Pronoun: general meaning, morphological features, syntactic role. Pronoun categories. Syntactic role Indicate the syntactic function of the pronoun you

Students are already well aware that the distribution of words into parts of speech is based on three groups of features:

General lexical meaning.
Morphological characteristics.
Syntactic role of the word.

When considering the syntactic function of pronouns, one should proceed from the fact that this is a syncretic part of speech in nature, combining the features of the pronoun itself, as well as the features of a noun, adjective, numeral, adverb or impersonal predicates (state category words), i.e. the student must learn to relate pronouns to nouns, adjectives and numerals.

This part of speech goes in two directions:

Awareness of the syntactic role of pronouns in phrases and sentences.
Mastering the norms of using pronouns in speech.

Syntax function personal students are familiar with pronouns.

In this case, it is necessary to bring children to the generalization that personal pronouns in a sentence play the same role as nouns (they are not only addresses).

Considering returnable pronoun myself, students learn that the reflexive pronoun myself For myself to live is to smolder.

Starting to study interrogative pronouns, it is advisable to repeat interrogative sentences and practically become familiar with interrogative pronouns in the role of various members of a sentence. Consolidation of the syntactic function of interrogative pronouns is provided when comparing them with relative pronouns.

relative pronouns as members of a sentence, but also the use of these pronouns as cohesive means in complex sentences. Children's attention should be drawn to the technique of distinguishing between relative and similar in sound and spelling interrogative pronouns (determining their syntactic function). Students should be firmly aware that relative pronouns

Work on uncertain pronouns begins with clarifying the semantics of indefinite pronouns - uncertainty. Indefinite pronouns can act as the main word of a phrase ( anyone from students; someone from the class; someone on horseback).

When studying negative Not neither Nothing did not know. It is useful to add that negative pronouns with neither usually used in sentences that already have a negation (no, not, impossible), and serve to strengthen the negation.

Possessives Pronouns in their syntactic role correlate with possessive adjectives. They, like possessive adjectives, indicate ownership and act as definitions in a sentence.

Syntax function index demonstrative pronoun + noun ): about this event; from such books; V those Enchanted by this forest...(S.A. Yesenin)

Studying definitive pronouns, it should be noted that these pronouns have the same morphological features as adjectives, i.e. change according to gender, number and cases, in a sentence they usually act as a definition.

In the sixth grade, work on syntax continues in connection with the study of morphology. For the first time, children essentially encounter a pronoun as a part of speech. They only know personal pronouns well. They accurately identify the subject expressed by a personal pronoun, and the object is somewhat worse. Sixth graders are still unfamiliar with the remaining categories of pronouns. That is why work on syntax becomes important for understanding the functions of the studied part of speech and its morphological categories.

The first two groups of signs, as a rule, do not cause difficulties in studying. The syntactic functions of pronouns are quite specific and difficult to master.

In this work, I will try to consider only one aspect of the study of the pronoun as a part of speech, which, in my opinion, is the most difficult, namely: its syntactic role in sentences and phrases.

At the first stage of mastering this material, it is advisable to start working with a table of lexical and grammatical categories of pronouns, indicating their possible syntactic role in a sentence.

This work is done in notebooks for diagrams, which students keep from the 5th grade.

The table will be filled in as you become familiar with new lexical and grammatical categories.

When considering the syntactic function of pronouns, one should proceed from the fact that this is a syncretic part of speech in nature, combining the features of the pronoun itself, as well as the features of a noun, adjective, numeral, adverb or impersonal predicates (state category words), i.e. student must learn to relate pronouns to nouns, adjectives and numerals. For example, pronouns he, who, someone, nobody etc., like nouns, denote an object; in a sentence they are subjects or objects:

She was at school? (Who is she? Katya) Was Katya at school?

To her did you buy a briefcase? (Who is it for? Katya) Did they buy a briefcase for Katya?

Pronouns mine, some, every etc., like adjectives, denote a characteristic, agree in gender, number and case with the noun being defined; in a sentence there are usually definitions (Sister took my pen).

Pronouns how much, how much in meaning, declension and syntactic connections with the noun they correlate with the cardinal number (cf. four books / how many books - management; four books / how many books - coordination).

To teach schoolchildren to correlate a pronoun with a noun, adjective and numeral, it is necessary to constantly use method of analysis and method of comparison.

In practice, it looks like this: in this text, next to the pronoun in brackets, indicate the part of speech (noun, adjective, numeral) instead of which it is used:

Spring is just around the corner. Soon it (spring) will come into its own. And now it's still frosty. Such The (frost) weather will not last long. Through some(seven to ten) days the spring sun will shine and real spring will open.

Such an entry promotes awareness of the generality and relativity of the meaning of a pronoun (pronouns do not have their own lexical meaning and acquire it in a sentence in conjunction with other words).

Learning syntactic function This part of speech goes in two directions:

awareness of the syntactic role of pronouns in phrases and sentences;
mastering the norms of using pronouns in speech.

Some students make a variety of syntactic errors in the use of pronouns. Here it is advisable to give tasks like:

find errors in the use of pronouns;
write down the sentences in corrected form.

The work can be done collectively in a weak class. In strong situations, children cope on their own. An erroneous option is given on the board or through a graphic projector, for example:

I took the fish from the basket and handed it to my father.
When Dubrovsky killed the bear, Troekurov was not offended by him, but ordered him to skin him.
Troekurov had a son, Sasha, and he took a teacher(from student essays).

Children need to be taught self-control, they must monitor their speech, be aware of what pronouns indicate, what they mean.

Syntax function personal students are familiar with pronouns. In this case, it is necessary to bring children to the generalization that personal pronouns in a sentence play the same role as nouns (they are not only addresses).

New syntactic material is familiarization with the phrase according to the model verb + personal pronoun in indirect case (worry about me - about whom?).

It is necessary to include word combinations in the work in the lesson. I miss you, I miss you, I miss you.

To avoid errors in the formation of grammatical forms of these pronouns, it is advisable to enter these phrases into the “Speak Correctly” dictionary. In any other way, focus attention on them: make a sentence, write a letter to someone in class, using these phrases.

In strong classes, it is possible to stipulate cases when pronouns I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they they lose the pronominal meaning of objectivity, enrich it with specific content and turn into nouns.

At the same time, their morphological properties also change: these words become unchangeable, acquire a neuter gender, an unchangeable singular form, change by case, like the words metro, cafe, etc. For example:

The noosphere in the era of nuclear energy requires a restructuring of human consciousness. Decreases "I", increases "We" (D. Granin);
Fyodor Ivanovich is somewhere in the depths of his "I" felt pain(V. Dudintsev).

Considering returnable pronoun myself , students learn that the reflexive pronoun myself declines, but does not have a nominative case; therefore, it can never be the subject of a sentence. Its most common syntactic function is addition: For myself to live is to smolder.

It is important to introduce students to phraseological units that contain the pronoun myself (to come in yourself, yourself on your mind, etc.).

It is advisable to remember that the phraseological turn as a whole is one member of the sentence:

Everything worked out by itself(circumstance); After the holidays children don't look like yourself(predicate).

Starting to study interrogative pronouns, it is advisable to repeat interrogative sentences and practically become familiar with interrogative pronouns in the role of various members of a sentence. The work must be done collectively, since students do not yet have the skill to qualify an interrogative pronoun as a member of a sentence. It is useful to write down on the board and fully analyze 2-3 sentences with interrogative pronouns:

Who Knits colorful mittens, sings old songs?

Whose the hair is whiter than the snow, and your hands are yellow and dry?

Consolidation of the syntactic function of interrogative pronouns is provided by comparing them with relative pronouns.

New for students is not only acquaintance with relative pronouns as members of a sentence, but also the use of these pronouns as cohesive means in complex sentences. Children's attention should be drawn to the technique of distinguishing between relative and similar in sound and spelling interrogative pronouns (determining their syntactic function).

Students should be firmly aware that relative pronouns who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many serve to connect parts of a complex (complex sentence). Interrogatives do not function in this function.

It is useful to offer students the following exercise: read, indicate interrogative pronouns, then compose complex sentences so that these sentences become their second part (with relative pronouns who, to whom, about what, what).

Who won the Russian language Olympiad?
To whom awarded a prize?
About what says the TV presenter?
What interests football fans?

Sample: Whom will the coaches send you to competitions? - Everyone wanted to know whom coaches will send you to competitions.

In a strong class, one should consider not only the problem of delimiting relative pronouns from interrogatives, but also the problem of delimiting relative pronouns from subordinating conjunctions, and propaedeutically introduce children to a new syntactic phenomenon, which they will study in more detail in high school. There is no need to delve into the intricacies of the problem. It is enough to conduct a comparative analysis of two proposals:

In the first sentence What is only a means of connecting parts of a complex sentence, i.e. a conjunction, since it is not any member of the sentence and, most importantly, it cannot be correlated with a word of another part of speech.

In the second, it is a member of a sentence (it can be correlated with a noun), and therefore a relative pronoun.

Work on uncertain pronouns begins with clarifying the semantics of indefinite pronouns - uncertainty.

As a rule, students find it difficult to independently determine which member of a sentence is a particular indefinite pronoun. Therefore, it is useful to suggest that these pronouns be mentally replaced with nouns or adjectives. Uncertainty will disappear, and students will accurately determine which parts of the sentence the pronouns are:

Someone I was walking along some road and found something.

Some he gave part of what he found to a friend, and something quit.

Indefinite pronouns can act as the main word of a phrase ( anyone from students; someone from the class; someone on horseback).

They can be joined by nouns in the genitive and prepositional cases. This model of phrase is also formed by negative, attributive and demonstrative pronouns:

I no one I didn’t invite any of my friends.
Those from the students which We wrote an essay with an A and were happy.

When studying negative pronouns, new syntactic information is the indication that if there is a particle with the predicate Not , then a negative pronoun with neither strengthens the negative meaning of the sentence: Father Nothing did not know.

It is useful to add that negative pronouns with neither usually used in sentences that already have a negation (no, not, impossible), and serve to strengthen the negation.

When analyzing pronouns and distinguishing them from words homonymous to them in other parts of speech, it should be remembered that the meaning of a pronoun and its functions depend on the context and situation.

To illustrate what has been said in the strong class, we can consider the feminine pronoun draw and noun draw , as well as the pronoun Nothing and adverb Nothing :

The dog was draw (draw – pronoun).
Divorce – draw!- several voices shouted at once...(M. Gorky) (draw - noun).
To me Nothing didn't transmit(nothing – pronoun).
– Well, how are you living, can you? – Nothing. (F. Reshetnikov) – ( Nothing – adverb – “good”, “tolerable”) (SRYA, 1986)

Possessives Pronouns in their syntactic role correlate with possessive adjectives.

They, like possessive adjectives, indicate ownership and act as definitions in a sentence. At the same time, in terms of their meaning, possessive pronouns are also correlated with personal pronouns, since they indicate that an object belongs to the 1st person (my, ours) or the 2nd person (yours, yours). There is no special possessive pronoun of the 3rd person in the Russian language: to indicate belonging to the 3rd person, the genitive case of the personal pronoun of the 3rd person is used: his, her, their . Pronoun mine indicates belonging to any of the three persons ( I took my notebook; He took my notebook).

It is also necessary to keep in mind this linguistic phenomenon: possessive and demonstrative pronouns are usually not distributed by other parts of speech, therefore they do not act as the main word of the phrase.

It should be noted that pronouns can be substantivized yours, yours, yours ; in this case, their lexical meaning and, consequently, their syntactic role change: noun mine meaning “relative”:

Yours to yours reluctant friend (proverb); people who are close in faith, friends.
The workers knew Klychkov closely, loved him, believed his (D. Furmanov).

Syntax function index pronouns in phrases - to be a dependent word (model demonstrative pronoun + noun ): about this event; from such books; V those time); In a sentence, demonstrative pronouns are usually modifiers: IN this enchanted forest...(S.A. Yesenin)

When working on the text, first indicate the attributive pronouns along with the words on which they depend, then it is recommended to write down these phrases, indicating the main word in them, and pose a question from it to the dependent word.

Every the student values the honor of the class ( every student);
On the shelf were all sorts of tools ( all sorts of tools).

You should also consider the following syntactic construction, where the attributive pronoun acts as the subject:

Every comes to class on time. Any knows basic hygiene rules.

At the end of studying the entire topic, it is useful to suggest the following work:

Determine which pronouns act as subjects.

Yesterday I arrived in Pyatigorsk, rented an apartment on the edge of the city(M. Lermontov) .
Somebody shouted that Petya had broken his leg.
WITH those it's time nobody didn't speak to Tatyana(I. Turgenev).
All that dreams others, y us it came true in the country(S. Mikhalkov).
This cabinet? This bedroom? And here What? (A. Chekhov)
All strived for happiness All the world has changed several times(N. Nekrasov).
Started our going to.
All And all of me made me happy.

Determine which parts of the sentence are the pronouns in these sentences:

She said: "It is he!" (A. Pushkin)
Holy Rus', Fatherland! I am yours! (A. Pushkin)

I wish your students success in mastering this topic. I would be glad if I was able to help in any way.

Literature

M. Baranov. Teaching Russian in 6th grade. M., Education 1984
E.I. Dibrova. Modern Russian language. 3rd part. Syntax.
V.V. Babaytseva. Methodological recommendations for the educational complex in the Russian language. 6th–7th grades. M., Education. 1994
Deykina, Trostentsova, Nevskaya. Workbook on the Russian language. 6th–7th grades.

Pronoun - this is an independent part of speech that indicates an object, sign, quantity, but does not name them.

Depending on the expressed meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished: personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative, attributive.

The initial form for most pronouns is the nominative singular form.

All pronouns change by case (me, by me, (about) me), some - by birth (such, such) and numbers (this, these).

Syntax function pronouns depends on what part of speech the word corresponds to. Pronouns, indicating an object, are correlative with nouns and perform the functions of nouns in a sentence (me, you, he, who, what etc.), and pronouns, indicating a characteristic, are correlative with adjectives and perform the functions of adjectives in a sentence (my, yours, whose, which, such etc.), for example:

You - All!

You- sky and water... (D. Merezhkovsky)

What do they smell? They, then they take into themselves,

They have space within themselves. (I. Kanevsky)

In my dreams there are your minutes:

Your Memphis eyes. (V. Bryusov)

Lexico-semantic categories of pronouns

Taking into account lexical-semantic The following features stand out: pronoun ranks:

	Pronoun rank	Examples
		I, you, he (she, it), we, you, they.
	Returnable
	Possessives	Mine, yours, mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs.
	Relative	Who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many.
	Undefined	Someone, something, some, some, several, someone, something, some, whose, some, some, some, some, some, anyone, anything, any, someone's, any, anyone, anything, any, anyone's.
	Negative	Nobody, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing.
	Interrogative	Who, what, which, what, which (obsolete), which, whose, how many.
	Index fingers	That, this, such, such, so much, this (obsolete), this (obsolete), this (obsolete), this (obsolete).
	Definitive	Himself, most, all, every, every, other, any, other, everyone, every kind.

In some textbooks, interrogative and relative pronouns are considered in one group of interrogative-relative pronouns.

Pronouns can also include words both, both, since they to a greater extent express not the quantitative meaning of “two” or “two”, “two”, but the pronominal-indicative “both”, “both”. Wed. Both received an award.- Both of them received an award. Both girls were injured during the accident.- Both were injured during the accident.

Personal pronouns

group personal pronouns make up the words: I, you, he (she, it), we, you, they.

The 1st and 2nd person singular and plural pronouns indicate the persons participating in the dialogue - the speaker and the interlocutor: I, you, we, you.

The 3rd person singular and plural pronouns indicate one or those who are not participating in the dialogue, or the subject that is being spoken about, has been said or will be spoken about in the future: he, she, it, they.

Grammatical features personal pronouns: 1) have facial shapes; 2) have number forms; 3) 3rd person singular pronouns have gender forms; 4) forms of oblique cases are formed from different stems, that is, in a suppletive way (i - me, me; You- you, you; He- him, him; she- her, her; They- them, them etc.).

Personal pronouns 3rd person, if used with prepositions, can have a form starting with and: with him, to him, behind him, with them, with him. Without initial n these pronouns are not used with some derived prepositions: thanks to him, her, them; in spite of him, her, them.

Personal pronouns his, her, theirs should be distinguished from homonymous possessive pronouns his, her, theirs. In sentences personal pronouns most often refer to verbs and act as objects, for example: The watchman saw him immediately. You can't help but love her. They have a lot of work to do. Possessive pronouns his, her, theirs, As a rule, they relate to nouns and act as definitions, for example: Her eyes shone with happiness. His brother has many friends. This is a gift for their daughter. Possessive pronouns, when used with prepositions, do not have an initial sentence. Compare: for him- for his friend; for her- for her friend; for them- for their friends.

2nd person plural pronoun You can be used when addressing one person as a polite form. In this case, the pronoun is most often written with a capital letter, for example: I cordially congratulate you on this holiday. I wish you all the best.

Reflexive pronoun "oneself"

Group reflexive pronouns represented by the word myself. There are no other words in this group.

Grammatical meaning reflexive pronoun myself - an indication of the person in question.

Grammatical features reflexive pronoun: 1) does not have a nominative case form; 2) has no form of person, number, gender.

Reflexive pronoun myself has no initial form, it changes only in indirect cases. Can refer to any of the personal pronouns of all three persons: He bought himself a book. She bought herself a book. They bought themselves books.

In a sentence reflexive pronoun myself performs the function of addition: I would really like to pamper myself and give myself a small gift.

Reflexive pronoun myself in the form of the dative case should be distinguished from a pronoun, close in meaning to the particle. Wed: He found something to do.- He goes on his own and doesn’t think about anything. Help yourself.- The performance was not very good, so-so. In this case the word myself is not highlighted as an independent member of the sentence, but is emphasized together with the word to which it refers.

Possessive pronouns

group possessive pronouns make up the words: mine, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs, yours.

Grammatical meaning possessive pronouns- this is an indication that the object belongs to the person in question (this person can be the speaker, interlocutor or some third party).

Grammatical features possessive pronouns: 1) have singular and plural forms; 2) have genus forms; 3) change by case according to the type of adjectives (except for pronouns his, her, theirs).

Pronouns his, her, theirs by origin they are the genitive case form of personal pronouns he she, They; have gender and number, but do not change by case, although they can be combined with a noun in any case, for example: He saw her father. He met her father. He was proud of her father. He started talking about her father.

Interrogative and relative pronouns

group interrogative pronouns make up the words: who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many.

Interrogative pronouns express a question about an object, attribute or quantity in interrogative sentences.

The same pronouns used to connect simple sentences as part of a complex sentence form a group relative pronouns . Wed: Who have you come? (interrogative) - I don’t know Who came (relative).

Grammatical features interrogative and relative pronouns: 1) pronouns who, what, how much have no form of gender and number, change according to cases; 2) pronouns which, which, whose change according to cases, numbers and genders, decline according to the type of adjectives, for example: whose\ \, h-j- eGo, whose-j-him, whose-j-Andm, (o) h-j-eat.

Indefinite pronouns

group indefinite pronouns make up the words: someone, something, some, some, someone, something, some, someone's, some who, something, some, anyone, anything, some, whose- anyone, anyone, anything, any, someone's, several and under.

Grammatical meaning indefinite pronouns- an indication of an indefinite object, sign, quantity.

Indefinite pronouns formed from interrogatives using prefixes Not- And some and suffixes -this, -either, -something.

Grammatical features indefinite pronouns the same as for the interrogative pronouns from which they are formed. The only difference is the pronouns someone And something, which do not change.

Negative pronouns

group negative pronouns make up the words: no one, nothing, no, no one's, not at all, no one, nothing.

Grammatical meaning negative pronouns: 1) denial of the presence of any object, sign, quantity; 2) strengthening the negative meaning of the entire sentence.

Negative pronouns formed from interrogatives by adding prefix particles Not And neither and have the same features as interrogative pronouns.

Grammatical features negative pronouns the same as for the interrogative pronouns from which they are formed.

Pronouns no one And nothing They do not have a nominative case form and are used only in impersonal sentences: You have no one to blame for what happened. He had nothing to do.

Pronouns nobody, nothing, none, no one's usually used in a sentence with a verb with negation: no one believed it, nothing predicted etc.

From pronoun nothing The accusative case form is formed only with a preposition: no matter what.

Demonstrative pronouns

group demonstrative pronouns make up the words: that, this, such, such, so much, this (obsolete), this (obsolete), this (obsolete), this (obsolete).

Grammatical meaning demonstrative pronouns- highlighting any object, feature, quantity among others.

In complex sentences they can act as demonstrative words.

Grammatical features demonstrative pronouns: 1) have singular and plural forms (except for the pronoun so many); 2) have gender forms (except for the pronoun so many); 3) change according to cases according to the type of full and short names of adjectives, according to the type of numeral names (pronoun so many).

Some linguists classify demonstrative pronouns words both And both in the meaning of “both”, “both”: Both students successfully passed their exams.- Both of them successfully passed the exams. Both girls received gifts.- Both received gifts.

Determinative pronouns

group attributive pronouns make up the words: himself, most, all, every, every, other, any, other, every, every.

Grammatical meaning attributive pronouns- identification of an object among other objects.

Grammatical features attributive pronouns: 1) have singular and plural forms (all, everything); 2) have genus forms (all, all, everything); 3) change by case (all, everything, everything etc.).

Pronouns myself And most in declension they differ only in the form of the nominative case and the stress: (that) very house, the house itself- (of) the very house, the very house.

Using a pronoun most a complex form of the superlative degree of qualitative adjectives is formed: Beautiful- the most beautiful, kind- the kindest, freshest- the freshest.

Pronoun myself can have two meanings: 1) the meaning of an intensifying word with a noun or personal pronoun: It was the headmaster himself; 2) meaning “independently, without outside help”: He solved the problem himself.

Declension of pronouns

IN pronoun declension individual discharges there is a wide variety of types and forms, as well as cases of formation of forms from different bases.

1. Declension of personal pronouns I, you; we you; he (it, she), they.

The oblique case forms of personal pronouns have a different basis than the nominative case form.

1st person pronouns	2nd person pronouns	3rd person pronouns
		He (it), she, they
Me, you		His, her, theirs
Me, you		Him, her, them
Me, you		His, her, theirs
By me, by you (-YU)	By us, by you	To them, to her, by them
(About) me, (about) you	(About) us, (about) you	(ABOUT) him, (about) her, (about) them

Pronouns I, you can denote a person of either male or female gender. Wed: I'm almost happy.- I'm almost happy. You got angry.- You got angry.

Pronouns he, it, she, they, when used with prepositions, they can receive an initial n (from him, to her, with them, with him, But: thanks to him, towards her, in spite of them).

2. Reflexive pronoun myself does not have a nominative case form; it changes only in indirect cases according to the model of the pronoun You:

	Reflexive pronoun




	By yourself

3. Possessive pronouns my, yours, ours, yours, yours, index fingers that, this, such, interrogative and relative which, which, whose, definitive most, himself, all, every, different have generic and plural forms and are inflected according to separate adjective declension patterns.

	Feminine pronouns
Mine, this one; mine, this
Mine, this	Mine, this one	Mine, these
to mine, to this	Mine, this one	Mine, this
Mine, this one; mine, this is mine, this		Mine, these Mine, these
Mine, this	My (s), this (s)	Mine, these
(0) mine, (about) this	(0) mine, (about) this	(0) mine, (about) these

It is necessary to distinguish between the declension of pronouns most And myself.

Masculine and neuter pronouns	Feminine pronouns	Plural pronouns
The most (most), myself (self)	Most, herself	The most, themselves
	The most, the most	The very, themselves
	The most, the most	By yourself
The most (the most), the most (the samb) The most, the most	The very, the very	The most, the most, the most
By yourself	The most (s), the most (s)	By ourselves, by ourselves
(0) very, (about) very	(0) most, (about) most	(0) the most, (about) themselves

Pronoun all (all, all, everything) has special forms in the instrumental case of the singular masculine and neuter and in all forms of the plural:

Masculine and neuter pronouns	Feminine pronouns	Plural pronouns
All (everything)


All (everything) Total

(About everything	(About) everything	(About) everyone

4. Interrogative and relative pronouns Who And What and negative pronouns nobody, nothing formed by declination of forms from other stems:

	Who, what, no one, nothing
	Who, what, no one, nothing
	To whom, what, no one, nothing
	Who, what, no one
	Who, what, no one, nothing
	(0) whom, (about) what, about no one, about nothing

5. Negative pronouns no one, nothing They do not have nominative case forms, but in oblique cases they are declined according to the given pattern:


	No one, nothing
	No one, nothing

	No one, nothing
	Not about anyone, not about anything

6. Indefinite pronouns someone (anyone, anyone), something (anything, anything), some (someone, some), someone's (someone's, anyone's) ) and others are declined according to the pattern of the corresponding interrogative pronouns.

7. Indefinite pronoun some in some cases it has variant forms.

Masculine and neuter pronouns	Feminine pronouns	Plural pronouns
Some (some)
	Some and some	Some and some
	Some and some	Some and some
Some (some) and some		Some Some and some
Some and some	Somebody	Some and some
(Oh) someone	(About) some and (about) some	(About) some and (about) some

8. Pronouns such as, someone, something don't bow down.

Morphological analysis of pronouns includes the identification of two constant features (category in meaning and declension features) and three non-constant ones (gender, case and number). For personal pronouns, the person is also indicated as a constant attribute. Carrying out morphological analysis of pronouns, you should remember its specificity as a part of speech: pronoun indicates into objects, characteristics and quantities, but does not name them. This is important when formulating the general meaning of a pronoun. You should also pay attention to the fact that only changes in cases are characteristic of all categories of pronouns (this is a general non-constant feature).

Scheme of morphological analysis of pronouns.

I. Part of speech.

II.Morphological characteristics.

1. Initial form.

2. Permanent signs:

1) rank by value;

2) features of declination.

3. Variable signs:

III. Syntactic function. The officer became embarrassed and, looking around, on tiptoe, with a red face and a beating heart, walked into his room. (A. Kuprin)

A sample of morphological analysis of a pronoun.

I. My- a pronoun, as it indicates the ownership of an object.

II. Morphological characteristics.

1. The initial form is your own room, your own.

2. Permanent signs:

1) possessive, correlated in meaning with an adjective;

2) is declined as an adjective like “foxy”.

3. Variable signs:

1) accusative case;

2) feminine;

3) singular.

III. The pronoun “your” is consistent With The noun “room” therefore functions as an agreed definition in a sentence.

Pronouns- these are inflected nominal words that do not name objects, their characteristics and quantities, but only indicate them.

Pronoun classes:1) Personal pronouns

face	units h.,Cases - im. (rd., dt., int., tv., etc.)	pl. h.,Cases - im. (rd., dt., vn., tv., etc. )
	I (me, me, me, me/me, about to me)	we (us, us, us, us, O us)
	you (you, you, you, you/you, O you)	you (you, you, you, by you, about you)
	he (his/him, him/him, his, him/him, O him) she (her/her, her/her, her, her/her/her/her, O her) it (his/him, him/him, his, him/him, O him)	they (their/them, them, their/them, them/them, O them)

Personal pronouns indicate the person being spoken about. 1st and 2nd person pronouns designate participants in speech ( I, You, We, You). 3rd person pronouns indicate a person or persons not taking part in the speech ( He, she, it, They). 2) Reflexive pronoun Transfers the meaning of the direction of action to the subject of action ( I see myself in the mirror).

Declined by cases: - yourself ( rd., ext. cases), self ( dt., etc.), by myself, by myself ( TV).

There is no nominative case form. It does not change according to persons, numbers and genders. Changes by case. 3) Possessive pronouns Possessive pronouns indicate that a particular object (subject, property, etc.) or several objects belongs to a particular subject or group of subjects. They change according to persons, numbers and genders, and are also declined according to cases, consistent with the noun being defined. 3rd person pronouns ( his, her, theirs) are not declined and therefore adjoin the defined nouns. 4) Interrogative pronouns Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. This group (as well as related groups) relative, negative And uncertain pronouns) includes words that are very different from a grammatical point of view. The ability to change in numbers and gender, as well as to decline in cases, fully corresponds to the properties of the words that they replace:

5) Relative pronouns Used to attach a subordinate clause to the main clause.

In russian language - who, what, which, which, whose, which, how many.

Relative pronouns can be different parts of a sentence depending on what word they replace. 6) Demonstrative pronouns

7) Determinative pronouns
8)Negative pronouns9) Indefinite pronouns

10) Indefinite personal pronouns The most numerous in Russia. language category of pronouns. Their task is to point to an indefinite set. They are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of postfixes - that, - either, - some and the prefixes not-, where- and some-: something, anyone, somewhere, some where, somewhere, some. Close to indefinite pronouns are clichés such as anywhere.

Word formation of pronouns: Pronouns are formed from pronouns by the prefixes neither-, not-, some- and the suffixes -to, -either, -any: who - no-who, not-who, someone, anyone, anyone. Syntactic role: The role of a pronoun directly depends on which category it belongs to. Since the variety of pronouns gives them wide possibilities, they can act as subject, predicate, modifier and object - depending on the context.

Main

Pronoun as a part of speech (semantic, morphological, syntactic features)

Lecture 8.

Ordinals

Ordinal numbers indicate the order in which objects appear when counting: fourth floor, first class, nineteen seventeen. They are formed from the corresponding cardinal numbers, with the exception of first second:three - third, five - fifth and so on.

Ordinal numbers change according to gender, number and case and agree with nouns: first day, first week, first frost. Their declension system is common with the declension system of adjectives of the fixed variant of the main type (cf. red). The syntactic function of definition and inflectional forms bring ordinal numbers closer to relative adjectives.

When declension in compound ordinal numbers only the last part changes, the rest remain unchanged: nine hundred fifty-seventh, nine hundred fifty-seventh etc.

PRONOUN

Literature

Modern Russian language. Part 1,2. Ed. D.E. Rosenthal. M., “Higher School”, 1979.

Modern Russian language. Analysis of linguistic units. In three parts. Ed. E.I. Dibrova. M., “Enlightenment” * “Vlados”, 1995.

Modern Russian language. Ed. P.A. Lekanta. M., “Bustard”, 2000

Rakhmanova L.I. ,Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M., 2003.

Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. Modern Russian language. - M., 1995.

Miloslavsky I.G. Morphological categories of modern Russian language. - M., 1981.

Pronouns are adjacent to nominal parts of speech. V.V. Vinogradov included pronouns in the block of nominal parts of speech, because these words serve (replace) nominal parts of speech. Pronouns indicate persons, objects, characteristics and number of objects. Vinogradov believes that the pronoun is a collapsing part of speech.

Like numerals, pronouns are a motley class of words. Pronouns are identified as a separate part of speech based on 3 characteristics.

1. Semantic. Pronouns have no lexical meaning. They acquire their meaning only in context. The main feature of pronouns is their index function , which is based on their signal value. In addition to the demonstrative function (it lies in the fact that pronouns contain a generalized indication of objects, characteristics and quantity, but do not name them), pronouns also perform replacement function (in the text they act as substitutes for nouns, adjectives, and numerals). As part of a complex sentence or a complex whole pronoun, their components are connected due to their substitution function: he reads at night, and this is very harmful.

Pronouns are also characterized by excretory function : V most noon, such cold. Pronouns are also collective meaning: the whole house, the whole family.

2. Morphological features. Pronouns do not have uniform morphological features. Therefore, scientists in the 19th century. and later representatives of the formal-grammatical direction did not distinguish the pronoun as an independent part of speech (A.M. Peshkovsky). But nominal categories still appear in the pronoun, which has allowed most scientists to consider the pronoun as an independent part of speech. This point of view is reflected in traditional grammar, university and school textbooks.

Morphological features: a) have a case category (inflect); b) the gender category appears inconsistently in pronouns (some pronouns lack a gender category – I, who, what, myself; c) the category of number is also characteristic of only part of the pronouns. In addition, when the number changes, the lexical meanings may change: I - we, you - you.

3. Syntactic features. Since pronouns replace different nominal parts of speech, they can be different parts of a sentence. In complex sentences, relative pronouns are allied words, which connect the main and subordinate parts ( who, what, which, whose).

Pronoun - this is a part of speech that indicates objects, their characteristics and quantity, but does not name them. Has some morphological and syntactic features(traditional definition).

Pronoun-noun – this is a part of speech that indicates objects and expresses the meaning of indication in the morphological categories of case (consistently), number and gender (inconsistently)(Grammar-80).

In the grammatical tradition, there are two classifications of pronouns: 1) ranks by meaning; 2) categories in relation to other parts of speech.

Places of pronouns by meaning

Traditionally, there are 9 (8) groups.

1) Personal pronouns indicate persons ( me, you, we, you) or on persons and objects ( he, she, it, they). Personal pronouns have common morphological and syntactic features: a) when changing by case, they form suppletive forms: I - me, you - you, he - him; b) the category of gender appears only in personal-objective pronouns – he, she, it, they. These are independent lexemes.

Plural forms of pronouns can be used with different meanings. In this case, the singular and plural forms are independent lexemes. "I"- points to the speaker, "We"– this is “I” and others. The 2nd person plural form can be used in the singular: I met you. The same form can be used in a generalized meaning: you go out onto the porch and inhale the smell of lilacs.

2) Returnable pronoun myself. Its grammatical feature is that it does not have an initial form. It indicates the subject of the action, who is also the object of the action: I don't recognize myself, pull yourself together. The reflexive pronoun changes according to cases, i.e. has a case category, but has an incomplete paradigm. It does not have the category of number.

3) Possessives pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person. Pronouns my, our, yours, yours indicate ownership by the 1st or 2nd person, mine - to belong to any person. An indication of belonging to a 3rd person can be expressed by pronouns his, her, theirs. These pronouns were formed on the basis of the genitive case forms of personal pronouns. At the same time, there was a transition from personal to possessive (grammatical homonyms arose). Possessive pronouns differ from homonymous personal pronouns in that they do not change by case, but function only in one, constant, frozen form. They have only the categories of gender and number, but they are realized only in singular forms. Wed. I see him, her, them(personal) – his, her, their voice(s)(pull).

Differences between personal and possessive pronouns

1. Personal pronouns are used with verbs, and possessive pronouns with nouns.

2. Personal ones perform the function of a complement, and possessive ones serve as an inconsistent definition.

3. Method of syntactic connection: personal ones are controlled by a verb, and possessive ones enter into a connection, according to some scientists, weak control, others - adjacency. The 2nd point of view is more logical, since these forms are immutable.

Thus, the question of the status of pronouns is controversial in this category his, her, theirs.

There are different views on this problem: 1) some scientists call these pronouns personal in possessive sense(i.e. they do not recognize their transition to the category of possessives); 2) others consider them homonymous personal possessive pronouns (their final transition to possessive pronouns is recognized).

4,5) Interrogative-relative (some scientists share them, some do not). These pronouns can perform 2 functions: act as interrogatives in simple sentences ( What time is it now? Who's come?); act as relatives in complex sentences in which they perform the function of allied words ( who, what, which, which, whose; how much, how much - if we consider them pronouns).

Features of interrogative and relative pronouns.

1. Morphologically they are heterogeneous(some are close to nouns - who what, others - to adjectives - which, which, third - to numerals - how much, how much).

2. They change according to cases, gender and numbers, but inconsistently.

3. Interrogative-relative pronouns are the basis for the formation of other categories.

4. Relative pronoun which in the text it is always substantivized, i.e. in the subordinate clause it acts as a subject or complement, less often as another member of the sentence.

6) Negative pronouns indicate the absence of someone or something. These include words no one, nothing, no, no one's, not at all(if we consider it a pronoun). These pronouns are derived from interrogative-relative pronouns and, in their grammatical properties, coincide with generating words (see above). When used with a preposition (they decline), the preposition is placed between the negative particle and the pronoun: no one has.

Pronouns no one, nothing are deprived of their initial form, have acquired an indefinite meaning and are usually used in one-part impersonal sentences.

7) Undefined pronouns are derived from interrogative-relative pronouns. They are formed using postfixes -this, -either, -something, as well as words some and particles Not. Indefinite pronouns indicate uncertain persons and objects and signs: someone, something, someone. According to morphological characteristics, these pronouns do not differ from the generating words.

Pronouns someone And something do not have a paradigm, i.e. retained only the nominative case form, and something– also accusative.

Often indefinite pronouns have forms of gender, number, case, and have an animate-inanimate category: some, some, some and etc.

Peculiarity of the structure: postfixes do not merge with words, but form agglutinative forms with pronouns (mechanically attached, strung together). Inflection appears inside the word - someone, someone. A preposition can appear inside a pronoun: with someone, with someone.

8) Index fingers pronouns this, that, such, such, such, such, such and etc. ( so much - if we consider this word a pronoun) are similar to adjectives. They point to an object (that one, this one), quality (such) and quantity (so many).

Pronouns of this category change according to gender, number And cases, like adjectives. They are often substantivized in the text, i.e. turn into nouns if used without a qualifying word.

Pronoun This can act as a demonstrative particle: Pushkin is an extraordinary phenomenon.

9) Definitive pronouns: all, everyone, each, himself, most, different. They indicate the characteristics of the subject and have the following common features: 1) close to adjectives in semantics and formal characteristics; 2) are morphologically characterized by the fact that they vary by gender, number and case. In the sentence they are an agreed upon definition. In the text they are easily substantivized (turned into nouns) - everyone knows this.

Classes of pronouns in relation to other parts of speech

The grammatical properties of pronouns depend on their relationship with other parts of speech. Based on grammatical properties, there are 3 groups of pronouns (2 or 4). 1) Pronouns generalized subject (pronouns-nouns) – These are pronouns that are similar in their grammatical properties to nouns and replace them in the text. These include: all personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, some interrogative-relative pronouns (who what), part undetermined (someone, somebody, something), some negative (nobody, nothing).

Generalized subject pronouns have common grammatical features:

Most do not have a number category (except - me, you, we, you);

They are declined according to two types: 1) substantive (like nouns - I, you) and 2) mixed ( nobody, nothing).

2) Generalized-qualitative pronouns (pronouns-adjectives) are close to adjectives in lexico-grammatical characteristics - they indicate the characteristics of objects. They include: demonstrative, attributive, possessive, some interrogative-relative, some indefinite (someone, someone's), some negative (none, nobody's). These pronouns have the categories of gender, number, and case.

They decline according to two types: 1) adjectival, i.e. the paradigm reveals a system of inflections of adjectives (Which) and 2) mixed ( this one - this one, ours - ours).

Pronoun what changes only by gender and number.

Generalized qualitative pronouns perform different syntactic functions in a sentence: pronoun what is either a predicate or a modifier. Some generalized qualitative pronouns, especially demonstrative and attributive, are often substantivized and play the role of subject and object: everyone knows this, it concerns everyone. Relative pronoun which always replaces a noun, i.e. substantivized and performs the function of a subject, complement or (less often) circumstance. Choose examples yourself.

3) Generalized quantitative Pronouns are correlated in lexico-grammatical properties with numerals. They indicate an indefinite quantity. These include:

Interrogative-relative (How many)

Negative (not at all)

Uncertain (some)

Index (so many).

These words are qualified in two ways in linguistic science.

1st point of view: they are classified as numerals (V.V. Vinogradov, Grammar-52) and are called indefinite quantitative. They denote a number of objects, but an indefinite number. They are united with numerals not only by meaning, but also by syntactic properties: in the nominative and accusative cases they control the noun, like cardinal numerals, requiring the genitive case form, and in other cases they agree with the noun. When controlling, they form a syntactically related phrase with a noun, being a single member of a sentence: he read Not sk ol b kokn And G on history.

2nd point of view: they are classified as pronouns because they perform a demonstrative function. Morphological features: 1) they are deprived of the categories of gender and number; 2) change according to cases, belong to the mixed type of declension.

We consider these words to be indefinite pronouns.

Some authors also identify the 4th group of pronouns in relation to other parts of speech and call them pronouns-adverbs: words like there, there, always, where and others (Gvozdev, A.M. Peshkovsky, Bulakhovsky). A very important feature of these words is their immutability and adverbial function in a sentence. Therefore, most authors consider them as adverbs of pronominal origin.

The morphology of the Russian language includes many interesting sections. This article is devoted to the consideration of the pronoun as a part of speech. pronouns, their features, role in a sentence - all this is covered in the material.

Pronoun

In the morphological list of the Russian language, an important place belongs to the pronoun. This is the name of a part of speech that can replace any nominal part of speech without naming specific features of the word. The pronoun, the meaning and grammatical features of which will be indicated below, only indicates objects or phenomena without giving them a direct name. For example, a noun house can be replaced by a pronoun He, numeral twenty- in a word how much, adjective blue- pronoun some kind and so on.

Classification of pronouns by meaning

There are several classifications. So, based on the meaning that a word carries, personal pronouns are distinguished ( he, you, we), possessive ( his, yours, ours), demonstratives ( that, this, such), determinatives ( everyone, most, everyone), interrogative-relative ( what, whose, who), undefined ( someone, some, some), negative ( nothing, nothing, none) and reflexive pronoun myself. The grammatical features of a pronoun are indicated based on its meaning.

Personal, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative

The most common are personal, possessive and demonstrative pronouns. The grammatical features of personal pronouns are the presence of a person category, the ability to change by case, the presence of a gender category in the 3rd person. For example: He was in high spirits while fishing. The sentence contains a personal pronoun (him, which has such characteristics as the 3rd person (in the initial form - he), genitive case, masculine gender.

The grammatical features of demonstrative pronouns (and possessive pronouns as well) are similar to they also change by case, number and gender. For example, This house is his dream. The sentence contains a demonstrative pronoun this(singular, masculine, noun case) and possessive pronoun his(singular number, masculine gender, nominative case). does not change, has a constant, traditional form - myself.

Definitive, indefinite, negative, interrogative-relative

The grammatical features of attributive pronouns are as follows: number, gender and case, dependent on the noun. These parts of speech are similar to but indicate a generalized feature. The sentence agrees with the noun. Eg, Every day it became warmer. Pronoun every agrees with the noun in number, gender, case.

Interrogative-relative pronouns are used in questions and complex sentences as a staple. Moreover, the same word can be an interrogative pronoun in one context and a relative pronoun in another: What do they say about new gadgets?(interrogative) - They told him that they were talking about new gadgets(relative). Such pronouns do not change, only Who And What have a case category.

They indicate the uncertainty of something and are formed from interrogatives by adding prefixes Not- And some- or suffixes - someday, -That, -or. Thus, the grammatical features of a pronoun depend on its meaning. The negative forms of the parts of speech we are considering are also formed from interrogatives, but are used for negation. For example: Some unknown sound was heard. There are two pronouns in the sentence: some kind- indefinite and no one- negative.

Classification of pronouns according to grammatical features

By replacing one or another part of speech, the pronoun correlates with any of them. Therefore, pronouns-nouns, adjectives and numerals are distinguished, which indirectly name an object, attribute or quantity.

Noun pronouns are those that can replace a noun, namely: personal pronouns, interrogatives Who And What and negative ones formed from them, reflexive. They answer noun questions. In sentences they are most often objects or subjects. The grammatical features of a pronoun-noun are indicated based on its assignment to one or another category by meaning. For example, personal ones have the categories of person, number, case, but for negative, reflexive and indefinite pronouns-nouns it is not customary to determine the person.

Adjective pronouns are those that answer the questions of adjectives and perform the syntactic role of definition. This is a large group of parts of speech, which include all possessives, some demonstratives ( this, this, that and others), some interrogatives ( which one, whose) and the indefinite and negative ones formed from them. The grammatical features of words from this category are similar to those of adjectives, that is, they have inconsistent categories of case, gender, and number.

Numeral pronouns include the question word How many and an indefinite word so many, as well as indefinite pronouns formed from them. Of the grammatical features, they are characterized only by case changes.

Syntactic role of pronouns

According to the criterion of assignment to one or another category by meaning, it is easier to determine the grammatical features of a pronoun. The parts of speech with which the pronoun is associated make it possible to easily indicate its syntactic role. So, in the sentence " She wrote them another letter." There are three pronouns that serve different functions: she(personal) - subject, im(personal) - addition, other(definitive) - definition.

Questions help to correctly name the member of a sentence expressed by a pronoun. For example, Has anyone lived in your house before? The question is asked who? - nobody- this is the subject, in the house which one? yours- definition. There are sentences that contain only pronouns: It's them. EThat- subject, They- predicate. There are several of them: their- addition, some- subject.

Morphological norms for the use of pronouns

Speaking about the grammatical rules for using pronouns in phrases or sentences, it is necessary first of all to note the most common mistake. These are three possessive pronouns her, them, his, which are often misused. For example, his, hers, theirs- this is a gross violation of the norms of the Russian language.

Use of pronouns he, they and she often requires adding the letter “n” at the beginning of a word: he - without him, she - near her, they - with them. This is necessary after a preposition. If there is no preposition, then the letter “n” is not needed in the word: recognized him, asked her, saw them.

Pronoun and context

Pronouns perform substitution functions in sentences and texts. There are some grammatical inaccuracies associated with this. Eg, Father left for the city. He was far away.Father or city was it far away? The director arrived at the office, which is located on the fifth floor. Office or director on the fifth floor? Especially often, ambiguity is observed when using the reflexive pronoun and the possessive pronoun: The manager asked the manager to come into his office(whose office: head or manager).

Pronouns in exam paper

In the exam paper on the Russian language there are tasks where you need to know the grammatical features of a noun, verb and adjective. Pronouns are often included in tasks that violate grammatical norms. The table below provides examples of such tasks.

Violation of grammatical norms when using pronouns

Exercise	Answer
take from him; two hundred houses; beautiful Sochi; the most beautiful.	take from him (correct usage: from him)
Specify the variant with a violation of the morphological norm: about two hundred inhabitants; their dacha; the best; one and a half kilometers.	their dacha (correct usage: theirs)
Specify the variant with a violation of the morphological norm: tasty coffee; two hundred students; his neighbor; less tall.	his neighbor (correct usage: his)

Often a pronoun plays the role of a lexical means of communication between sentences in a text. In the certification work there are tasks for definitions in the text. For example, you need to determine how the sentences are connected: Vasily went to the city weekly for shopping. From there he brought fruits, cereals and sweets. Answer: two personal pronouns. Or another example: It rained today. This was unexpected. These sentences are expressed using a demonstrative pronoun.

Thus, the grammatical features of pronouns and the morphological norms of their use must be known to successfully pass the Russian language exam.

The history of the formation of pronouns as parts of speech is interesting and special. Eg, I- personal pronoun of the first person singular. It comes from Old Church Slavonic language, which probably reflected the first letter of the alphabet - az. in the language they formed later than all others. This is due to the fact that demonstrative pronouns previously existed and, i, e, which were referred to a third party. And modern third-person pronouns arose by moving words from one category to another: from demonstrative to personal. The history of the Russian language knows a period when there were three types of demonstrative pronouns. They were used depending on the distance of the object from the speaker: s - close to the speaker t - close to the interlocutor , he- absent during the conversation. The category of possessive pronouns is still being formed: it also contains simple possessive forms ( mine, yours), and interrogative ( whose?), and undefined ( someone's), and negative ( nobody's).