Theoretical material. Dog hunting You can finally seek advice from a specialist

Pass it onPlease,this manuscript to the editor - introductory word (“I ask you”); Please tell me how brave he is!- a complete combination when expressing surprise, indignation, indignation; In the evening please, but I can’t come during the day - particle to express agreement (“yes”); Invite him to your place - please, but he himself will not come to visit- particle (“yes”).

The greasy cap with which Bredyuk,Seems like,did not part even in my sleep, was pulled over my forehead (F.) - introductory word in the middle of a sentence; He answered,Seems likewithout even hiding his distrust of the interlocutor’s words - an introductory word at the beginning of a separate phrase; Looks like no - whole combination.

It was alreadyperhaps,after midnight(Mark.) - introductory word; It is not he alone who has the right to take this place, but perhaps others too - spruce combination; Perhaps not.

Note. The following words and phrases are not introductory and are not separated by commas: maybe, I mean, literally, as if, in addition, to top it off, suddenly, after all, ultimately, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, precisely, as if, as if, just, meanwhile , I suppose, in no way, almost, therefore, approximately, approximately, moreover, moreover, simply, decisively, as if, supposedly etc. (particles, adverbs).

Punctuation allocation these words are explained by various reasons: in some cases it is due to the fact that some of the given words relate to the so-called modal particles, close to modal (introductory) words; in others, the semantic nuances inherent in individual words and allowing them to be separated by commas play a role; finally, the influence of previous rules or individual author's punctuation is possible. Wed:

I have a headache; I came out for air - maybewill pass(T.); Maybethink about it and come(Ch.);

To top it all offit started to rain(Ch.). - AND,to top it all off,no forks, no knives(S.-Sch.) - optional separation (see § 20);

I supposechickened out, boy?; FrozenI suppose?;All of themI guessguilty. - I supposethey won't come at us(P.); One is not a mill bird, which, no matter how it flaps its wings,I supposewon't fly(N.); Well, what about your wife?I supposegorgeous(Ch.);

...No wayOur daughter has outgrown eared rye!(N.); Fathers, no master? (Tel.). - And for me,no way,I'm hungry again(T.); Yes,no way,you are the worst offender(S.-Sch.);

Weapproximatelyin these tones and with such conclusions they conducted a conversation(Furm.) (“approximately”). - I'm trying to take care of herapproximately,not thinking is impossible(Acute) (“for example”).

9. Punctuation for words and phrases finally, in the end, however, of course, in general, in general, in any case, in turn, in fact, in particular, mainly, most importantly, means, on the contrary, for example, at least with points of view, from my side etc. has its own characteristics.

1) Word finally is introductory and stands apart:

a) if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and also”) completes the enumeration: Opekushin came from the common people, at first he was self-taught, then a recognized artist and,finally,academician(Tel.); Sitting somewhere on a mound in the steppe, or on a hill above a river, or,finally,on a well-known cliff, the blind man listened only to the rustling of leaves...(Cor.); often say finally with homogeneous members of the sentence preceded by words Firstly Secondly etc. or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word finally is the end of the enumeration;

b) if it evaluates a fact from the speaker’s point of view or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, to emphasize something: Yesand finally,It's always better to make the mistake of thinking well(M.G.); Yes, go awayfinally!(Ch.) In the meanings “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything” the word finally is not introductory and serves as an adverbial adverb: Gave three balls every year and finally squandered it(P.); I ran and ran and finally got tired(Usp.); ...We climbed higher and higher and finally reached the top of the mountain(Closed); ...Quickly all the cash, the wife’s diamonds, and finally most of the daughter’s dowry were gone(Gonch.); Finally everything was over. In these meanings by the way finally usually a particle can be added -That(with an introductory word such an addition is impossible); compare: Finally we got to our place for the night (= Finally got there...). - Can,finally,seek advice from a specialist(adding a particle -That impossible).

2) There is a similar difference between the function of introduction and the function of circumstance for the combination in the end; compare: After all, inEventually,we were in no hurry(not the time is indicated, but the conclusion to which the speaker came as a result of a series of reasoning); Well, inEventually,will happen to you?; I'm not a criminal,Eventually;Actor, inEventually,poorly prepared for such a responsible role; He is inEventually,quite careful; INEventually,It's all my fault; Something happened thatEventually,could not be avoided; But please tell me, after all, inEventually,where is your wife?(A.T.); In the end they[officers] took the commander's side(N.-P.); Eventually an agreement was reached; The strikers finally got their way(see the above meanings of adverbial adverbs finally:“at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”); Kashtanka remembered very well how she spent the day and how she finally ended up on this unfamiliar sidewalk(Ch.); However, he could not resist the requests and eventually agreed(Cupr.).

3) Word however is introductory and is isolated, if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence: Look, however, Vera, be careful(T.); Passionately devoted to the master, hehowever,it's rare that he doesn't lie to him about something(Gonch.); The weather was windy, windy,however,not quite the same(Gonch.); But,however,I'm terribly tormented by the Swedish match(Ch.) - neighborhood of words But And however indicates that the second of them is not used as an unambiguous conjunction; How cleverly I did it, however! (Ch.), So much trouble, however (Ch.).

At the beginning of a sentence (or part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversative conjunction and is not introductory: However, his father’s cunning policy did not offend him at all.(Esb.); The cannonade became weaker, but the crackling of guns from behind and to the right was heard more and more often (L.T.); We never expected to meet again, but we did(L.).

On rare occasions the word however separated at the beginning of the sentence comma, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation): However,what a wind! (Ch.);However,need to drink coffee(Ch.); However,we wanted a lot!

4) Word Certainly usually stands out commas as an introduction: Certainly,habit means a lot(Ch.); You care about meCertainly,no matter(A.T.); There were difficulties in the beginningCertainly.

But sometimes the word Certainly, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated: Of course it's true!: Of course it is; Of course, I would have come if I had been warned in advance. Wed..

Theoretical material

Water words are the words with which the speaker expresses his attitude to the statement.

Introductory components stand out commas:

Meaning	Introductory word	Examples
Confidence	of course, of course, without a doubt, indisputably, certainly, naturally, undoubtedly...	Winter, Certainly, It will be snowy. We, undoubtedly, we will meet you.
Uncertainty	it seems, probably, probably, perhaps, obviously, maybe, we must believe, perhaps, most likely, I hope, I see, apparently...	Winter, Seems, it will be snowy. We, Maybe, we will meet you.
Different feelings	fortunately, unfortunately, surprisingly, unfortunately, to our delight, it’s a strange thing, there’s no point in hiding it, what good, as if on purpose, surprisingly, to horror...	Winter, fortunately, It will be snowy. We,Unfortunately, We won't be able to meet you.
Order of phenomena (thoughts) and the connection between them	firstly, secondly, finally, means, however, for example, therefore, therefore, therefore, thus, however, in general, in short, so to speak	Firstly, It rained all autumn, Secondly, the winter was snowy. Means, there will be a lot of moisture in the fields.
Appeals to attention	please understand, listen, agree, have mercy, agree, isn't it, let me, let me, imagine, consider...	After all, you agree, with my opinion.
Message source	it is known, in my opinion, they say, I remember in your opinion, they say, according to (...) the opinion..., they say, from point of view…, according to …,	According to weather forecasters, the winter will be snowy.
Assessing the style of expression, the way of expressing thoughts.	in other words, figuratively speaking, to put it mildly, Let's face it, as the saying goes …	As the poets say, the autumn of life has begun. (K. Paustovsky.)
Introductory words expressing the expressiveness of the statement	in truth, in conscience, in fairness, jokes aside, it’s funny to say, don't say it as a reproach, I must admit, to say in all honesty, to be honest, between speaking to us...	I must admit, you did an excellent job.

In the middle of a sentence, insertive components are highlighted commas :

If an introductory word is possible lower or rearrange to another place in the sentence without violating its structure (usually this happens with conjunctions And And But): Terenty supplemented himself with minor plumbing work; But, Firstly, there was worklittle, and Secondly, urgent matters took up a lot of time (Kataev). If deletion or rearrangement of the introductory word is impossible, then a comma is not placed after the conjunction (with the conjunction A ). The misfortune did not change him at all, but against, he became even stronger andmore energetic (Turgenev).

But if deletion or rearrangement of the introductory word is possible, then a comma is placed after the conjunctions A. Not a year, but May be, Ivan Georgievich lived ten years in one night (Yu. Laptev)

When two introductory words meet a comma is placed between them: What good, perhaps , and gets married, out of tenderness of the soul...

Introductory words before comparative phrases(with union How ), targetedm turn(with union to): All this seemed strange to me, however, like others. Studentonthought for a minute probably to formulate your answer more accurately.

If the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate phrase, then it is not separated from the turnover by any sign; if the introductory word is in the middle of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas on a common basis. And Pyotr Petrovich, at least in many ways, the person is veryvenerable. A scared child apparently, horse, ran up to his mother.

A conjunction used before an introductory word may refer to it, or may also perform its functions in the structure of the sentence. Punctuation marks in both cases will be different: After our explanation relationship didn't get any better, A, against , even more went wrong. I'll arrive early in the morning and Maybe , even at night.

The following are not separated by commas:

1.Introductory words, used at the beginning of clarifying phrases, are not separated by a comma: Many works in particular And " Belkin's Stories" and "Little Tragedies", I re-read it several times.

2.Introductory words and combinations are not separated by a comma from the coordinating conjunction at the beginning of the sentence: AND d indeed , he left soon. A m among other things , it still rained.

Isolated by parentheses:

If the introductory construction contains an additional and incidental remark or explanation, but distant from the main sentence in meaning: Alexei ( the reader already knew him

The dashes are highlighted:

1. If the introductory construction and the main sentence compared to each other in meaning: Here - nothing to do- the friends kissed each other. Bakers – there were four of them- stayed away from us. (M. Gorky.)

2. with interrogative or exclamatory intonation: This - I swear!- never happened to him. It was decided - remember

3. If the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (a word is missing that is restored from the context), then a dash is usually placed instead of one of the commas, for example: Makarenkorepeatedly emphasized that the new pedagogy is based On the one side, on boundless trust in a person, and on the other- on high to himrequirements.

4. If the introductory word comes after the listing of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it, for example:

Books, brochures,magazines, newspapers - in a word, all kinds of printed matter lay on histhe desk is in complete disarray But: The men were drinkingargued and laughed– in a word, dinner was extremely fun(Pushkin).

Words are never introductory or separated by commas :

maybeas if, literally, in addition, after all, now, hardly, here, after all, like, suddenly, to top it off, suddenly,

Vultimately, after all,hardly, supposedly, almost, even, exactly, exclusively, as if, just,

only, certainly, besides, moreover, necessarily, meanwhile, for sure, I suppose, at the suggestion,

Bydecree, by decision, approximately, approximately, moreover, almost, according tothis, simply, decisively, as if, supposedly

Introductory words (introductory words are not members of the sentence, they can be easily lowered without disturbing sentence structures)	Members of the sentence (most often predicates or circumstances)
Shop, Maybe, has already been reorganized.	Shop Maybe reorganize.
You, right, transferred here from Russia?(Lermontov).	You right did you translate that passage?
Word finally is introductory if 1) in the context it was preceded by the words Firstly Secondly... or expresses the author's feelings. Composition, Firstly , reveals the topic very superficially, Secondly , constantly gets lost in retelling and, finally, just ignorant. This, finally, unbearable! 2) it indicates the connection of thoughts, the order of presentation (in the sense of “and also”) or gives an assessment of the fact from the point of view of the speaker, for example: And finally , it's always better to fall into error by thinking well(Bitter)	In the meaning of “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything” the word finally is not introductory, for example: ...We rose higher and higher and finally reached the top of the mountain.
Finally It happens introductory words, When introducing a word, adding a particle -That impossible: Can, finally, seek advice see a specialist	finally (= in the end = finally / = finally) Finally arrived at our accommodation for the night (finally got there...) Snowfall finally stopped, and the sky cleared.
Word however is introductory if it cannot be replaced by a union But , For example: Look, however, Vera, be careful(Turgenev).	If such a replacement is impossible, then this is a union, it not isolated: We never hoped to meet again however met(Lermontov). [ However = but]
Introductory words in isolated phrases are highlighted only if they are in the middle. Spring, | Seems which had already come into its own, suddenly succumbed to winter again. Spring, | already, Seems, which has come into its own, | suddenly succumbed to winter again.
At all is an introductory word only in meaning generally speaking At all , you're right, and I have to agree with you. (= generally speaking / to tell the truth)	He at all doesn't work anywhere. (= at all) At all You're right, but some nuances are missing from you. (= generally)
however is an introductory word within a sentence. I hungry, however.	however= but: Friends walked along the path however However I am hungry. [It was cloudy] however [rain stopped].

Practical part

1.In the text below, place punctuation marks for introductory words. In the phrase in italics, all punctuation marks are missing, try to place them and explain what rules of the Russian language had to be used.

Student 6 "B" class Nikita was undoubtedly lazy. Naturally, his laziness led to him getting bad grades at school, and therefore, of course, he was also a poor student. In general, he could sometimes fight his laziness and then, to the joy of all the teachers, he received a “B”, but Nikita did not often have the desire to overcome himself. By the way, his laziness extended only to doing homework and maybe some other unpleasant chores around the house, such as washing dishes and cleaning the room. But Nikita had time and energy for pranks, computer games and of course for football. Actually, Pryshchikov had nothing against going to school; some lessons, in particular physical education and drawing, even brought pleasure, but mathematics and mainly the Russian language caused unbearable suffering. First of all, he did not always understand the rule correctly, but perceived it in his own way, as it seemed to him more accurately. Further, Nikita could not apply this rule in practice, which means he made a lot of mistakes. Perhaps he needed more time to understand the material, but Nikita didn’t have it. Coming home from school, he first turned on the computer and played for at least an hour with a toy that was interesting and useful from his point of view. Then he ran into the yard and played football, demonstrating the agility and quick reaction undoubtedly inherent in a boy. He really loved sports, and then a boy needs to run and jump, in the end he must grow up strong and strong. Sitting at home and reading boring books means becoming lethargic and weak, and this in turn can lead to illness. In fact, isn't football more important than books? Nikita expressed these thoughts to his father, and he, in turn, supported his son and protected him from his mother, who, on the contrary, considered the most important thing to be “A” in the diary.
Then Nikita rested, watched TV or played on the computer again. After that, there were just 30 minutes left for lessons, because my mother demanded that I go to bed no later than 21.30. And it was during these half-hours that Nikita was attacked by laziness, at least this state could only be called that . The boy listlessly flipped through the pages of his textbooks, mainly trying to remember what was discussed in class and convincing himself that he already remembered everything, and closed the books. Thus, the lessons remained ultimately undone, and among the teachers the opinion grew stronger that Nikita was undoubtedly a lazy person. You really don't think so

Option 1

Option 1 Emphasize grammatical basics, place punctuation marks, indicate introductory words As if on purpose, the rains and cold continued throughout May. Are you sure Mozart is upset about something? Mountain air undoubtedly has a beneficial effect on human health. It seems your story has caused a lot of noise there. The first sailors, leaving land, were guided by the outlines of the coast, by the shape of the clouds and, of course, by the stars.

Option 1 Emphasize grammatical basics, place punctuation marks, indicate introductory words As if on purpose, the rains and cold continued throughout May. Are you sure Mozart is upset about something? Mountain air undoubtedly has a beneficial effect on human health. It seems your story has caused a lot of noise there. The first sailors, leaving land, were guided by the outlines of the coast, by the shape of the clouds and, of course, by the stars.

Option 2 Emphasize grammatical basics, place punctuation marks, indicate introductory words

Option 2 Emphasize grammatical basics, place punctuation marks, indicate introductory words We were approaching a town where, according to the bearded commandant, there was a strong detachment. In a word, this man had a constant and irresistible desire to create a case for himself. A schooner was coming towards us, probably bound for Taman. The sea for hundreds of miles around seemed deserted. On the one hand, he was a very kind person, on the other hand, he was quick-tempered and harsh.

Option 2 Emphasize grammatical basics, place punctuation marks, indicate introductory words We were approaching a town where, according to the bearded commandant, there was a strong detachment. In a word, this man had a constant and irresistible desire to create a case for himself. A schooner was coming towards us, probably bound for Taman. The sea for hundreds of miles around seemed deserted. On the one hand, he was a very kind person, on the other hand, he was quick-tempered and harsh.

Option 2 Emphasize grammatical basics, place punctuation marks, indicate introductory words We were approaching a town where, according to the bearded commandant, there was a strong detachment. In a word, this man had a constant and irresistible desire to create a case for himself. A schooner was coming towards us, probably bound for Taman. The sea for hundreds of miles around seemed deserted. On the one hand, he was a very kind person, on the other hand, he was quick-tempered and harsh.

3. Practical task on the topic “Introductory words and sentences”

Place punctuation marks. Please provide introductory words Maybe we'll go to the forest. He seems a little tired. It's unlikely to rain today. Luckily the road was not washed out.

2. Place punctuation marks. Draw a diagram of this proposal.

Please do not forget, Pavel Denisovich, about my request.

3. Indicate which words cannot be separated by commas at the gap in the sentence:

The Amur River... is wider than ours.

A. a little B. perhaps D. after all

4. Find sentences with incorrect punctuation. Write down the numbers of those sentences in which there is a punctuation error. Explain the error.

1. Fortunately, it’s impossible to get used to it.

2. But at that moment, I admit, it never occurred to me to laugh.

3.The approach of spring seems like a miracle.

4.I simply have nothing to argue with you about!

5. The ducks - there were ten of them - walked together to the pond every morning.

Insert punctuation where necessary.

1. The misfortune did not change him at all, but on the contrary, he became even stronger and more energetic.

2. Terenty supplemented himself with minor plumbing work; but firstly, there was little work, and secondly, urgent matters took up a lot of time.

3. Ivan Georgievich lived not a year, but maybe ten years in one night.

4. It’s a good idea to get married, out of tenderness of the soul...

5. All this seemed strange to me, as well as to others.

6. The student thought for a minute, probably to formulate his answer more accurately.

7. And Pyotr Petrovich, at least in many ways, is a very respectable man.

8. The child, apparently frightened of the horse, ran up to his mother.

9. After the explanation, our relationship did not improve, but on the contrary, became even more discorded.

10. I will arrive early in the morning, and perhaps even at night.

11. I re-read many works, in particular “Belkin’s Stories” and “Little Tragedies” several times.

12. And indeed he left soon.

13. By the way, it still rained.

14. Alexey ( the reader already knew him ) Meanwhile, he was looking intently at the young peasant woman.

15. Here – nothing to do - the friends kissed each other.

16. Bakers – there were four of them

17. This - I swear! - never happened to him.

18. It was decided - remember ? - that I will come to him in a few days.

19. Makarenko repeatedly emphasized that the new pedagogy is based, on the one hand, on unlimited trust in a person, and on the other, on high demands placed on him.

20. Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in short, all types of printed materials lay on his desk in complete disarray.

21. The men drank, argued and laughed - in short, the dinner was extremely fun.

22. The workshop may have already been reorganized.

23. Are you correctly transferred here from Russia?

24. And finally, it is always better to fall into error by thinking well.

25. The essay, firstly, reveals the topic very superficially, secondly, it constantly wanders into retelling and, finally, it is simply illiterate.

26. This is finally unbearable!

27. You can finally seek advice from a specialist

28. Look, however, Vera, be careful.

29. Spring, which seems to have already come into its own, suddenly gave way to winter again.

30. Spring, which already seemed to have come into its own, suddenly gave way to winter again.

31. In general, you are right, and I have to agree with you.

32. I'm hungry though.

33. The friends walked along the path, but soon were forced to stop.

34. However, I am hungry.

35. It was cloudy but the rain stopped.

36. Finally got to our place for the night (finally got there...)

37. We never hoped to meet again, but we met [However = but]

38. He doesn’t work anywhere at all (= at all).

39. In general, you are right, but some nuances escape you (= in general).

40. The workshop can be reorganized.

41. Did you translate that passage correctly?

42. We climbed higher and higher and finally reached the top of the mountain.

Check yourself:

1. The misfortune didn’t change him at all, but against, he became even stronger and more energetic.

2. Terenty supplemented himself with minor plumbing work; But, Firstly, there was little work, and, Secondly, urgent matters took up a lot of time.

3. Not a year, but, May be, Ivan Georgievich lived ten years in one night.

4. What good, perhaps, and gets married, out of tenderness of the soul...

5. All this seemed strange to me, however, like others.

6. The student thought for a minute, probably to formulate your answer more accurately.

7. And Petr Petrovich, at least In many ways, he is a very respectable man.

8. A scared child apparently, horse, ran up to his mother.

9. After the explanation, our relationship did not improve, but against, became even more discordant.

10. I'll arrive early in the morning, and Maybe, even at night.

11. Many works, in particular And " Belkin's Stories" and "Little Tragedies", I reread them several times.

12. AND d indeed, he left soon.

13. A m among other things, it still rained.

14. Alexey ( the reader already knew him) Meanwhile, he was looking intently at the young peasant woman.

15. Here – nothing to do- the friends kissed each other.

16. Bakers – there were four of them– stayed away from us.

17. This - I swear!- never happened to him.

18. It was decided - remember? - that I will come to him in a few days.

19. Makarenko repeatedly emphasized that the new pedagogy is based, on the one hand, on unlimited trust in a person, and on the other- on high demands placed on him.

20. Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers – in a word, all types of printed materials lay on his desk in complete disarray

21. The men drank, argued and laughed, - in a word, dinner was extremely fun

22. Workshop, Maybe, has already been reorganized.

23. You, right, transferred here from Russia?

24. And finally, it is always better to fall into error by thinking well.

25. Essay, Firstly, reveals the topic very superficially, Secondly, constantly gets lost in retelling and, finally, just ignorant.

26. This is finally, unbearable!

27. You can finally, seek advice from a specialist

28. Look, however, Vera, be careful.

29. Spring, Seems which had already come into its own, suddenly succumbed to winter again.

30. Spring, already, Seems, which had come into its own, suddenly succumbed to winter again.

31. At all, you're right, and I have to agree with you (= generally speaking/ to tell the truth).

32. I'm hungry however.

33. Friends walked along the path, however soon they were forced to stop.

34. However I am hungry.

35. [It was cloudy], however[rain stopped].

36. Finally got to our place for the night ( finally got there...)

37. We never hoped to meet again, however met [ However = but]

38. He at all doesn't work anywhere (= at all).

39. At all You're right, but some nuances are missing from you. (= in general)

40. Workshop Maybe reorganize.

41. You right did you translate that passage?

42. We rose higher and higher and finally reached the top of the mountain

TASK No. 10. PUNCTUATION ANALYSIS (INTRODUCTORY WORDS, PHRASES AND SENTENCES; INSERT CONSTRUCTIONS; ADDRESSES)

Hello, dear ninth graders! Today we will continue preparing for the main state exam. We will devote our lesson to task No. 10. Punctuation analysis (introductory words, phrases and sentences; inserted structures; addresses).

Lesson objectives

Repeat and generalize knowledge about words and constructions that are grammatically unrelated to the sentence.

Strengthen the skills of finding words and structures that are grammatically unrelated to sentence parts.

Repeat the rules for placing punctuation marks in such sentences.

First, we will repeat with you everything about introductory words,phrases, sentences and inserted constructions.

1. Introductory words are not members of the sentence: they cannot be asked questions from other members of the sentence; they complicate the proposal. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to what is said in the sentence. Wed, for example: I will probably do well in the exam; I will definitely do well in the exam. In writing, introductory words are separated by commas.
2. Introductory and insertion structures are not parts of a sentence, but complicate a simple (or complex) sentence. Introductory sentences express the speaker’s attitude to the content of the statement, and inserted constructions contain additional comments and incidental clarifications. For introductory sentences, commas are most often used, and for insertive sentences, dashes or parentheses are used, for example: I, it seems to me, have learned all the rules; In one of winter evenings- I was lying on the sofa with an interesting detective - suddenly a call rang, which subsequently turned my whole life upside down.
3. Introductory words are divided into categories.

Meaning	Introductory words and phrases
Express the speaker’s feelings (joy, regret, surprise, etc.).	Fortunately, unfortunately, fortunately, unfortunately, to joy, to chagrin, to regret, to chagrin, unfortunately, to surprise, to horror, to shame, to happiness, to joy, to misfortune, what good, strange thing , amazing thing, the hour is different, it’s no secret and etc.
Express the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reliability of what is being reported (confidence, assumption, possibility, uncertainty and etc.)-	Of course, undoubtedly, without any doubt, obviously, certainly, of course, self-evidently, indisputably, indeed, probably, possibly, truly, probably, in all likelihood, maybe, maybe, maybe, should be, it seems, it would seem, apparently, apparently, perhaps, in fact, really, isn't it, in essence, essentially, essentially, right, tea, one must assume, I think, I hope, I believe and etc.
They indicate the connection of thoughts, the sequence of their presentation.	So, therefore, it means, on the contrary, on the contrary, further, finally, however, by the way, in general, in particular, first of all, in addition, in addition, therefore, for example, for example, the main thing, thus, by the way, by the way to say, by the way, firstly, secondly etc., with on the one hand, on the other hand, I repeat, I emphasize and etc.
Indicate techniques and ways to formulate thoughts.	In a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, in other words, in short, simply put, to put it mildly, if I may say so, if I may say so, if I may say so, it is better to say, so to speak, what is called and etc.
Indicates the source of the message.	They say, report, convey, according to..., according to information..., according to a message..., in opinion..., in my opinion, in your opinion, in our opinion, in your opinion, in my opinion, according to rumors, according to legend, I remember, it is heard, they say and etc.
Words addressed to the interlocutor in order to attract his attention to what is being communicated, to instill a certain attitude towards the thoughts being expressed.	Do you see, see, understand, understand, know, know, understand, understand, believe, listen, agree, imagine, imagine, excuse me, forgive me, believe (li), please have mercy, take note, do mercy, tell me if you want to know and etc.
They indicate an assessment of the measure of what is being said.	The most, the least, at least without exaggeration and etc.
They show the degree of normality of what is being said.	It happens, it happened, it happens, it happened, as usual, as usual and etc.
Express the expressiveness of the statement.	In truth, in conscience, in fairness, jokes aside, it’s funny to say, not to be said as a reproach, I must admit, to say in honor, to admit to say, honestly speaking, between us, between us, be it said and etc.
NB! The following words and combinations of words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: maybe, I mean, literally, as if, in addition, to top it off, suddenly, because, ultimately, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, exactly, sometimes, as if, as if, just, Meanwhile, I suppose, in no way, truly, almost, therefore, approximately, approximately, moreover, moreover, simply, decisively, as if, nevertheless, supposedlyand other similar ones (particles, adverbs).
Words finally, means, however, mainlycan function differently in a sentence
The word is introductory		The word is not introductory
FINALLY
Indicates the connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation(= and more), completes the enumeration:You can finally seek advice from a specialist; Opekushin came from the common people, at first - self-taught, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician.		Performs the function of circumstance(= in the end, finally, after everything, as a result of everything): We rose higher and higher and finally reached the top; Finally all the work was completed.In this value a particle is possiblesomething: Finally got thereto the place of overnight stay (= finally got there...).
HOWEVER
If it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence:See, however, be careful; How much trouble, however.		If it is at the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or connects homogeneous members (in these cases it has the meaning of an adversative conjunction But): We did not expect to meet, but we did; However, his behavior did not offend me.
MEANS
If it is synonymous with the words therefore, then:The sunspots have completely disappeared, which means that the sun has already set after noon; So you can't come today? If it is between the subordinate and main clauses:If spring comes, it will be warm. If located between parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence:The bell rang, which means the lesson is over.		If it is close in meaning to the word means then is the predicate:A person means immeasurably more than is commonly thought of(Bitter). If it stands between the subject and the predicate, then a dash is placed in front of it:To fight is to win.
MAINLY
If it serves to highlight a fact, to express its assessment: The manual should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with new material(mainly = the most important thing).		If it mattersfirst of all, most of all: He achieved success mainly due to his hard work; I like it about him mainly his sincerity.
6. Difficult cases in this task include sentences in which the introductory word is in the middle of it, and there will be only one comma in the answer. When does this happen? 1. If the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate phrase (isolation, clarification, explanation, accession), then it is not separated from the phrase by a punctuation mark; if the introductory word is in the middle of such a phrase, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:
He was lost in thought, apparently making some calculations in his mind. He remembered these words, perhaps heard in childhood. He acted recklessly, probably in defiance of everyone.		Wed: He was lost in thought, apparently making some calculations in his mind. Wed: He remembered these words, perhaps heard in childhood. Wed: He acted recklessly, contrary to
2. If the introductory word comes after the adversative conjunction A and it is impossible to remove it or rearrange it, then the introductory word is not separated from the conjunction by a comma(and therefore, and therefore, and however, and on the contrary): The calculations were made hastily and therefore inaccurately. But: if deletion or rearrangement of the introductory word is possible, then a comma is also placed after the conjunction, since it is not connected with the introductory word:You must work more energetically, and, simply put, not be lazy.

HOW TO DO TASK 10.

The task most often asks you to indicate numbers indicating commas in an introductory word or sentence. This task is actually not difficult to complete: the sentence with the introductory word has already been given and the punctuation marks have been placed in it. You do not have to distinguish introductory words from homonymous members of the sentence.

First, read the given sentence carefully and look at all the commas in it. There will be at least three of them. Try to determine what function each punctuation mark serves.

If you see in a sentence one of the words listed in the table of introductory categories, then write down the numbers indicating commas. If the introductory word is in the middle of the sentence, then there will be two numbers, and if at the beginning or end of the sentence, then there will be one number, for example:

There, (1) above, (2) the bright southern sun was shining.It must have been (3) its rays burned so hard, (4) that the grass had dried out long ago. Answer 3.

NB! Very often, sentences contain appeals or clarifying members of the sentence (see the previous example) - do not confuse them with introductory ones.

Sometimes introductory words are in the middle of a sentence, and they are separated by commas on only one side (that is, the answer will only have one number), for example:He acted recklessly, (1) probably in defiance of everyone, (2) without thinking about the consequences. (Answer 1)

Now let's do practical tasks. On your tables there are tables with categories of introductory words and phrases. You can use them when completing tasks.

The task reads like this: “In the sentences below, all commas are numbered.

Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) whenintroductory word or introductory constructions.”

The boys, (1) of course, (2) did so, (3) as their conscience dictated, (4) and conscience is a feeling, (5) multiplied by the awareness of rightness.

Answer: 12

What, (1) however, (2) the power of the light, (3) reflected from the autumn forests! The whole compartment is in a glow. And, (4) in particular, (5) your face.(K. Paustovsky)

Answer: 12

When I was in the sixth grade and continued to read, (1) as they say, (2) avidly, (3) I suddenly read somewhere, (4) what a person can read in a lifetime, (5) it seems, (6) no more 10 thousand books.(M. Chudakova)

Answer: 1256

Today I met the sun again on the deck, (1) around four in the morning. You can’t keep it in your memory, (2) it will remain in your soul and, (3) maybe, (4) in last hour It is this sunrise on the Angara River that will respond.(A. Pristavkin)

Answer: 34

The teacher’s behavior was, (1) in his opinion, (2) devoid of logic: dragging herself to the theater, (3) and even during the unfinished holidays, (4) with the class?(G. Shcherbakova)

Answer: 12

And (1) maybe (2) that’s why I was unfair to you. But now I want (3) you to be happy, (4) Kolya.(R. Fraerman)

Answer: 12

No, (1) a dangerous wizard, (2) of course, (3) he wouldn’t say that, (4) and she came closer.(A. Green)

Answer: 23

Then, (1) when they had three boys and a girl, (2) the family’s favorite story, (3) naturally, (4) was the seeker’s story about the Dream, (5) about the Sage, (6) about the tree and the concert ,(7) where the Dream came true.

Answer: 34

You can, (1) of course, (2) approach, (3) or not approach, (4) it will be bad, (5) but fair...(B. Emelyanov)

Answer: 12

Where (1) do you think (2) does this path lead? We promise to do everything (3) your way.

Answer: 12

Life (1) seemed (2) to have closed a circle, and Green no longer had any joy or reasonable occupation in it. The sea (3) seemed (4) bottomless and completely black.

Answer: 12

A person in a rush of (1) happiness (2) is capable of performing miracles. He did not notice what was happening and (3) fortunately (4) was still calm.

Answer: 34

The nettle (1) of course (2) stung (3) however (4) it was possible to admire its dark greenery from afar.

Answer: 12

Suddenly (1) the engine somehow (2) wheezed in a special way and (4) seemed to (5) cough like a cold.

Answer: 45

Son, (1) come on, (2) go wash yourself and lie down. I'll come to you (3) and we'll talk.

Never, (4) probably, (5) have I felt so protected and so safe.(E. Grishkovets)

Answer: 12

Bending slightly, (1) he, (2) seemed to be (3) sternly and carefully looking at the lower edge of the island, (4) where the mother’s forests stood, (5) but now they were not there.(V. Rasputin)

Answer: 23

He (1) seemed to (2) enjoy life to the fullest, (3) every minute, (4) every second of his existence.

And it still seems (5) that he has not disappeared from the earth, (6) but is growing somewhere in the forest, (7) in a clearing, (8) rustling with all the leaves and waiting for me to come to him.(B. Yampolsky)

Answer: 125

Garbage accumulates from year to year, (1) forming a “cultural” layer. Under this layer, the life of organisms (2) inhabiting the soil begins to change, (3) and therefore, (4) and the natural processes (5) occurring in it.(M. Kann)

Answer:34

This book was also fantastic, (1) it was called “The Silver Ball”. In general, (2) some people flew to the Moon and moved towards the place, (3) where the unknown part of the planet began, (4) because the Moon is turned towards us with only one side.

(A. Will put it)

Answer: 2

And suddenly a man appeared, (1) whom, (2) I confess, (3) I did not see. Without haggling, (4) without inspecting each log individually, (5) he paid the entire amount assigned by me, (6) put the firewood in his bag and walked away.

(A. Pristavkin)

Answer: 23

Don’t you remember (1) we had a teacher... singer Tra-la-la? “Sorry,” (2) - Bambus finally said, (3) looking into her eyes.

Maybe (4) her room was on the second floor?(Yu. Yakovlev)

Answer: 4

It was painted brown and covered with varnish, (1) which, (2) to our general chagrin, (3) soon cracked and peeled off thanks to the craftsman’s trickery, (4) who spared oil for the paint.(D. Mamin-Sibiryak)

Answer: 23

They say (1) that every person should have a goal in life. Mom and Dad, (2) when they were alone, (3) it seems, (4) they didn’t talk about anything, (5) except my illness.(A. Aleksin)

Answer: 34

It’s cold, (1) in fact, (2) too early. The oak tree stood (3) like an epic warrior, (4) stern and mighty.(E. Nosov)

Answer: 12

Proposals with appeals

Sometimes in complicated sentences the task is related to punctuation when addressing (you need to write numbers indicating commas when addressing). Remember that appeals that complicate a sentence are not part of the sentence and are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence (you cannot ask a question about the address from them).

An address is a word (a noun or an adjective and a participle as a noun in the nominative case) or a phrase that names the person to whom the speech is addressed. Most often, the address is expressed by a proper name and is the name of the person being addressed: Sasha, will you come home late from school today? The main function of the address is to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to encourage him to listen to the speech addressed to him.

Conversion is an integral feature colloquial speech and dialogues of literary texts, it is used mainly in incentive or interrogative sentences.

But titles are not only names of people or names of animals. These can be names of inanimate objects, as well as inanimate natural phenomena:

Oh, pour in, pour in, the joyful key. Murmur, hum your story to me... (Pushkin);

Show off, city Petrov, and stand unshakably, like Russia (Pushkin).

Such appeals are a special poetic device; they have the character of personification.

How to complete this task.

1. Find in the given sentence all the words in the nominative case that have commas. Determine the grammatical basis of the sentence, because addresses are often confused with the subject. Compare:

The janitor's daughter, Mashutka, rushed into the house in horror.

I don’t know what you’re thinking about, Marina, carrying these books into the house! (Oseeva).

In two sentences, two proper names are used, standing in the nominative case, but only in the second sentence there is an inversion (in the first sentence the word Mashutka is an appendix).

1. Read the sentence. Addresses are pronounced with a special vocative intonation; the person being addressed is called; they can appear in any part of a sentence - at the beginning, middle or end:

Don't laugh at someone else's misfortune, my dear! (Krylov)

But this is the simplest case. There are more complex ones that you need to know about.

1. Sometimes in one sentence the same address is repeated several times, and not in a row, but they are separated from each other by members of the sentence, which creates a special expression:

You, sir, are stone, sir, ice (Griboyedov).

1. Appeals are most often uncommon (that is, they consist of one word), but they can also be common (they also contain definitions):

A pale young man with a burning gaze! Now I give you three covenants (Bryusov).

1. A common address can be broken by members of a sentence, for example:

How come, (1) smart, (2) are you delusional, (3) head?! (Krylov) (Answer 1, 2, 3).

6. A sentence may contain several different forms of address, which are called homogeneous:

Friend of my harsh days, my decrepit dove! Alone in the wilderness of pine forests, you have been waiting for me for a long, long time (Pushkin).

And now for the practical tasks.

So here it is, (1) winter oak! And, (2) mentally asking the oak tree

forgiveness for her little human cunning, (3) she said: - Well, (4) Savushkin, (5) this only means (6) that the short path is not the most correct.(Yu. Nagibin)

Answer: 45

The villain clicked his teeth: “Moose, moose, (1) I’ll eat you.” “Okay, (2) gray wolf, (3) - the elk answers, - Just let me say goodbye to my native land.” “Say goodbye,” (4) - answered the wolf.(S. Alekseev)

Answer: 123

At first they wanted to drive away the dog that frightened them and even shoot it, (1) if it didn’t go away, (2) but then they got used to barking at night and sometimes remembered in the morning...

I love you, (3) Nipper, (4) I love you very much. You don't believe me, (5) Nipper?(L. Andreev)

Answer: 345.

Come here, (1) there is a spring, (2) - Vaska shouted.

A country opened up to them, (3) which they had never seen before... - Really, (4) Vaska?(A. Pristavkin)

Answer: 4

In the sentences below, all commas are numbered.

Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) when addressing.

Why are you, (1) such a coward, (2) afraid of everything? - Mom asked, (3) looking at me with cheerful surprise. - Grandma, (4) probably, (5) was intimidating again?(P. Sanaev)

Answer: 12

Guys, (1) I waited longer for my father (2) than you.

We inform you (3) that your father, (4) Major Kozyrev, (5) died a brave death on May 7, 1945.(A. Stuck)

Answer: 1

Not from the people, (1) but from the axe, (2) Polenka. The ax has no eyes, (3) - Taiska answered immediately. - It is iron, (4) put on a handle.(L. Leonov)

Answer: 2

Take care of the beauty of nature, (1) people. And a disturbed hare does not run away from him in fear, (2) does not scream, (3) as if at a stranger, (4) a magpie.(E. Nosov)

Answer: 1

Well, what kind of willow is this, (1) young men? - he said, (2) looking through the students’ work.

Spring is still a long way off, (3) Daria Petrovna. Oh, (4) far...

(O. Tuberovskaya)

Answer: 13

His name was the same (1) as my last canine friend, (2) Tomka.

Tomka, (3) - I said plaintively, (4) - wake up.(B. Emelyanov)

Answer: 3

Suvorov rubbed his hands with pleasure and just wanted to say: “Well, (1) brother, (2) gotcha!” - when suddenly the soldier stood up and barked:

Victoria, (3) your Excellency!

God have mercy, (4) what a time!

God have mercy, (5) a real soldier!(S. Alekseev)

Answer: 123

Do you know Katyusha, (1) neighbor? Be smart, (2) go to Katya. Go, (3) honey, (4) I'll come.

Answer: 34

One day my neighbor down the corridor, (1) Polina Ivanovna, (2) from the adjacent apartment, (3) became ill with her heart.

Grandma, (4) I’ll go, (5) - she turned to Polina Ivanovna.(P. Vasiliev)

Answer: 4.

You save them, (1) my dear, (2) and the time will come, (3) when they will become your friends. You are nice to me, (4) smart.(V. Krapivin)

Your reasoning naturally leads us to the correct
decision (naturally). - Your reasoning, naturally -
but, they lead us to the right decision (“of course”).

Thus the conflict was successfully resolved (“in this way
way") - Thus, the conflict was safely resolved
shen (“so”).

After visiting patients, the doctor can be in his office
(“may be”) - After visiting the sick, the doctor may
in his office (“maybe”).

Then he became famous (“then, after that”).
Tom, he is a celebrity in my eyes (“besides”).

No less than the father found out (the whole combination is no other than;

about the absence of a comma before as, see § 114, paragraph 2).- Not otherwise, who-
one of the boys did it (the introductory combination means no other way)
meaning “should be”).

Wed. also suggestions:

Isn't it good that he came? (truth is an introductory word, meaning
saying “isn’t it true?”). - True, he spent a lot of time on the discussion
strength, but the youth who participated in it learned a lot
(N. Ostrovsky) (though - an introductory word in the function of concession
union).- As for Kirill Izvekov, it really could
imagine that a young man walked into the yard (Fedin) (truth--
particle, meaning “really”),

Without me, everything will be lost, and the father and the old woman, look, they will go around the world
(Chekhov) (look - an introductory word, meaning “very likely, very
maybe") - Just look, he will appear unexpectedly (introductory
a combination indicating the possibility of a sudden action).-
Look, don't catch a cold (look - the particle in the form of the imperative
mood to express caution).- Although small-
cue, and look how he defends himself (look - a particle with an intensifying
value).

Please forward this manuscript to the editor (please
hundred - introductory word meaning “I ask you”) - Say please -
Man, what a brave man! (please tell me the complete combination when

expression of surprise, indignation, indignation). - In the evening
please, but I can’t come during the day (please - particle
to express consent, meaning “yes”).

3. A word is finally introductory if it indicates a connection
thoughts, the order of presentation (in the sense of “and also”) or gives an assessment
fact from the speaker's point of view, for example: And finally, always
it is better to fall into error by thinking well (Gorky); Yes, go away
finally! (Chekhov). In the meaning “at the end”, “finally”, “after
of all", "as a result of everything" the word is finally not introductory,
for example: ...We climbed higher and higher and finally reached
peaks of the mountain (Zakrutkin); ...All the cash was quickly gone,
his wife’s diamonds, finally, and most of his daughter’s dowry (Gon-
charms). It is often possible to verify the above difference in function
tion of the word finally by adding to it the particle -that", under circumstances -
this is for the most part perhaps, but not with an introductory word; compare:

Finally we got to our place for the night (finally we got there...).
You can finally seek advice from a specialist (add.
particles is impossible).

There is a similar difference between the function of circumstance
and the function of the introductory word for the combination in the end; Wed: At the end
In the end they [the officers] took the side of the commander (Novikov-Priboi).-
The actor, after all, is little prepared for such a responsible
"roles.

/ However, a word is introductory if it is in the middle or

at the end of a sentence, for example: Look, however, Vera, be careful
_ rozhna (Turgenev); How, I cleverly did it, however! (Chekhov). At the beginning
clauses (parts of a complex sentence) or as a means of communication
homogeneous members, the word however has an adversative meaning
conjunction and is not introductory, for example: We never hoped
more to meet, however met (Lermontov). Exception
are those cases when the word however is at the beginning of a sentence
interjection has the meaning and on this basis the wrist is separated
that one, for example: However, what a wind! (Chekhov).

The word of course, used, as a rule, as an introductory word,
can act as a particle and not be separated by commas,
for example: Of course everything will end well! .Of course I would meet
I would have told you if I knew exactly the time of your arrival.

A word means is introductory if it is synonymous with the words
“therefore”, “therefore”, for example: The sunspots were
on the floor, then moved to the counter, to the wall and completely disappeared;

1. Introductory words and phrases are not members of the proposal. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.):

Example: Unfortunately, he didn't have watercolors(Soloukhin).

Introductory sentences can also perform the same function.

For example: I dare say I was loved in the house(Turgenev) - the structure is a definite personal one-part sentence; In life, do you know, there is always room for exploits(M. Gorky) - the structure is a two-part sentence; We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov) - in structure, a conditional one-part clause.

In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.

Classes of introductory words by meaning

Meaning	Introductory Components	Examples
1. Evaluation of what is being reported in terms of reliability, etc.:
1.1. Confidence, authenticity	Of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, really, in fact, truly, of course, naturally, truly and etc.	Undoubtedly, someone is sucking the life out of this strange girl who cries when others in her place laugh (Korolenko). The heroine of this novel, goes without saying, there was Masha (L. Tolstoy). Indeed, since my mother died... I was very rarely seen at home (Turgenev).
1.2. Uncertainty, assumption, uncertainty, assumption	Probably, it seems, as it seems, probably, in all likelihood, right, tea, obviously, perhaps, perhaps, it is visible, apparently, as it seems, it is true, maybe, it should be, it seems, I think, I believe, one must believe, I hope , in some way, in some sense, suppose, suppose, let's say, if you want, one way or another and etc.	She probably still drinks coffee and cookies in the morning.(Fadeev). Life, it seems, has not yet begun(Paustovsky). Apparently the free bread was to my liking(Mezherov). And he dreamed, perhaps, to approach by a different route, to knock at the window with the expected guest, dear(Tvardovsky). I have a headache. Must be due to bad weather(Chekhov).
2. Different feelings:
2.1. Joy, approval	Fortunately, to happiness, to joy, to the joy, to the pleasure of someone, what is good, what is even better and etc.	Fortunately, Alekhine left the house an hour earlier and caught the ship sailing to Frankfurt(Kotov). Here, to Petya's indescribable admiration, an entire metalworking workshop has been set up on an old kitchen table(Kataev).
2.2. Regret, disapproval	Unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to the shame of someone, to regret, to annoyance, to misfortune, as if unfortunately, as if on purpose, by a sinful act, what is even worse, what is offensive, alas and etc.	Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Pavel passed away(Turgenev).
2.3. Surprise, bewilderment	To surprise, amazing, amazing thing, to amazement, strange, strange thing, incomprehensible thing and etc.	Naydenov, to Nagulny's amazement, in one second he shrugged off his leather jacket and sat down at the table(Sholokhov).
2.4. Fear	The hour is uneven, God forbid, whatever happens and etc.	Just look, the oar will rip out and he will be thrown into the sea(Novikov-Priboy).
2.5. General expressive nature of the utterance	In conscience, in justice, in essence, in essence, in soul, in truth, in truth, in truth, one must tell the truth, if the truth is to be told, it is funny to say, to say in honor, between us, speaking between us, there is nothing to say in vain, I confess, except jokes, actually and etc.	There were, however, some weaknesses behind him(Turgenev). I admit, I don’t really like this tree - aspen...(Turgenev). Nothing offends me more, dare I say, offends me so much, as ingratitude(Turgenev).
3. Source of message	According to someone, according to someone, in my opinion, according to you, according to someone, according to someone, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, from the point of view of someone, I remember, one can hear, they say, they say, as one can hear, as I think, as I think, as I remember, as they say, as they believe, as is known, as was pointed out, as it turned out, as they said in the old days, in my opinion and etc.	Pesotsky, they say, has apples as big as his head, and Pesotsky, they say, made his fortune from the garden(Chekhov). The calculation, in my opinion, was mathematically accurate(Paustovsky). Twenty years ago Line Lake was such a wilderness that, according to foresters, not every bird dared to fly there(Paustovsky).
4. Order of thoughts and their connections	Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, therefore, thus, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, for example, in particular, in addition, in addition, to top it all off, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, however, by the way, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc.	On the one hand, the darkness was saving: it hid us(Paustovsky). Forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure(Paustovsky). So, the next day I stood in this room behind the doors and listened as my fate was decided(Dostoevsky).
5. Assessing the style of expression, manner of speech, ways of forming thoughts	In a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, directly speaking, roughly speaking, in fact, in fact, in short, in short, more accurately, better to say, directly to say, easier to say, so to speak, how to say, so to speak, what's called and etc.	In a word, Storeshnikov was thinking more and more strongly about getting married every day.(Chernyshevsky). In short, this is not a master in science, but a worker(Chekhov). We got up and went to push ourselves to the well, or rather, to the fountain(Garshin).
6. Assessment of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of commonality of the facts stated	At least, at least to one degree or another, to a large extent, as usual, as usual, it happens, happens, as usual, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens sometimes and etc.	Talked to me at least like an army commander(Simonov). Behind the counter, as usual, Nikolai Ivanovich stood almost the entire width of the opening...(Turgenev) It happens that mine is luckier(Griboyedov).
7. Drawing the interlocutor’s attention to the message, emphasizing, emphasizing	Do you see, know, remember, understand, believe, listen, allow, imagine, imagine, can imagine, believe, imagine, admit, believe, believe, not believe, agree, notice, do me a favor, if you want to know, I remind, we remind, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is even more important, what is essential, what is even more significant and etc.	You were afraid, admit it, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck?(Pushkin). Imagine, our young people are already bored(Turgenev). We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov). Where was this, please?(Pavlenko).

2. In terms of their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to various parts speech and various grammatical forms:

nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;

Without a doubt, for joy, fortunately and etc.

adjectives in short form, in various cases, in the superlative degree;

Right, guilty, the main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least.

pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;

In addition, besides, meanwhile.

adverbs in the positive or comparative degree;

Undoubtedly, of course, probably, in short, more accurately.

verbs in various forms indicative or imperative mood;

I think, believe me, they seemed to say, imagine, have mercy.

infinitive or combination with an infinitive;

See, know, admit, funny to say.

combinations with participles;

To tell the truth, in short, to put it roughly.

two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.;

For as long as I can remember, I often think.

• impersonal offers;

  It seemed to her that we all remember it well.

• vaguely personal proposals.

  This is how they thought about him, how they usually talked about him.

That is why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.

Note!

Depending on the context, the same words act either as introductory words (hence, not members of the sentence), or as members of the sentence. In order not to make a mistake, you should remember that:

A) you can ask a question to a member of a sentence;

b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the meanings listed above;

V) the introductory word can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.

Compare the sentences given in pairs:

This is true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes... it’s not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).

During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, talkative creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You may have thought that I was asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).

Listen, we right went? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we’ll probably get along if we sit next to each other(Krylov).

In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and sentence members is the possibility of adding the word speaking.

By the way, he never came(“by the way”); You really shouldn't have come("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful("in short"); To be honest, I don’t want to go back to what was said.("in truth").

When determining syntactic function and placing punctuation marks, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.

1) The word probably is introductory in the sense of “probably, apparently”:

The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).

The word probably is a member of a sentence in the meaning “undoubtedly, definitely”:

If I know(How?) Maybe that I have to die, then I’ll tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).

2) The word is finally introductory:

if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and also”) completes the enumeration:

Opekushin came from the common people, first a self-taught person, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).

Often a word is finally preceded by homogeneous members of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word finally ends the enumeration;

if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker’s face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:

Yes, finally leave!(Chekhov).

Note!

The word finally is not introductory and serves as a circumstantial meaning “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”.

Gave three balls every year and squandered it finally (Pushkin).

In this meaning, finally, the particle - can usually be added to the word (with an introductory word such an addition is impossible).

Wed: Finally got to the station (Finally got to the station). - You can finally turn to your father for advice(adding a particle -That impossible).

3) The distinction between the combination finally as an introductory one and as a member of a sentence is a circumstance similar in terms to the word finally.

Wed: After all, in the end, we haven’t decided anything yet! (in the end denotes not time, but the conclusion to which the speaker came as a result of a series of reasoning). - In the end agreement was reached(meaning of the circumstance “as a result of everything”).

4) The word, however, is introductory if it appears in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:

The heat and fatigue took their toll, however.(Turgenev); How cleverly I did it, however(Chekhov).

At the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversative conjunction (it can be replaced by the conjunction but), therefore a comma is placed only before this word:

However, it is desirable to know - by what witchcraft did the man gain such power over the entire neighborhood?(Nekrasov).

Note. In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation), for example: However, what a wind!(Chekhov).

5) The word of course is usually separated by commas as an introductory word:

Fedor was still working in the rear, of course, he heard and read many times about “folk heroes”(Furmanov).

But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated:

Of course it's true!; Of course it is.

6) The word is indeed introductory in the sense of “yes, so, right, exactly” (usually it occupies a position at the beginning of a sentence):

Indeed, from the battery there was a view of almost the entire location of the Russian troops(L. Tolstoy).

As an adverb, it really means “really, truly, in fact” (usually it stands between the subject and the predicate):

I really just like you say(Dostoevsky).

7) A word in general is introductory if it is used in the meaning “generally speaking”:

In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; In general, I would like to know what really happened.

In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:

• in the meaning of “in general”, “on the whole”:

  Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian enlightenment at all (Goncharov);

• in the meaning “always”, “at all”, “under all conditions”:

  He lights fires at all forbade it, it was dangerous(Kazakevich);

• in the meaning “in all respects”, “in relation to everything”:

  He at all looked like a weirdo(Turgenev).

  This provision also applies to the form in general.

  Wed: In general, there is nothing to be sad about(introductory word, can be replaced - generally speaking). - These are the terms generally simple process(meaning “in the end”); I made a few comments regarding various little things, but All in all praised him very much(Garshin) (meaning “as a result”).

8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative meaning:

Anyway, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and performed for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information at least in the short term, it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).

In the meaning “under any circumstances” this combination is not introductory:

You anyway you will be informed about the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll see him at my mom's today(Dostoevsky).

9) The combination, in turn, is not distinguished as occupied if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning “in response”, “for its part”:

He in its turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited workers to a meeting of the theater’s artistic council.

IN figurative meaning the combination, in turn, takes on the meaning of introduction and is punctuated:

Among newspaper genres, there are informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres; among the latter, in turn, the essay, feuilleton, and pamphlet stand out.

10) The combination in fact meaning “really” is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory.

11) In particular, indicating the relationship between the parts of the statement, it is highlighted on both sides with commas:

He is interested, in particular, in the origin of individual words.

But if, in particular, it is part of a connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end), then it is allocated as occupied along with this structure:

Many will willingly take on this work, and in particular me; Many people will be willing to take on this work, and I in particular.

If in particular included in the design in general and in particular, then this construction is not separated by commas:

Over tea the conversation turned to housekeeping in general and in particular about gardening(Saltykov-Shchedrin).

12) The combination is mainly introductory if it serves to highlight a fact in order to express its assessment.

For example: There was a wide alley... and along it, mainly, the public was walking(Gorky) (it is impossible to form the combination “mainly for a walk”, therefore in in this example combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented fresh material (mainly meaning “the most important thing”). The combination mainly included in the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end) is separated by commas along with it, for example: With fifty people mostly officers, crowded nearby(Pavlenko).

The combination is mainly not introductory in the meaning of “first of all”, “most of all”:

He achieved success mainly due to his hard work; What I like about him mainly is his sincerity.

13) The word main is introductory in the meaning of “especially important”, “especially significant”:

You can take any topic for the story, but the main thing is that it is interesting; Details can be omitted, but the main thing is to make it entertaining(a comma cannot be placed after the conjunction a, and to enhance punctuation, a dash is placed after the introductory combination).

14) A word means is introductory if it can be replaced with introductory words therefore, it became:

People are born, get married, die; that means it’s necessary, that means it’s good(A.N. Ostrovsky); So, does that mean you can't come today?

If the word means is close in meaning to “means,” then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:

in the position between the subject and the predicate, it means that it serves as a means of connecting the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed before it, and no sign is placed after it:

To fight is to win;

in other cases it means that it is not separated or highlighted by any signs:

if the word means is located between a subordinate and main clause or between parts of a non-union complex sentence, then it is highlighted on both sides with commas:

If he defends his views so stubbornly, it means he feels he is right; If you didn’t save the child, then you have yourself to blame.

15) The word is the opposite meaning “in contrast to what is said or expected; on the contrary” is introductory and is separated by commas:

Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the box and desperately twirled his whip over his head.(Kataev).

If, on the contrary (after the conjunction and) is used as a word replacing a member of a sentence or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:

when a member of a sentence is replaced, no sign is placed before the conjunction:

In the picture, light tones turn into dark and vice versa(i.e. dark to light);

when, on the contrary, it is added to a whole sentence, a comma is placed before the conjunction:

The closer the light source, the brighter the light it emits, and vice versa(the whole sentence is replaced: The further away the light source is, the less bright the light it emits; a kind of compound sentence is formed);

when, and vice versa, it is attached to a subordinate clause, a comma is not placed before the conjunction:

This also explains why what was considered criminal in ancient world considered legal in the new one and vice versa(Belinsky) (as if homogeneous subordinate clauses with a non-repeating conjunction are formed And: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).

16) The combination is at least introductory if it has an evaluative-restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed:

One person, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akakiy Akakievich with good advice(Gogol); Vera Efimovna advised us to try to transfer her to a political position or, at least, to work as a nurse in a hospital(L. Tolstoy).

If the introductory combination is at least at the beginning of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas along with it:

Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock! (Chekhov).

The combination is at least not separated by commas if it means “no less than”, “at least”:

From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco(Gogol); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army (Bulgakov).

17) The phrase including the combination from the point of view is separated by commas if it means “in opinion”:

Choosing a place to build a cottage, from my point of view, successful.

If such a combination has the meaning “in relation”, then the rotation is not separated by commas:

I know that a crime has been committed, if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; From the point of view of novelty, the book deserves attention.

18) The word approximately is introductory in the sense of “for example” and is not introductory in the sense of “approximately”.

Wed: I'm trying to think about her("For example"), not thinking is impossible(Ostrovsky). - We are approximately("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they conducted a conversation(Furmanov).

19) The word is for example associated with the following punctuation:

• separated by commas as introductory:

  Nikolai Artemyevich liked to persistently argue, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel all over the world during his entire life. Earth (Turgenev);

• stands out together with the revolution, at the beginning or end of which there is:

requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it is after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members:

Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: toadstool, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.

Note!

Never are not introductory and the words are not separated by commas:

as if, as if, hardly, barely, supposedly, almost, even, precisely, after all, only, certainly, just, after all, necessarily, suddenly.

3. General rules for placing punctuation marks for introductory words, combinations and sentences.

1) Basically, introductory words, phrases and sentences are separated by commas:

I admit, he didn't make a good impression on me(Turgenev); Yes, you probably saw her at that evening(Turgenev).

2) If the introductory word comes after the listing of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it:

Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in a word, all types of printed materials lay on his desk in complete disarray.

If the sentence is complex, then a comma is placed before the dash based on general rule separating parts of a complex sentence:

The men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, the dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin).

3) When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them:

What good, perhaps, and gets married, out of tenderness of the soul...(Dostoevsky); So, in your opinion Should everyone, without exception, engage in physical labor?(Chekhov).

Intensifying particles in introductory words are not separated from them by a comma:

This is probably true, since there are no contraindications.

4) If the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate phrase (isolation, clarification, explanation, accession), then it is not separated from the phrase by any sign:

The dark, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek (Kataev); Among my comrades there are such poets, lyrics or what?, preachers of love for people(Bitter).

Introductory words are not separated from a separate phrase, even if they are at the very beginning or the very end of the sentence:

Apparently fearing snow drifts, the group leader canceled the climb to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments, unconvincing and far-fetched of course.

If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:

The child, apparently frightened by the horse, ran up to his mother.

Note!

It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate phrase, and cases when it is located between two members of the sentence.

Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently (a separate phrase, the introductory word seems to be part of it). - In his hand he held a small, it seems, technical reference book(without the introductory word there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small And technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them).

In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when doubt may arise as to which of the homogeneous members, preceding or subsequent, the introductory word located between them refers to, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction.

This information was gleaned from new, seems special for thiscase compiled, directory(no introductory word between homogeneous definitions there would be a comma); Silence and grace reigned in this, obviously forgotten by God and people, corner of the earth(clarifying definition for the demonstrative pronoun this).

If the introductory word is at the beginning of a phrase enclosed in brackets, then it is separated by a comma:

Both messages (apparently recently received) have attracted widespread attention.

5) If there is a coordinating conjunction before the introductory word, then the punctuation will be like this. Introductory words are separated from the preceding coordinating conjunction by a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged elsewhere in the sentence without disturbing its structure (as a rule, with conjunctions and, but). If the removal or rearrangement of the introductory word is impossible, then a comma is not placed after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction a).

Wed: The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will probably go on sale in a few days (The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will go on sale in a few days.); This issue has already been considered several times, but, apparently, the final decision has not yet been made (This issue has already been considered several times, but a final decision has not yet been made.); It is not coal that can be used here, but rather liquid fuel (It is not coal that can be used here, but liquid fuel). - The calculations were made hastily and therefore inaccurately(impossible: The calculations were made hastily and inaccurately); Maybe everything will end well, or maybe vice versa(impossible: Maybe everything will end well, but vice versa).

Note!

A homogeneous member of a sentence that comes after introductory words and therefore, and therefore, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it.

For example: The resulting strength electromagnetic field incoming signals, which means the reception strength increases many times; This scheme, and therefore the entire project as a whole, needs to be verified.

6) After an connecting conjunction (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not placed, since the conjunction is closely adjacent to the introductory word that follows it:

And imagine, he still staged this performance; And I dare to assure you, the performance turned out wonderful; And what do you think, he achieved his goal; But one way or another, the decision was made.

Less often (with intonation emphasis on introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text through subordinating conjunction) after the connecting conjunction, a comma is placed before the introductory construction:

But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good(Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing(Krymov).

7) Introductory words standing before the comparative phrase (with the conjunction as), the target phrase (with the conjunction so), etc., are separated from them based on the general rule:

All this seemed strange to me, as did others; The son thought for a minute, probably to collect his thoughts(usually in these cases the introductory word refers not to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence).

8) Instead of a comma, a dash can be used in introductory words, phrases and sentences.

A dash is used in the following cases:

if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (a word is missing that is restored from the context), then a dash is usually placed instead of one comma:

Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself.(Gogol) (comma before subordinate clause absorbed by dash);

a dash is placed before the introductory word as an additional sign after the comma if the introductory word stands between two parts of a complex sentence and in meaning can be attributed to either the preceding or the following part:

The dog disappeared - probably someone chased it out of the yard(the dash emphasizes that it is not “the dog probably disappeared”, but that “the dog was probably driven away”).

Sometimes an additional sign emphasizes cause-and-effect or connecting relationships between parts of a sentence:

It was difficult to verify his words - obviously, circumstances had changed a lot.

Sometimes a comma and a dash are placed before the introductory word at the beginning of a separate phrase, and a comma after it to avoid possible ambiguity:

Since there is still time, we will call someone additional to the exam - for example, those taking it again (let's say in the meaning of “suppose”, “say”);

a dash is placed before the introductory word after a comma if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part:

Chichikov asked with extreme precision who the city's governor was, who the chairman of the chamber was, who the prosecutor was - in a word, he did not miss a single significant person(Gogol);

using a dash, introductory sentences can be highlighted if they are quite common (have secondary members):

Suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it wasn't easy(Sholokhov); Let the enemy leave, or - as they say in the solemn language of military regulations- letting him get away is a major nuisance for the scouts, almost a shame(Kazakevich).