What information does the dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language contain? Homonyms are similar words with different meanings (types and examples of homonyms). See the meaning of homonym in other dictionaries

Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1974. - 448 p.

The dictionary contains more than 2,000 onomastic pairs (groups). The dictionary entry includes information about the type of formation of homonyms, grammatical, stylistic characteristics, qualification of homonyms from the point of view of their formation or origin, information about word-formation relations of members of homonymous groups, illustrative material. Translations of homonyms into English, German and French are also provided.

The dictionary includes the following applications: 1. Functional homonymy; 2. Homographs.

Sample dictionary entry

FURI-II*II

FUR I, pl. fur´. English. fur; wine-skin fr. fourrure; outre, him. Fell, Pelz; Schlauch. Fur, fur, fur, fur.

~ hare, fox, mink, squirrel; fox, sable, fluffy, precious ~; with wine, for wine.

FUR II, pl. furs´. English. bellows, fr. soufflet, soufflerie, him. Blasebalg.

inflate, expand ~; ~ and accordions.

Kim O.M. Dictionary of grammatical homonyms of the Russian language: About 11,000 words: About 5,000 homonymic rows. - M.: Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC: NPP Ermak CJSC, 2004. - 842, p.

The dictionary is devoted to the problem of distinguishing grammatical homonyms. The dictionary entry includes grammatical and stylistic characteristics of homonyms, as well as illustrative material.

Sample dictionary entries

AROUND

1. Around, adv. The sea for hundreds of miles around seemed deserted. Kataev. Some forests stand like a wall around, and only the rain dances in the huge grass. Brodsky.

2. Around, pretext. Sit around the table. Traveling across the world. Fence around the house. Conversations around politics. ■ Take in my scattered gaze in silence And don’t stop others from making noise around me. Annensky.

CANDIDATE'S

1. PhD,-oh, w., adj. PhD degree. Work on a Ph.D. dissertation.

2. Ph.D.-oh, f., noun. Razg. Successfully defend your PhD thesis.

Vvedenskaya L.A., Kolesnikov N.P. Educational dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. - Moscow: ICC “MarT”, Rostov-on-Don: Publishing Center “MarT”, 2005. - 256 p.

The dictionary consists of “Introduction”, “Dictionary of Homonyms” and “Practice”. The “Introduction” talks about the reasons for the appearance of homonyms, their use in speech, and existing dictionaries of homonyms. The dictionary itself includes about 400 dictionary entries, which can have from two to five homonyms with their interpretation lexical meaning. The “Workshop” presents various tasks that help you find errors in speech associated with the use of homonyms and correct them.

Sample dictionary entries

RULER

1. Ruler 1. A straight line on paper, a board, etc., helping to write in even lines. 2. A straight bar or block for drawing straight lines. 3. The border of the camp is a line marked in one way or another. 4. Line up in one line.

2. Line - a long multi-seat carriage with a longitudinal partition, in which people sit sideways to the direction of travel (obsolete).

DISSOLVE

1. Dissolve 1. Open, open (something closed). 2. Move apart, move the ends of something to the sides (with the legs of a compass, the blades of scissors, etc.). Committed dissolve (special).

2. Dissolve 1. Cause to dissolve. 2. By diluting the flour with water, prepare the dough. Committed dissolve (colloquial).

Dictionary of phraseological homonyms of the modern Russian language / Ed. ON THE. Pavlova. - Omsk: Heritage Publishing House. Dialogue-Siberia, 2003. - 290 p.

The dictionary contains 623 phraseological homonyms of different types. The dictionary entry includes the interpretation of a phraseological unit, the type of categorical meaning, grammatical, stylistic characteristics, illustrations, etc. Intended for a wide range of readers.

Sample dictionary entry

Without year week 1- "recent" Recognized Nom. Unism. Tale Razg. Disapprove. Komsomolskaya Pravda no year a week,- she said, pursing her lips. A. Fadeev. You, Vasily Karpovich, chairman without week of the year so instead of walking around with a glove, we would figure it out first. S. Antonov. I wonder where it goes, professor’s child? - Lavtsov teased again. - That's enough, that's enough... why are you lifting up your snout in front of him? Also a locomotive without a year a week,- Titov interrupted him sedately. L. Leonov. - You, father, are in the regiment without yeara week; here today, tomorrow they will move to the adjutants. L. Tol-wait. When the lists and award sheets for the fighters were being prepared, the political officer added medical instructor Likhobaba to this list. He, Mechetny, took this presentation: without a year in a company, throwing around awards is not good. B. Field.

HOMONYM, -a, m. In linguistics: a word that coincides with another in sound, but is completely divergent from it in meaning, as well as in the system of forms or in the composition of the nest, for example. ""leak"" and ""leak2"", ""mow1"" and ""mow2"". || adj. homonymous, -aya, -oe and homonymous, -aya, -oe.

View value HOMONYM in other dictionaries

Homonym- M. Greek one and the same word, in which there is more than one sense, meaning; eg braid
Dictionary Dahl

Homonym- homonym, m. (from the Greek homos - identical and onyma - name) (linguistic). A word that is identical to another in sound form, but different from it in meaning, for example. "hail" is a city and "hail" is a meteorological phenomenon.
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Homonym- -A; m. [Greek homos - identical] Linguistic. A word that coincides with another word in sound and spelling, but diverges in meaning and system of forms (for example: course - direction.......
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary

Homonym— Borrowing from French, where omonyme is from the Latin homonymus, which goes back to the Greek homonymos, literally meaning “of the same name” (homos - “identical, one and the same”, onyma - “name”).
Krylov's etymological dictionary

Homonym- One of two or more words with identical pronunciation and spelling, but different etymology and, therefore, different meanings; for example, a key (which is used to open........
Psychological Encyclopedia

The Russian language is one of the top 10 most famous languages in the world. But in several languages there are words that sound the same but are spelled differently, including in Russian.

The names of such words are homonyms. To study in more detail what homonyms are and what types of them exist, you should read this article.

What are homonyms and what are they?

"Homonymy" with Greek language translated as "same name". Homonyms are those words that are similar in writing and pronunciation, but differ in understanding

For example:

The word "outfit". At the same time it can mean both the type of clothing and a soldier’s outfit.
"Onion" is also considered a homonym. In one sense it is a plant, in another it is a weapon.
The word "shop". One of the meanings of the word “bench” is a trading bench, and the second is an ordinary bench installed in a park on which people sit.

In our language, complete and incomplete homonyms are classified. Full homonyms include those that are one part of speech. For example, the word “smooth” is a noun with a double meaning: it means an even plane and a type of embroidery.

In both cases, “smooth” is a noun, the words are heard and written the same. We can conclude that, in fact, the word “smooth surface” is a homonym.

Types of homonyms - homophones, homographs, homoforms

Let's talk about incomplete homonyms. The translation of the word “homograph” from Greek is “same spelling.” In its turn Homographs are identical in spelling, similar to each other, but differ in pronunciation and meaning.

The most famous example is the word “castle”. When the accent is on the letter a, that is, “lock” is a certain building, and “LOCK” is a device that locks the door.

Or the word "organ". When we stress the first vowel, we get the word “Organ” - an element of a living organism, for example, heart, liver. When the second vowel is stressed, we get the word “organ” - a musical instrument.

The word "homophone" also came to us from the Greeks. Translated, it means “similar sound.” Based on this, we conclude that Homophones are words that are similar in sound but different in spelling. For example, in the expressions “open the door” and “boil dumplings” the verbs sound exactly the same, but when written, and, accordingly, in understanding, they are different.

It remains to figure out what homoforms are. Everything is much simpler here. Homoforms are words that are the same when written and pronounced not in all contexts of sentences.

For example, in the expressions “glass of water” and “glass of glass”, the word “glass” is a homoform.

Homonyms - examples of words

For children, homonyms are shown very clearly in the following pictures.

This concept can be explained to a 5-6 year old child, which is often done by speech therapists, specialized kindergartens and advanced parents.

Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language

They wrote their own dictionaries for homonyms. The dictionary of homonyms, written by O. S. Akhmanova, fully and fully presents the classification of homonyms and information about them.

The dictionary of homonyms, which was created by N.P. Kolesnikov, contains translations of homonyms into 3 languages.

What helps to distinguish between words and homonyms

Homonym words are constantly confused with words that have several definitions, simpler, polysemantic words. Let's figure out what it is?

These are words that have a number of meanings that are interconnected in meaning. For example, the word hat.

The hat can be women's, nail or mushroom. In these cases, the meaning is not particularly different and means some kind of accessory or some kind of upper part.

Grammatical homonyms

These are words that are similar in pronunciation, but in spelling they coincide only in certain grammatical forms. For example, the word “flying”. It can mean the action of “treating” the first person, singular or “fly”.

Also good example This type of homonym is the word “three”. "Three" can be a verb or the numeral "three" in the dative case.

Functional homonyms

These are words that are similar in spelling and sound, but belong to different parts of speech. They occur due to the transition of words from one part of speech to another.

The most obvious example of this type of homonym is the word “exactly”. It can be either a comparative particle or an adjective.

“To notice accurately” is an adverb. “Like a hurricane flew by” is a comparative particle. “Precisely defined” is an adjective.

Lexical homonyms

Words that have different meanings, but coinciding in pronunciation and writing in almost all forms. They are one part of speech.

A good example is the word “flog”. This is a verb that can mean cutting a sewing stitch or beating.

Morphological homonyms

These are words that are written identically, but depending on the context they are different parts of speech.

The word "oven" is both a noun and a verb. It is possible to understand in what form this word is used only from the context.

Examples:

“Ilya lit the oven so that grandma could make pies,” here the word “oven” is a noun;
“Grandma was going to bake pies with meat and onions,” in this sentence the word “bake” is a verb.

Homonymous endings

To understand this concept, you first need to remember what case is. Case is a form of a name that indicates the relationship of words in a sentence.

There are 6 cases in the Russian language: nominative (I.p.), genitive (R.p.), dative (D.p.), accusative (V.p.), instrumental (T.p.), prepositional (P. .P.). Among the case endings there are also homonym endings.

Homonymous endings are those endings that sound the same, like all homonyms, but have different grammatical meanings.

For example, the words “sisters” and “water”. In the first case, the word “sisters” is plural. h., I. p, and the word “water” is singular. h., R. p.

To summarize, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the topic of homonyms is complicated not so much by the definitions of this concept, but by the variety of types. To fully understand the topic, you need to carefully familiarize yourself with and understand all types of homonyms and their differences.

You, of course, guessed that the boys did not understand each other because they talked about different things, while calling them the same word. This is an example of homonyms. After all, oatmeal is a bird, and oatmeal is also a cereal.

Homonyms- words that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. The word "homonym" comes from two Greek words: homos- identical, onimo- Name.

Let's look at examples of homonyms, compare the sound, spelling and meaning of words.

Land strip in the sea

It's called a braid

And the girl has a braid

The colors of ripe oats.

There is dew on the grass -

The scythe mows the grass.

I have one question:

How many braids are there in the world?

Rice. 2. Homonyms: braid ()

Scythe- a narrow sandbank running from the shore.

Scythe- braided hair.

Scythe- a tool for cutting grass.

Porridge is ripe in the meadow.

The cow Mashka eats porridge.

Masha likes lunch:

There is nothing tastier!

Porridge- white clover.

Porridge- a dish made from grains boiled in water or milk.

Say "spring" -

And then it arose

Runs in the green thicket

A cheerful babbling key.

And we call the spring a key

(The door key has nothing to do with it).

Rice. 3. Homonyms: Key ()

Key- spring.

Key- device for the lock.

We are foxes

Friendly sisters.

Well, who are you?

We are foxes too!

What, with just one paw?

No, still with a hat.

Rice. 4. Homonyms: Chanterelles ()

Chanterelles- mushrooms.

Chanterelles- animals.

Come learn shooting with me

And look for me on the ridge.

I can hit the bird accurately,

I also end up in cabbage soup.

Rice. 5. Homonyms: Onion ()

Onion- plant.

Polysemantic words and homonyms are written the same way. The main difference The difference between them is that polysemantic words have something in common in their lexical meaning (color, shape), while homonyms have completely different lexical meanings.

If you are in doubt about the definition of a polysemantic word or homonym, an explanatory dictionary will come to your aid. Let's look at the difference in recording dictionary entries:

The root is a polysemantic word that has several meanings:

1. The underground part of plants.

2. Inner part of hair, tooth.

3. Beginning, source of something (figurative meaning).

4. Significant part of the word.

In the dictionary, a polysemantic word has each meaning indicated by a number.

Let's look at how homonyms are presented in the dictionary. For example:

A tap is a shut-off device in the form of a tube for releasing liquid or gas.

A crane is a machine for lifting and moving loads over short distances.

In the dictionary, homonyms have a separate dictionary entry.

The meaning of homonyms can be determined only when the word is used in a phrase or sentence.

Let's complete the task.

Let's look at the pictures. Let's make sentences or phrases with homonyms to show their different lexical meanings.

1. Fluffy mink.

2. Deep mink.

Rice. 11. Homonyms: Mink ()

1. We saw a picture of a predatory lynx.

2. The horse was trotting.

Rice. 12. Homonyms: Lynx ()

1. Do not pollute the environment.

2. Grandma will come on Wednesday.

Rice. 13. Homonyms: Wednesday ()

So, we learned that in the Russian language there are words that are written and pronounced the same, but have different lexical meanings. These words are called homonyms.

Homonyms are often used in puzzles and riddles, for example:

What fabric cannot be used to make a shirt?

From the railway.

Which tap can you not drink from?

From the lift.

In which cage are birds and animals not kept?

In the chest.

In which forests is there no game?

In construction.

What kind of belt should you not wear?

Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.

Bukina-69.ucoz.ru ().
Toyskola.ucoz.ru ().
Festival of Pedagogical Ideas" Public lesson" ().

Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012. Part 2. Do the exercise. 33, 34 P. 25.
Choose homonyms for these words. Make up sentences to make the meaning of the words clear.

Castle, foam, cream.

* Using the knowledge acquired in class, come up with riddles or puzzles where the answers are homonym words.

Homoforms, homophones, and homographs should not be confused with lexical homonyms themselves. If lexical homonyms coincide in sound, spelling and belong to the same part of speech and coincide in all grammatical forms, then we will not see this in homoforms, homophones, homographs.

If we consider them from the point of view of spelling and sound, the difference will be as follows:

Homographs - have the same spelling and differ in sound (atlas and atlas, castle and castle),
Homophones - the same in sound and different in spelling (pond and twig, burn and burn),
Homoforms - coincide in spelling and sound only in indirect forms (glass (from noun glass) and glass (past tense, zh.r.), we see (1 l., plural) and we see (short. prikh.)).

We will show the similarities and differences in the spelling and pronunciation of types of homonyms in a summary table.

Type		Writing	Sound	Explanation	Examples
Homonyms	absolute homonyms	+	+	coincidence in spelling and sound in all grammatical forms	braid (hair, tool), boron (wood, chemical element)
Homographs	graphic homonyms	+	−	differ in word stress	hot - hot, bees - bees
Homophones	phonetic homonyms	−	+	differ in spelling	flu is a mushroom code - cat
Omoforms	grammatical homonyms	+	+	coincidence in spelling and sound only in certain grammatical forms	I fly high - I fly people, shard of glass - water glass

They are discussed in more detail on the pages: homoforms, homophones, homographs.

Emergence

Homonyms appear in Russian for various reasons:

Borrowing words from other languages with borrowing their lexical meaning (kok - hairstyle and kok - cook on a ship);
Isolating one of the lexical meanings of a polysemantic word into an independent word (braid - hair styling, braid - sandbank, scythe - agricultural tool);
As a result of word formation (ambassador - the position of a diplomat, ambassador - pickling vegetables, mushrooms).

Polysemy

Note. Polysemy is not studied in the school curriculum. If you do not need knowledge of this concept, then skip the paragraph.

The study of homonyms in linguistics is called homonymy. A concept close to homonymy is polysemy. A number of philologists distinguish between the concepts of homonymy and polysemy based on the origin and primary meaning of the words. For example, the word bor (forest and chemical element) are classified as homonyms, since the words have different origins: in the meaning of “pine forest” - of Slavic origin, in the meaning of “chemical element” - of Persian origin. The word ether (meaning " Chemical substance") and ether (in the meaning of "radio broadcasting") are classified as polysemy, since both are of Greek origin.

Words similar in sound and spelling different parts speeches are clearly classified as homonyms and not polysemy.