent and honest person in the very possibility of real activity.”
Interpretation of Oblomov in Russian criticism as
"a positively wonderful person"
reminded us in her preface to the book of essays, articles and letters by I. A. Goncharov, published in 1986, by T. V. Gromov.
This psychologically understandable transition from the previously unconditional condemnation of Oblomov as a symbol of domestic inaction (Dobrolyubov tradition)
to his complete justification (which revived Druzhinin’s interpretation)
was, however, as it seems, too simple, an unambiguously straightforward inversion of the opposite thesis.
Oblomov used to seem bad, now they say:
Oblomov is pathologically lazy, but this is his merit and greatness.
It seems that the problem posed by Goncharov (and researchers, carried away by their attitude towards the hero, seem to forget that there was such a problem),
much more complex and deeper.
Because the hero of the novel, Ilya Oblomov, is far from one-dimensional:
he appears as a tragic hero, portrayed ironically, albeit with bitter irony, perhaps even with love.
Through the appearance of the Russian patriarchal-idyllic gentleman in Ilya Ilyich one can even detect features of such “indigenous” human archetypes as classic heroes of Shakespeare and Cervantes.
Hamlet’s “to be or not to be” sounds like the question for Oblomov: “Go forward or stay?” in a state of rest.
Ilya Ilyich is united with Don Quixote not only by his purity of soul and idealism, but also by his attitude towards his servant Zakhar.
In a word, this is a character that belongs to its era as much as it is eternal.
B. Conflict of civilizations or national conflict. Contrast between West and East.
Russians national character
and is it natural for us to perform feats, create rarities, but endure dirt and destruction in our homes (yards, entrances), not be able to repel scammers and simply work conscientiously every day in the same place,
we can say that nowadays it is customary to see in the main conflict of “Oblomov” (movement - immobility) conflict of civilizations, not less.
1.This is the type of Russian person with his
“passivity of volitional processes, a tendency towards fatalism, fear of life and change,” argued the literary critic and psychologist
D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky on the eve of the first Russian revolution in a book with the characteristic title “The History of the Russian Intelligentsia” (1904).
2. In a dispute with Dobrolyubov Druzhinin I saw in Oblomov, first of all, the embodiment the best properties of Russian souls.
“This is the merit of the novelist, that he firmly linked all the roots of Oblomovism with the soil of folk life and poetry - he showed us its peaceful and gentle sides, without hiding any of its shortcomings.
Oblomov is a child, not a trashy libertine,
he is a sleepyhead, and not an immoral egoist or an epicurean from the times of the collapse. He is powerless to do good, but he is positively incapable of evil deeds, is pure in spirit, not perverted by everyday sophisms - and, despite all his uselessness in life, he legitimately captures the sympathy of all those around him, apparently separated from him by a whole abyss. Oblomov". Roman I.A. Goncharova ", 1859
Two critics, who assessed the character of Goncharov’s hero in direct contrast, coincided in their understanding of him as a national type.
This view determined the subsequent perception of the novel.
« Distinctive feature Goncharov is the power of artistic generalization, thanks to which he could create such an all-Russian type as Oblomov, whose breadth we do not find equal in any of the Russian writers,” argued the philosopher V.S. Solovyov. And he specifically clarified in a note: “In comparison with Oblomov, the Famusovs, and the Molchalins, the Onegins and Pechorins, the Manilovs and the Sobakeviches, not to mention the heroes of Ostrovsky, all have only a special meaning” three speeches in memory of Dostoevsky
Oblomovism- this is a feature of the Russian mentality (way of thinking).
This is the type of Russian person with his passivity, fear of life and change.
To the questions “who is Oblomov?” and “what is Oblomovism?” one more answer can be given.
Note that in the novel itself the word “Oblomovshchina” is first uttered by Stolz
Then Oblomov agrees with him.
At the end of the novel, he is heard from Stolz, who at the same time resembles both Oblomov and
Goncharova writer:
“full, with an apathetic face, thoughtful, as if sleepy eyes” (in the short portrait, three Oblomov epithets are repeated at once: full, apathetic, sleepy).
“Oblomovism! - the writer repeated with bewilderment. - What it is?
Now I’ll tell you: let me gather my thoughts and memory.
Write it down: maybe it will be useful to someone.
And he told him what was written here” (part 4, chapter 11).
Goncharov’s novel thus ends with a witty compositional ring: we have just read Stolz’s story recorded by the writer.
So, the answer to the question of what this is is the whole book.
The surname Oblomov evokes associations with the word bummer, which in literary language means action on a verb break off(1. Breaking, separate the ends, extreme parts of something; break off around, along the edge. 2. transfer. Simple. Force someone to behave in a certain way, subjugating his will, breaking stubbornness. etc. // It is difficult to persuade, convince, force to agree with something; to persuade.) [ Dictionary of the Russian language in 4 volumes. T. P - M., 1986. P.542-543], and in modern jargon - “failure, collapse of plans”; "severe mental state, depression; negative emotions, experiences"; "apathy, reluctance to do something." [ Mokienko V.M., Nikitina T.G. Large dictionary of Russian jargon. - St. Petersburg, 2001. P.389-390]. In addition, the figurative meaning of the word also plays an important role. chip: “a remnant of something that previously existed, disappeared” (cf. in “My Pedigree” by A.S. Pushkin: “Decrepile fragments of genera”...; in F.I. Tyutchev’s poem of 1835 “Like a bird, with the early dawn ...": "The wreckage of old generations, / You who have outlived your time! / Like your complaints, your penalties / An unjust righteous reproach! !.."; from E. A Baratynsky - “Prejudice! it is a fragment of an ancient truth. The temple fell; / And its descendant / did not understand the ruins of the language. / Our arrogant age drives in it, / Not recognizing his face, / Our modern truth / Decrepit father..." (1841)). In addition, Oblomov’s surname can be associated with the folk poetic metaphor “dream-oblomon,” which enchants a person, as if pressing him with a gravestone, dooming him to a slow, gradual death [ Ornatskaya T.I. Is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov a “fragment”? (On the history of interpretation of the hero’s surname) / Russian literature. 1991. No. 4. P.229-230]. It is also possible that the surname may be closer to an outdated adjective. bald"round". “In this case, the hero’s surname is interpreted as a contaminated, hybrid formation, combining the semantics of the words obly and break: the circle, symbolizing the lack of development, staticity, immutability of order, appears torn, partially “broken”” [ Nikolina N.A. Philological analysis of the text. - M., 2003. P.200].
The name Ilya Ilyich is a rare name for a literary hero, and is by no means a “romantic” name. One of the meanings of this name, Hebrew in origin, is “God’s help.” The patronymic repeats the name, Goncharov’s hero is not only Ilya, but also Ilya’s son, “Ilya in the square” - a worthy successor of family traditions. As one of the researchers noted, "the name<…>self-closed, because the inactive and sterile way of existence of the ancestors O<бломова>finds its final completion in it" [ Galkin A.B. Oblomov / Encyclopedia of literary heroes. - M., 1997. P.289]. The name and patronymic reflect the image of time that runs through the novel: “The present and the past have merged and mixed up.”
The name of Goncharov's hero involuntarily reminds the reader of the epic hero Ilya Muromets. Y. Aikhenvald drew attention to this: “Ilya Muromets, who is in Ilya Ilyich, is described more in the period when he sits sitting than when he performs feats of spirit” [ Aikhenvald Yu. Silhouettes of Russian writers. Vol. 1. - M., 1906. P. 147]. It is “about the prowess of Ilya Muromets” that the nanny tells little Ilya Oblomov, putting “into the children’s memory and imagination the Iliad of Russian life.” It seems that the consonance of the proper names Ilya-Iliad is equally no coincidence, for it helps to draw a parallel between the story of “man’s struggle with himself” described by Goncharov and Homer’s story about the many years of war of the ancients.
“He was a man about thirty-two or three years old,” says Ilya Ilyich Oblomov at the very beginning of the novel. Let us remember that this is a symbolic number, the age of Christ - the time when a person is at the peak of his physical and spiritual capabilities. It was “thirty years and three years” that Ilya Muromets sat in bed, after which the “passing Kaliki” healed him, endowing him with physical strength, and blessed him for his wanderings and exploits. Like the epic “kalikas crossing and fermenting,” various visitors come to Oblomov, and then the “eternal traveler” Andrei Stolz forces Ilya Ilyich, who is lying “like a lump of dough,” to rise from the sofa and takes him “to the court” - not Grand Duke Vladimir, but Olga Ilyinskaya - where the hero in love has to “perform feats” in honor of the lady of his heart: not lie down after dinner, go to the theater, read and retell books.
The hero's place of residence was originally Gorokhovaya Street, one of the central streets in St. Petersburg, where people of the “middle classes” lived. Its first two blocks belonged to the aristocratic Admiralty part of the city, built up with mansions of the nobility. As you move away from the center, the appearance of Gorokhovaya changes: the buildings standing on it are still “distinguished by their enormity, but the splendor and grace in the buildings is noticed less often” [ Geiro L.S. Notes // I.A. Goncharov. Oblomov. "Literary monuments". - L., 1987. P.650]. The name Gorokhovaya evokes an unexpected association with the phraseological unit “under Tsar Gorokh”, associated with a Russian folk tale, the text of which surprisingly resembles the description of Oblomovka: “In that ancient time, when the world of God was filled with goblins, witches and mermaids, when rivers flowed milky, the banks were jelly, and fried partridges flew across the fields, at that time there lived a king named Pea" [ Afanasyev A.N. Russians folk tales. T.1. - M.-L., 1936]. The expression “under Tsar Gorokh” is also mentioned by Goncharov in the novel “Ordinary History”: Aduev Jr., even in the capital, dreams of living according to the same laws as in the provinces, is guided by archaic ideas, thinks like “under Tsar Gorokh.” (Cf. Stolz’s words addressed to Ilya Ilyich Oblomov: “You reason like an ancient man.”). Later he moves to Vyborg. Vyborg side (remote outskirts, bourgeois district, almost a province. A close friend of Goncharov A.F. Koni definitely spoke about the “long Simbirskaya street<ныне - ул. Комсомола>, a completely provincial type, very well described by Goncharov in Oblomov") [ Geiro L.S. Notes // I.A. Goncharov. Oblomov. "Literary Monuments". - L., 1987. P.679].
Let's try to remember how those first appear before the reader literary heroes, whom Dobrolyubov included in the “Oblomov family”: Onegin - “flying in the dust on the post office”; Pechorin - “Once in the fall, a transport with provisions arrived: in the transport there was an officer, a young man of about twenty-five. He came to me in full uniform and announced that he was ordered to stay in my fortress”; Rudin - “The sound of the carriage was heard. A small carriage drove into the yard.” It is obvious that these author's remarks set the idea of movement, movement in space, dynamics and development in time. Whereas about Oblomov in the very first lines of the novel it is reported that he “was lying on his bed in the morning.” Peace and immobility - this is the credo of Goncharov’s hero. And in fact, Ilya Ilyich is afraid of all kinds of changes and movements: even the upcoming move from his house on Gorokhovaya Street plunges him into panic, and Oblomov speaks about the possibility of travel exclusively in a sarcastic tone (“Who goes to America and Egypt! The British: so That’s how God made them; and they have nowhere to live at home. But who will go with us? Perhaps some desperate person who doesn’t care about life.”
