Emotions in conflict. The emotional side of the conflict

People for whom conflicts are a joy are much less common than those for whom conflict is associated with painful emotional experiences. The above does not apply to all conflicts. Thus, sports competitions, which are also considered “close relatives” of conflicts, are rather associated with joyful experiences. And disputes are more filled with cognitive feelings and motives that make it easier to obtain new knowledge and results. Nevertheless, it is obvious that to measure the emotional component of the conflict, one more coordinate can be identified, the poles of which will be, on the one hand, the redundancy of emotional experiences, and on the other, complete rational control and relative freedom from emotional experiences.

Observations show that, arising with little emotional content, the conflict gradually “attracts” negative emotional experiences. Chronically repeated incidents lead to a loss of rational guidelines, and the initially rational cause of the conflict is replaced by an emotional one. The conflict can develop into a purely emotional one, when rational arguments are no longer important to opponents. Emotional conflicts are the most difficult and unpromising, since they are completely devoid of a logical component. Even disposal of the subject of conflict loses meaning for opponents. Therefore, there are only two ways out of emotional conflict:

1) separation of opponents,

2) a significant transformation in the motivation of opponents, which may take more than one month.

Assessing the emotional component of the conflict and preventing it from escalating should be a matter of concern for both opponents, if they strive for a positive resolution of the conflict, and conflictologists performing the functions of mediators.

Some social processes are finite: courtship most often ends in marriage, education ¾ with a diploma. Others may continue until the terms for their termination are worked out. To resolve a conflict, the parties must enter into an agreement that defines its process and results, the mutual balance of forces, as well as the norms and rules for further interaction between opponents. The more clearly the subject of the conflict is outlined, the more obvious the signs marking victory, the greater the chance that the conflict will be localized in time and space.

Common mistakes when resolving conflicts

1.Attempts to resolve a conflict without finding out its true causes, i.e. without diagnostics. Often, the administration’s attempts to extinguish the conflict on a personal level, to achieve peace among opponents, do not lead to positive results due to the fact that the basic problem that led to the conflict is not resolved. Opponents forced to interact each time again “stumble” over the basic problem and reproduce the conflict.

2. Premature “freezing” of the conflict. Simply “separating” the parties and delimiting the areas of their activities can have a certain positive effect. But even replacing the current actors while maintaining the objective causes of the conflict will lead to its resumption with a different acting composition. Premature “freezing” of a conflict is a stop that does not change the essence of the objective situation, therefore it should in no way be taken as a resolution of the conflict. A premature “freeze” is fraught with the resumption of the conflict in an even more acute form. Only a “freeze” makes sense, carried out after a meaningful resolution of the conflict and the signing of an appropriate agreement between the parties.

3. The subject of the conflict and opponents are incorrectly defined. Even if the components of the conflict have been diagnosed, the possibility of an error in determining the subject of the conflict and its real opponents cannot be ruled out. Sometimes actively speaking opponents are not actually independent players and act on a tip from real opponents who, for one reason or another, prefer to be in the “shadow”. In order to avoid such a mistake, diagnostics should be carried out according to the most detailed scheme, in which the main question requiring an answer is the question: who benefits from this?

4. Delay in taking action. Even if the conflict was caused by objective reasons, it tends to spread to interpersonal relationships. If, according to this indicator, the conflict has become chronic, then effective organizational solutions are not enough to resolve it. Opponents still for a long time to one degree or another continue to experience personal hostility towards each other.

5. Lack of comprehensiveness and one-sidedness of measures¾ security or diplomatic. Experience shows that the most effective is a combination of various conflict resolution measures, which makes it possible to actualize the multi-level motives of the opposing parties,

6. Poor choice of intermediary. The choice of a mediator to negotiate with both parties cannot be random. The mediator must be equidistant from opponents and at the same time equally close to them. It is best if he touches both sides with some part of his biography and can be considered a part of each side. If the position of the mediator is asymmetrical relative to the opponents, this reduces the trust in him of one of the parties.

7.The mediator's attempts to play his own “card.” Opponents must be confident that the mediator’s thoughts are aimed exclusively at resolving the conflict. If he gives reason to even partially doubt his motivation, negotiations to resolve the conflict may immediately reach a dead end.

8. Passivity of opponents. Opponents will not achieve the desired compromise if they limit their activity in searching for it. Some conflict experts believe that a more active position should be taken by the party in a less advantageous situation. It would probably be more correct to say that both sides should be active. At the same time, losses from an uncompromising position in a strategic plan cannot be beneficial to either side. In an obviously conflict situation, you cannot sit back and wait it out. Sooner or later, the incident could lead to even more dramatic losses for both sides.

9. Absence working with emotions and tension. Conflict is always accompanied by great tension and emotional distress. These phenomena, as a rule, significantly change both the perception and activities of the parties. It is very dangerous if emotions take precedence over reason. This can happen if negotiations on the content of the conflict are not accompanied by psychological work to reduce the level of tension and emotional background. Moreover, in contrast to negotiations, in which three parties participate - both opponents and a mediator - in the psychological stage of negotiations, the mediator works separately with each of the parties.

10.Lack of work with stereotypes. Emotional overload can lead to the activation of stereotypical perceptions, which simplify the picture of the world and social relations. Sometimes the so-called effect of “tunnel” vision appears, in which entire areas of reality fall out of the opponents’ field of vision, the visible loses its shades, and becomes black and white. It is necessary to use techniques for expanding the field of consciousness, changing points of view, and reflectively understanding the situation, for example, from the position of the opposite side.

11. Generalization of the conflict (there were no measures to limit it or localize it). The natural desire of the conflicting parties is to strengthen their positions. One of the directions of such strengthening is to attract strong supporters to your side. If this is not stopped, there may be a qualitative expansion of the conflict zone, and more and more new opponents will be drawn into it. Therefore, one of the first should be an agreement to limit the conflict zone and the number of opponents.

12. Errors in the contract. The contents of the agreement must be recorded in in writing regardless of the scale of the conflict. Working on a written contract significantly transforms the negotiation process, making it more rational and meaningful. At the same time, errors in such a text can devalue the entire difficult process of reaching agreements. We are talking about substantive errors, due to which the parties and mediators did not foresee any aspects of the situation. Such mistakes usually lead to one of the parties successfully violating unforeseen clauses of the agreement and doing so on a completely legal basis. She did not agree on such points and is therefore free from any obligations.

Stress(from English stress– tension) is a neuropsychic overstrain caused by an extremely strong impact, an adequate response to which has not previously been formed, but must be found in the current situation. Stress is a total mobilization of forces to find a way out of a very difficult, dangerous situation. (A sharp alarm sounds on the ship, which is already beginning to list. Passengers are rushing around the deck of the ship... The car got into an accident... - these are typical pictures of a stressful situation).

The state of stress is characterized by a general mobilization of all the body's resources to adapt to extremely difficult conditions.

Extremely strong stimuli - stressors cause vegetative changes (increased heart rate, increased blood sugar, etc.) - the body prepares for intense actions. In response to an extremely difficult situation, a person reacts with a complex of adaptive reactions.

Stressful conditions inevitably arise in all cases of a sudden threat to the life of an individual. Stagnant stress conditions can be caused by prolonged stay in a life-threatening environment. Stress syndrome often occurs in situations that are dangerous for a person’s prestige, when he is afraid of disgracing himself by displaying cowardice, professional incompetence, etc. A state similar to stress can be generated by systematic failures in life.

The concept of stress was introduced by the Canadian scientist Hans Selye (1907 – 1982). He defined stress as a set of adaptive and protective reactions of the body to influences that cause physical or mental trauma.

In the development of a stressful state, G. Selye identified three stages:

anxiety;
resistance;
exhaustion.

Alarm reaction ( alarm reaction) consists of a shock phase (depression of the central nervous system) and the anti-shock phase, when impaired mental functions are restored.

The stage of resistance (resistance) is characterized by the emergence of resistance to the effects of stressors. With prolonged exposure, the body's strength dries up and a stage of exhaustion sets in, and pathological degenerative processes arise (sometimes leading to the death of the body).

Later, R. Lazarus introduced the concept of mental (emotional) stress*. If physiological stressors are extremely unfavorable physical conditions that cause a violation of the integrity of the body and its functions (very high and low temperatures, acute mechanical and chemical influences), then mental stressors are those influences that people themselves assess as very harmful to their well-being. It depends on people’s experience, their position in life, moral assessments, ability to adequately assess situations, etc.

The nature of the stress reaction depends not only on the person’s assessment of the harmfulness of the stressor, but also on the ability to respond to it in a certain way. A person is able to learn adequate behavior in various stressful situations (in emergency situations, during a sudden attack, etc.).

The way out of a stressful state is associated with the adaptive capabilities of a particular individual, the development of his emergency defense mechanisms, and his ability to survive in extremely difficult circumstances. This depends on a person’s experience in critical situations, as well as on his innate qualities - the strength of the nervous system.

In overcoming stress, two behavioral personality types are manifested: internals, who rely only on themselves, and externals, who rely mainly on the help of other people. In stressful behavior, the “victim” type and the “worthy behavior” type are also distinguished.

Stress is dangerous for life, but it is also necessary for it: with austress (“good” stress), the individual’s adaptation mechanisms are worked out.

A special type of stress is “life stress” - acute conflict states of the individual caused by strategically significant social stressors - collapse of prestige, threat to social status, acute interpersonal conflicts, etc.

With socially determined stress, the nature of people’s communicative activity changes dramatically, and inadequacy in communication occurs (social-psychological subsyndrome of stress). At the same time, the very acts of communication can become stressful (scandals, quarrels). The regulation of behavior here moves to the emotional level. Individuals become capable of inhumane, inhumane actions - cruelty, vindictiveness, aggressiveness, etc.

If a stressful situation creates a threat to the well-being of a group of people, then in low-cohesion groups group disintegration occurs - active non-recognition of the role of the leader and intolerance to the personal characteristics of partners arises. Thus, in the face of the threat of exposure, the connection between members of a criminal group breaks down, intra-group “squabble” arises, and group members begin to look for individual ways out of the conflict situation.

A non-adaptive “escape” from a stressful situation is also possible - the individual directs his activity to solving minor problems, moves away from the “pressure of life” into the world of his hobbies or even dreams and pipe dreams.

So, it can have both a mobilizing influence - austress(literally: “good stress”), and depressing influence – (from English. distress– grief, exhaustion). To form a person’s adaptive behavior, it is necessary to accumulate experience in difficult situations and master ways of getting out of them. Austress ensures the mobilization of the individual’s vital forces to overcome life’s difficulties. However, the body’s strategic protective psychophysiological reserves should be used only in decisive life situations; it is necessary to adequately assess the difficulties encountered along the path of life and correctly determine the place and time for major life “battles”.

Negative stress phenomena arise in cases of a long stay of an individual or a social community in conditions of normative uncertainty, protracted value confrontation, diversity of socially significant goals, interests and aspirations, conflict of norms.

Long-term isolation of a social group can become stressful. At the same time, the level of intra-group solidarity decreases, interpersonal, disunity, and isolation of individuals arise. The situation is becoming explosive.

Resistance to stress can be specially developed. There are a number of techniques for human self-defense from traumatic loads in critical situations. Stressful situations can arise suddenly and gradually. In the latter case, the person is in a pre-stress state for some time. At this time, he can take measures for the purpose of appropriate psychological protection. One of these techniques is the rationalization of an impending negative event, its comprehensive analysis, reducing the degree of its uncertainty, coming to life in it, preliminary getting used to it, eliminating the effect of surprise. It is possible to reduce the psychotraumatic impact of stressful situations that have personal significance by devaluing them and reducing their significance.

There is also a technique for limiting mental amplification of the possible negative consequences of upcoming events, the formation of an attitude towards the worst. The reality may be easier than expected crisis situations. (Military intelligence officer, long time Being in a hostile environment, over time he began to fear exposure. In an effort to master his emotional state, he deliberately strengthened it, convincing himself that someday it would definitely be revealed. His feeling of fear became so strong that he seemed to experience his death. And after that, I no longer felt fear, I controlled myself in the most risky situations.) Stress should be distinguished from affect.

Affect(from lat. affectus- emotional excitement, passion) is an excessive neuropsychic overexcitation that suddenly arises in an acute conflict situation, manifested in temporary disorganization of consciousness (its narrowing) and extreme activation of impulsive reactions.

Affect is an emotional explosion in conditions of a lack of information necessary for adequate behavior. Deep resentment from a serious insult for a given person, the sudden emergence of great danger, gross physical violence - all these circumstances, depending on the individual characteristics of the person, can cause affect.

The state of affect is characterized by a significant disruption of the conscious regulation of human actions. A person’s behavior when affected is regulated not by a premeditated goal, but by a feeling that completely captures the personality and causes impulsive, subconscious actions.

In a state of passion, the most important mechanism of activity is disrupted - selectivity in choosing a behavioral act, a person’s habitual behavior changes sharply, his attitudes are deformed, life positions, the ability to establish relationships between phenomena is impaired, and one, often distorted, idea begins to dominate in consciousness.

This “narrowing of consciousness” during affect, from a neurophysiological point of view, is associated with a disruption of the normal interaction of excitation and inhibition. In a state of passion, first of all, the inhibitory process suffers, excitement begins to randomly spread into the subcortical zones of the brain, emotions lose control from consciousness. Subcortical formations during affects acquire a certain independence, which is expressed in violent primitive reactions. “A person is revealed by his instincts, as he is, without ... social cover with the help of the cerebral hemispheres.

Affect causes a sharp disturbance in the balance of nervous processes, a “collision” of nervous processes, accompanied by shifts in the system of nervous connections, significant changes in blood chemistry, disturbances in the activity of the autonomic nervous system and cardiac activity, in psychomotor regulation (gestures, specific facial expressions, a sharp cry, crying and so on.). The state of affect is associated with a violation of clarity of consciousness and is accompanied by partial amnesia - a memory disorder.

In all the diverse manifestations of affect (fear, anger, despair, a flash of jealousy, a rush of passion, etc.), three stages can be distinguished. At the first stage, all mental activity is sharply disorganized, orientation in reality is disrupted. On the second, overexcitation is accompanied by sudden, poorly controlled actions. At the final stage, nervous tension subsides, a state of depression and weakness arises.

Subjectively, affect is experienced as a state, as if imposed on a person from the outside, against his will. However, enhanced volitional control in initial stage the development of affect can be prevented. It is important to focus consciousness on the extremely negative consequences of affective behavior. Techniques for overcoming affect include voluntary delay of motor reactions, changing the environment, and switching to another activity. However, the most important condition overcoming negative affects - certain moral qualities of the individual, life experience and his upbringing. People with unbalanced processes of excitation and inhibition are more prone to affect, but this tendency can be overcome through self-education.

Affect can arise from memories of a traumatic event (trace affect), as well as from the accumulation of feelings.

Affective actions are emotional-impulsive, that is, they are motivated by feelings: they do not have a conscious motive. A strong feeling that captures the entire personality is in itself an incentive to action.

Actions in a state of passion do not differ either in the presence of conscious specific goals or conscious tactics.

The means used in this case are limited to objects that accidentally fall into the field of an extremely narrowed consciousness. The general direction of chaotic actions during affect is the desire to eliminate the traumatic stimulus.

Even I. Kant noted that with passion, feelings leave no room for reason.

Volitional regulation of human behavior can manifest itself only at the stage of the emergence of affect. At further stages, the person loses volitional control.

The result achieved with passion creates only the illusion of preliminary awareness of the goal. And if there was a conscious goal in the action, then it is precisely on this basis that the action cannot be considered committed in a state of passion.

Since the state of passion affects the qualification of the crime and the measure of punishment, this state is subject to proof and a forensic psychological examination is required to establish it.

Physiological affect should be distinguished from pathological affect - painful neuropsychic overexcitation associated with complete clouding of consciousness and paralysis of the will.

Affective states can manifest themselves in various forms. Let's look at some of them.

Fear– an unconditional reflex emotional reaction to danger, expressed in a sharp change in the vital activity of the body. Fear arose as a biological defense mechanism. Animals are instinctively afraid of quickly approaching objects, of anything that can damage the integrity of the body. Many of the innate fears are preserved in people, although in the conditions of civilization they are somewhat changed. For many people, fear is an asthenic emotion that causes a decrease in muscle tone, while the face takes on a mask-like expression.

In most cases, fear causes a strong sympathetic discharge: screaming, running, grimacing. Characteristic symptom fear - trembling of the body muscles, dry mouth (hence the hoarseness and muffled voice), a sharp increase in heart rate, increased blood sugar, etc. At the same time, the hypothalamus begins to secrete neurosecretion, which stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. (This hormone causes a specific fear syndrome.)

Socially determined causes of fear - the threat of public censure, loss of the results of long-term labor, humiliation of dignity, etc. cause the same physiological symptoms as biological sources of fear.

The highest degree of fear, turning into affect - horror.

Horror is accompanied by a sharp disorganization of consciousness (insane fear), numbness (it is assumed that it is caused by excessive big amount adrenaline) or erratic muscle overexcitation (“motor storm”). In a state of horror, a person may exaggerate the danger of an attack and his defense may be excessive, incommensurate with the real danger.

The emotion of fear caused by dangerous violence encourages unconditional reflexive response actions based on the instinct of self-preservation. Therefore, such actions in some cases do not constitute a crime.

Persons with a weakened psyche (psychasthenics) may have obsessive, exaggerated ideas about a certain type of danger - phobias (fear of heights, sharp objects, etc.).

Fear is a passive defensive reaction to danger, often emanating from a stronger person. If the threat of danger comes from a weaker person, then the reaction may acquire an aggressive, offensive character - anger.

In a state of anger, a person is predisposed to instant, often impulsive action. Excessively increased muscle excitation with insufficient self-control easily turns into very strong effect. Anger is accompanied by threatening facial expressions and an attack pose. In a state of anger, a person loses objectivity of judgment and carries out uncontrollable actions.

Fear and anger can reach the level of passion, but sometimes they are expressed to a lesser degree of emotional stress.

Frustration(from lat. frustatio- failure, deception) - a conflicting negative emotional state that arises in connection with the collapse of hopes, unexpectedly arising insurmountable obstacles to achieving highly significant goals.

Frustration is often associated with aggressive behavior directed against the frustrator - the source of frustration. If the causes of frustration cannot be eliminated (irretrievable losses), a deep depressive state may occur associated with significant and prolonged disorganization of the psyche (weakening of memory, ability to logical thinking and so on.).

The difficulty of defining frustration is due to the fact that a person cannot eliminate the causes of this condition. Therefore, in a state of frustration, a person looks for some compensating outlets, goes into the world of dreams, and sometimes returns to more early stages mental development(regresses).

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"RUSSIAN STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY named after. A.I. HERZEN"

Faculty of Law

Topic: Emotions in conflict

St. Petersburg 2015

Introduction

1.1 Concept of emotions

1.2 Emotional states

2.1 Suppression of emotions

2.2 Working with emotions

Conclusion

Introduction

Interpersonal conflicts are usually extremely emotional, because they are most directly related to the sphere of a person’s feelings, experiences, desires, and aspirations. Interpersonal confrontation often arises due to the fact that one (or both) of the partners in joint action or communication, due to accumulated irritation, begins to experience feelings of anger or fear towards the other.

Overcoming barriers to mutual understanding that arise in various communication situations is not easy. To do this, you need to have a good understanding of the nuances of human psychology, including your own. Another thing that is much simpler is not to create these barriers yourself. In order not to be the main obstacle to mutual understanding with others, a person needs to know the psychological rules of communication, and above all, learn to manage his emotions, which most often become a source of interpersonal conflicts.

The polarization of emotional manifestations, characteristic of modern civilization, stimulates an active search for rational methods of regulating emotions, the release of which out of control threatens both the internal psychological stability of a person and the stability of his social connections. This is not to say that the problem of managing emotions is typical only for modern society. The ability to resist passions and not succumb to immediate impulses that are inconsistent with the demands of reason has been considered in all centuries the most important characteristic wisdom.

1. The concept of emotions. Emotional states

1.1 Concept of emotions

In a conflict situation, emotions play a significant role. Sometimes emotions can make you act irrationally. The art of managing your own emotions lies in the ability to direct them in the right direction. Reactions based on emotions often lead to conflicts, and in a conflict situation lead to escalation of opposition. This development of events is negative both for the opponents themselves and for the team.

A person’s experience of his attitude to what he does or learns, to other people, to himself is called emotions.

Emotions are considered direct experiences at the moment associated with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of needs. Manifesting as reactions to objects in the environment, emotions are associated with initial impressions. The first impression of something is purely emotional in nature, it is a direct reaction (fear, anger, joy) to some of its external features Averchenko L.K., Andryushina T.V. Psychology and pedagogy: Textbook - M. - Novosibirsk: INFRA-M-NGAEiU, 2000.

Emotions are one of the main regulators of mental life and arise in the process of almost any human activity.

Highlight different kinds emotions. The tone of sensations (reactions accompanying taste, pain, hearing and other sensations) is the simplest form of emotions. They can be positive - encouraging a person to have repeated positive experiences - and negative - encouraging them to avoid such experiences.

There are three pairs of the simplest emotional experiences.

"Pleasure is displeasure." Satisfaction of a person's physiological, spiritual and intellectual needs is reflected as pleasure, and dissatisfaction as displeasure. These simplest emotions are based on unconditioned reflexes.

"Voltage - Resolution". The emotion of tension is associated with creating a new or breaking an old way of life and activity. The completion of this process is experienced as an emotion of resolution (relief).

"Excitement - calmness." The emotion of excitement is determined by impulses going to the cerebral cortex from the subcortex. The emotional centers located here activate the activity of the cortex. Inhibition by the cortex of impulses coming from the subcortex is experienced as calming Averchenko L.K., Andryushina T.V. Psychology and pedagogy: Textbook - M.-Novosibirsk:

INFRA-M-NGAEiU, 2000.

There are also sthenic and asthenic emotions. Stenic emotions increase activity, energy and cause uplift, excitement, and vigor. With sthenic emotions, it is difficult for a person to remain silent, it is difficult not to act actively. Feeling sympathy for a friend, a person looks for a way to help him. Asthenic emotions reduce a person’s activity and energy, and reduce their vital functions. Asthenic emotions are characterized by passivity, contemplation, and relax a person. Sympathy remains a good but sterile emotional experience.

1.2 Emotional states

Emotional states are mental states that arise in the process of a subject’s life and determine not only the level of information and energy exchange, but also the direction of behavior http://magazine.mospsy.ru/dictionary/dictionary.php?term=224 - Moscow psychological journal . . Emotions control a person much more powerfully than it seems at first glance. Even the absence of emotions is an emotion, or rather an entire emotional state, which is characterized by a large number of features in human behavior.

If the emotion itself is quite fleeting, then the emotional state is longer lasting. Often the emotional state is a consequence of the inability of the emotion to find the proper release. For example, if a person experienced a “pang of anxiety”, but could not figure out what exactly was bothering him, what exactly he was capable of doing, then anxiety as an emotion can turn into anxiety as a state. Or, for example, a person has experienced strong joy (emotion), then for quite a long time (up to several days) he may have an elevated, joyful mood (state) Maklakov A. G. General psychology. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. .

Emotional states include: moods, affects, stress, frustration and passion.

During conflict, people tend to experience severe emotional stress, which makes conscious self-control difficult. And loss of self-control is often the cause of conflict.

1.3 Destructive emotions as causes of conflicts

Conflict in itself is perceived emotionally negatively by us, because it is accompanied by negative emotions. Therefore, negative feelings arising about a particular situation can themselves serve as reliable indicators of an impending conflict for us.

K. Izard, analyzing the emotional world of a person, came to the conclusion about the existence of basic emotions. They are mostly negative. The positive ones include interest and joy. The remaining emotions, manifested in conflict and supporting, are manifested in the negative experiences of Izard K.. Human emotions. M., 1980. .

Suffering is a negative emotional state associated with information about the impossibility of satisfying important life needs, which previously seemed more or less likely.

Anger is a negative emotional state, occurring in the form of affect, caused by the sudden emergence of a serious obstacle to the satisfaction of a need that is extremely important for the subject.

Fear is a negative emotional state that appears when a subject receives information about a threat to his well-being in life, about a real or imagined danger.

K. Izard believed that complexes of experiences arise from combinations of emotions. An example of such a complex is anxiety, which occurs when anger and fear are combined.

Anxiety is a mental state of uneasiness experienced by a person without a clear awareness of its source. This emotional state is characterized by tension and anticipation of unfavorable developments. It includes a complex of emotions: fear, grief, shame, guilt, interest and excitement Antsupov A.Ya., Baklanovsky S.V. Conflictology in diagrams and comments: tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009. .

Frustration is a deeply felt emotional state that arose under the influence of failures that occurred when the level of individual aspirations was inflated. It can manifest itself in the form of negative experiences, such as anger, frustration, apathy, etc.

There are two ways out of frustration. Either a person develops active activity and achieves success, or reduces the level of aspirations and is content with the results that he can achieve as much as possible.

1.4 Types of interpersonal conflicts based on the development of emotions

Any typology makes it possible to “expand” the emotional dynamics of the participants in the conflict according to tension, repeating the conflict itself.

Based on socio-psychological descriptions of various conflicts that arise between different people in specific situations of their interaction, the following types of interpersonal conflicts can be identified as the most common and most common: Dmitriev A.V. Conflictology. M., 2000.

Sensory-affective type of interpersonal conflict. It is characterized by the fact that conflict interaction between two subjects begins with a rather acute, emotionally charged and unpleasant question for the partner, addressed by one of them to the other. The conflict situation unfolds gradually, irritation and anger are escalated as if gradually, not immediately leading to conflict interaction. Conflict interaction in this case expresses the different orientations of the opponents’ positions. The first of them, striving to get answers to his questions and not receiving them, begins to get irritated and angry. The second, on the contrary, strives in every possible way to avoid direct interaction with the first. His ignoring position strengthens the partner’s negative emotional reaction and thereby provokes the emergence of interpersonal conflict interaction. conflict emotional mental anger

The uncompromising type of interpersonal conflict is characterized by the fact that it begins with mutual comments, reproaches, and claims against each other. As the conflict situation develops into real conflict interaction, both parties in this case continue to express their dissatisfaction with each other. In such a conflict, its destructive function, as a rule, intensifies as interaction between the warring partners unfolds, and the rivals do everything to spite each other.

An emotionally unstable type of interpersonal conflict begins with the emotional aggressiveness of one of the subjects of interaction. It is characterized by emotional dissatisfaction and dissatisfaction of partners with each other, expressed in a sharp form, in the process of conflict communication. The beginning of a conflict is characterized, as a rule, by a lack of desire to calmly understand the reasons for the ill will that has arisen and a reluctance to understand one’s partner.

The polite-touchy type of interpersonal conflict is characterized by the fact that it begins with one of the partners expressing disagreement with the point of view of the other or with the latter’s assessment of a particular phenomenon, person, his actions, etc. What is specific to him is the use of a polite form of addressing an opponent (sometimes even emphatically polite), as well as a feeling of dissatisfaction with himself for entering into a conflict interaction. In this case, both partners most often show a mutual readiness for reconciliation, which can be easily realized, often with mutual apologies.

The aggressive type of interpersonal conflict interaction is distinguished by the fact that both its participants are characterized by destructive behavior in which emotions suppress reason. Due to the fact that one of the conflicting parties is not able to control his words and actions, and the other is overwhelmed with negative emotions, their interaction is often accompanied by mutual insults, leading to an acute confrontation - in the form of verbal altercations, hysteria, and sometimes fights.

Emotional processes reflect, in the form of direct experiences, feelings of pleasant or unpleasant, a person’s relationship to the world and people, the processes and results of his activities. Emotional processes include moods, feelings, affects, passions, etc. They are included in all mental processes and states. Any manifestations of human activity are accompanied by emotional experiences.

As any person knows based on his own life experience, emotional processes are most often colored positively or negatively. “The main starting point that determines the nature and function of emotions is that in emotional processes a connection is established, a relationship between the course of events that occurs in accordance with or contrary to the needs of the individual, the course of his activities aimed at satisfying these needs, on the one hand, and the flow of internal organic processes that capture the basic vital functions on which the life of the organism as a whole depends, on the other; as a result, the individual is configured for the appropriate action or reaction” Rubinshtein S.L. Basics general psychology. T.2., M., 1989. .

2. Working with the subject’s emotions in interpersonal conflict

2.1 Suppression of emotions

Having experienced any emotion, a person must express it in thoughts, facial expressions, gestures, and actions. This is the nature of emotions, they originate in us and manifest through us. If an emotion is not expressed, it means that it is suppressed. Suppression of emotions is a mental process in which a person does not allow his emotions to manifest themselves.

Only frequent experiences of fear, despondency, anger, sadness and similar emotions lead to mental and physical health disorders. This condition is caused by constant suppression of emotions.

The process of suppressing emotions can be divided into several stages, according to the degree of damage to human health:

1. Control of emotions

People have to control their emotions when expressing them is inappropriate or will lead to undesirable consequences.

Control of emotions in itself cannot be called something bad; on the contrary, this quality allows all people to coexist peacefully. A timely, restrained outburst of anger or discontent can save a person from many problems in life.

If a person, after an event when he had to control his emotions through an effort of will, does not find a way to express them, cannot relieve stress, or free himself from accumulated negativity, then his attention becomes fixated on the negative experience.

2. Muffling feelings, suppressing emotions

This stage begins when we do not find a way to let go of our negative experiences. Feelings of guilt, shame, resentment or self-pity constantly attract our attention to the events of the past. Time after time, we have to experience heartache again.

None of us want to live with the feeling of pain every day, so we begin to dull our feelings. We begin to suppress painful sensations, as if not to feel them. In a state of dull pain, a person finds relief, but it is only temporary.

Sooner or later, a mentally exhausted person will no longer be able to contain the accumulated negativity within himself, and then the dam will break, emotions will find their expression in quarrels, scandals, and mental breakdowns.

3. Extreme suppression

At this stage, a person has been suppressing his feelings and emotions for a long time. Since emotions do not allow one to forget about themselves, they have to be suppressed even more. A person drowns out his feelings, his negative experiences and the emotions associated with them as much as possible.

For this purpose they are used different shapes suppression: alcoholism, drug addiction, smoking, overeating and the like. Almost all bad habits can be used.

2.2 Working with emotions

Working with emotions is one of the ways to deal with emotions in psychotherapy.

Working with emotions assumes that any emotion is always something serious and significant, which cannot simply be brushed aside and ignored; this is something that needs to be done seriously and most likely for a long time, since it is impossible to remove the emotion, and establishing a relationship with it is not easy.

1. Autogenic training

Convinced that the fight against emotions brings the winner more thorns than laurels, people tried to find ways to influence their emotional world that would allow them to penetrate into the deep mechanisms of experiences. This is a system of emotion regulation based on yogic gymnastics. Hindus have noticed that with unpleasant emotions, breathing becomes constricted, shallow or intermittent. Having established the connection between posture, breathing and experiences, yogis have developed a number of physical and breathing exercises, mastery of which allows one to get rid of emotional tension and, to some extent, overcome unpleasant experiences. Separate elements of the yoga system were used to create modern method psychological self-regulation - autogenic training.

There are many varieties of this method, first proposed by the German psychotherapist I. Schulz in 932. Schultz’s classical method included a number of self-hypnosis formulas that, after repeated exercises, made it possible to freely evoke a feeling of warmth and heaviness in the body. various parts body, regulate breathing and heart rate and induce general relaxation. Currently, autogenic training is widely used to correct emotional states with increased neuro-emotional stress, to overcome the consequences of stressful situations that arise in extreme conditions. professional activity http://psyfactor.org/strah2.htm - Psi Factor. E.I. Golovakha, N.V. Panina - Managing emotions. .

2. Meditation techniques

Most often, these techniques are used to teach physical and sensory relaxation, the ability to get rid of excessive mental tension, stressful conditions and, as a result, come down to developing autosuggestion skills and consolidating methods of self-regulation.

Meditative psychotherapy is usually not distinguished as an independent psychotherapeutic direction. But due to the fact that the elements of meditation are widely used or can be used in many other psychotherapeutic areas, it is advisable to consider it separately.

Currently, the term meditation is used so widely that it has many shades, so no definition suits all specialists of this method.

Comparing the term “meditation” with other basic concepts of psychotherapy - activity and communication, N. Linde writes: “If activity is always the interaction of a subject with an object, where all activity (cognitive, using, transforming, etc.) always belongs to the subject, then in the case of communication, the subject interacts with a subject of equal rights and the activity equally belongs to both parties” Linda N. - “Psychotherapy in social work”, M., 1992. .

Proponents of meditation claim that, thanks to liberation from interfering vain thoughts and emotions, it leads to enlightenment and insight. They characterize this process as the development of the person himself, as a process of learning about oneself, others and the surrounding reality. There is a spasmodic (from insight to insight) growth of the individual, acquiring previously inaccessible new, more advanced knowledge.

The goal of each such session is a deeper and longer (stable) acquisition of inner peace and harmony, stabilization of consciousness, maximum release from psychomuscular tension, any (not only negative) emotions and thoughts, mental stress and achievement of an extremely balanced state.

Gradually, this concentration of consciousness should move away from fixation on a specific object - a point that at the initial stage helps to free consciousness from extraneous, vain stimuli.

In this state, a person finds a stable balance as opposed to states of dependence on thoughts, feelings, people and habits. The extreme (opposite to meditation) manifestation of these addictions are passions, neuropsychic states and behavioral reactions from which a person suffers and would like to free himself, but cannot. Most neuroses can be classified as such dependencies (or vice versa - neuroses can be classified as dependencies).

The main essence of the main stages of meditative training.

At the first stage of mastering the technique of meditation, it is better to direct the practitioner’s attention to sensations that he can control and regulate physically. They are easier than thoughts, amenable to observation and retention of attention on them.

Most often, this is done by directing a person’s attention to the process of his breathing: monitoring all the sensations accompanying inhalation and exhalation, monitoring the calm rhythm of breathing while simultaneously relaxing the muscles.

Second phase.

In classical yoga (and now in almost all meditation techniques), so-called mantras are added to these breathing exercises, the simplest, oldest and most effective of which are considered to be the mental utterances of the words “OUM” (translated as absolute) or “OLE” while exhaling. one). Some therapists recommend saying these mantras out loud.

These are the simplest mantras, which later become significantly more complex in many meditation techniques. However, the psychotherapist must remember that any complication of the procedure must be justified by increasing its effectiveness and be considered taking into account the specific task and individual characteristics of the clients.

In the future (and some therapists immediately start with this), clients are asked to simply calmly follow their thoughts, without driving them away or taking them to heart, observing them as if from the outside and increasingly distancing themselves from them emotionally.

This approach takes into account the spirit of contradiction inherent in all of us, when the prohibition to think about something often fixes the thought even more deeply on the forbidden object.

This exercise is not used in all cases, but only when it is not possible to get rid of interfering thoughts. Then the person pretends that he is deliberately succumbing to them (“okay, let’s think about it”), and he gradually trains himself to follow this thought more and more monotonously, automatically, dulled (ever less emotionally), gradually moving away from it as from an outsider object.

The next stage has long been known in meditation, in Lately it has spread under the name imagotherapy (imagination therapy), when, in order to reduce anxiety and stress, a person is asked to imagine himself in a zone of comfort and complete security. At the same time, his attention is focused on an increasingly clear vision of himself in the image of the personification of calm and satisfaction.

Currently, imagotherapy is often used as an independent psychotherapeutic direction or included as a technical technique in gestalt therapy, psychosynthesis, behavioral therapy, etc.

3. Gestalt therapy

Gestalt therapy (from the German Gestalt - image, form, structure) is a form of psychotherapy developed within the framework of Gestalt psychology by Frederick Perls.

Gestalt therapy is a direction of psychotherapy that aims to expand a person’s awareness and through this a person’s better understanding and acceptance of himself, achieving greater intrapersonal integrity, greater fulfillment and meaningfulness of life, improving contact with outer worlds, including with surrounding people http://med-stud.narod.ru/med/psycho/gestalt.html - V. L. Talanov, I. G. Malkina-Pykh, 2003 - Gestalt therapy. .

Thus, during Gestalt therapy, it is possible to understand, based on a person’s actions, what he is thinking, and based on his thoughts, what he is doing or would like to do.

A person with psychological, emotional and personal problems experiences a violation of the integrity of perception and sensation; he cannot unite his feelings, thoughts and behavior into a whole (gestalt).

This can be facilitated by his complexes, internal conflicts and unfinished situations.

For normal interaction, a person’s relationship with the outside world, other people and himself, the “Contact Boundary” must be respected.

Blurring and violating it leads to neuroticism and other psychological, personal, and emotional problems.

This manifests itself when contact (any activity, relationship) is terminated without proper completion (“unfinished situation”). At the same time, such non-completion of contacts can become fixed in a person’s behavior, which leads to neuroticism.

With the help of theories, approaches, methods, techniques and exercises of Gestalt therapy, a person can restore the contact boundary, unify his feelings, thoughts and behavior, and thereby free himself from psychological problems.

The help of a Gestalt therapist in solving a problem is to find the first (main) unfinished situation and respond to it, at least symbolically.

Conclusion

Numerous studies have revealed an interesting pattern: negative emotional impact increases if it receives reinforcement in the form of an emotional response. Without receiving reinforcement, the negative emotional impact fades.

Emotions often dominate conflicts. This leads to affect, when consciousness simply turns off and the person is not responsible for his actions. An emotional approach leads to a shift in the matter, problem and attitude towards the opponent. We get stuck in sorting out the relationship, but the matter, the problem, remains and is not solved. If the problem is not resolved, then the relationship either deteriorates greatly or breaks down.

That is why it is necessary to separate your relationships, emotions from the problem itself and not mix them. It is important to try to solve two independent problems: the main thing is to find a solution to the problem and streamline the relationship. But if a solution is not found, good relations must be maintained at all costs. After all, you can return to finding a solution later, relying on the preserved relationships.

1. Averchenko L.K., Andryushina T.V. Psychology and pedagogy: Textbook. - M. - Novosibirsk: INFRA-M-NGAEiU, 2000.

2. Antsupov A.Ya., Baklanovsky S.V. Conflictology in schemes and comments: a textbook. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009.

3. Dmitriev A.V. Conflictology. - M., 2000

4. Izard K. Human emotions. - M., 1980.

5. Linde N. Psychotherapy in social work. - M., 1992.

6. Maklakov A. G. General psychology. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001.

7. Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of general psychology. T.2., - M., 1989.

8. http://magazine.mospsy.ru/dictionary/- Moscow psychological journal.

9. http://med-stud.narod.ru/med/psycho/gestalt.html - V. L. Talanov, I. G. Malkina-Pykh, 2003 - Gestalt therapy.

10. http://psyfactor.org/strah2.htm - Psi Factor. E.I. Golovakha, N.V. Panina - Managing emotions.

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Are your emotions overwhelming? Stop! Learn to control yourself - you need to manage your emotions in a conflict and take control of the conflict.
Perhaps each of us knows what a serious quarrel is. After it, you plunge into the abyss of irritation and anger, your thoughts wander around the phrases spoken in the heat of the moment. “Oh, how I wish I could seal him now!” - you think with regret, you just want to go back and utter a better expression that will sting your opponent. And the next day you remember the conflict, noticing with surprise that the irritation has not cooled down at all, rather the opposite.
There is a reason for this...
According to statistics, there are more conflicts in our lives than negotiations and discussions. Cause? Differences in views, desires, hopes. All the plots of world literature are based on rivalry and confrontation. There are several basic causes of conflict. This:

lack of communication, lack of information;

differences in interests;

confrontation between groups;

lack of empathy for the needs of others;

difficult character.

No irritation
To create a conflict situation, there are enough contradictions. And for it to turn into a conflict, an incident is necessary. This could be an accidentally dropped phrase, a misinterpreted glance. Then the conflict formula looks like this:
K (conflict) = KS (conflict situation) + I (incident).
Managing emotions in conflict is necessary, and if you learn to approach conflict as an arithmetic problem that needs to be solved, the key to resolving it will be in your hands. Of course, you need to work hard to avoid self-indulgence and self-pity.
The first stage of curbing conflict is suppressing irritation. To prevent emotions from overwhelming you, you need to give them a way out, otherwise they will destroy all the obstacles in their path, like water a dam. When the main streams of grievances spill out, you need to close the floodgate so that anger does not flood everything. Negative emotions are constant companions of any quarrel, and by heating up your feelings, you contribute to the fact that the degree of conflict increases.
Anger, feelings of hostility and resentment become destructive factors in communication. However, on the other hand, these same emotions can be the basis for better, positive changes, if in this case we wisely use their energy. After a thunderstorm there is always fresh air. Rational self-control and self-management will help turn emotions into a positive direction. Ask yourself questions: “Why do I feel this? What caused this reaction? What do I want to change? Why did this touch my sensitive cords? Use the answers to these questions to make changes in your life.
Suppress your anger!
Ideally, emotions should do their job and, of course, leave you. You should know that a hidden grudge is always unconstructive and dangerous, like a sleeping volcano: at the most inopportune moment, an eruption can begin and fill everything with boiling lava.
If you decide to express your feelings towards a situation and make an effort to manage your emotions, the effect will be greater if you follow some simple rules.

Avoid the desire and desire to punish the other party or blame them for something. You are responsible for your feelings. If you intend to take any action, then check whether there are any elements of vindictiveness in your feelings. People's actions are their actions, and our feelings about them are only our feelings.

The turbulent emotions that arise indicate the need for change. Consider whether your actions will improve the situation.

It’s worth setting yourself up for an appropriate expression of feelings. If something hurts you or makes you very angry, you have every right to say so.

Try to avoid repeating an unpleasant situation. If you manage your emotions correctly, you will be able to avoid relapse.

Your irritation can fuel the other person's emotions and lead to a scandal or breakup. Tell yourself, “I need to suppress my anger.” At the same time, let your opponent know that you are trying to stop the boiling of passions. “I see us getting even more irritated. Let this be a thing of the past. What can we do to avoid this from happening in the future?” - you can say approximately the following phrases. This is especially important if you want to maintain your relationship with this person.

Wave your hand?
Of course, it is one thing to think speculatively about managing emotions in conflict, and quite another to remember these tips at the very moment when you are seething with anger and ready to incinerate your opponent with one glance.
To have the strength to constructive permission conflict, mentally build an invisible barrier between yourself and your opponent, through which not a single sound can reach you. Or imagine yourself inside a huge transparent sphere, over the surface of which sounds spread like drops of water. This sphere reliably protects you from the anger of your enemy.
When you notice that the flow of accusations is drying up, begin working to get out of the conflict situation. If you don’t know what to do and calm down your emotions in a conflict, and you feel the meaninglessness of what’s happening, just give up on everything! Otherwise, the conflict will become an obsession that feeds on itself.

Conflict is not a simple difference in positions; differences devoid of emotional overtones are rarely perceived as a conflict, but rather as simply a subject for discussion and conversation. Emotional sources of conflict must also be taken into account. They are directly related to the basic needs of people. Therefore, the emotional sources of conflict can be represented as follows:

1. Emotions associated with the need to control people, influence them, and achieve the desired social status.

2. Emotions associated with the need to receive approval from other people, to experience belonging to a group that is significant to oneself.

3. Emotions associated with the need for justice, with the desire for equality and honesty in relationships.

4. Emotions associated with the need for autonomy, self-realization, a positive image - I, in affirming one’s own values.

Emotional sources of conflict exist along with objective ones. From a certain point of view, they constitute what distinguishes conflict from disagreement. Objective sources of conflict are experienced as important only if they are perceived as a means to relieve emotional tension caused by the dissatisfaction of certain needs.

Emotional sources of conflict are more difficult to recognize than objective ones. When exchanging arguments, we rarely mention them. This is especially true in business communication, in which the opportunity to talk about one’s needs for power, autonomy, self-realization, etc. is practically excluded. For better or worse, organizational norms generally do not involve self-disclosure in terms of needs. These norms are so deeply ingrained in us that sometimes we are not even aware of the emotional sources of both personal and interpersonal conflicts. Because of this, it can be difficult to recognize the emotions being experienced and describe them clearly. However, our basic needs always remain with us, and conflict resolution is achieved by recognizing its emotional sources and discussing them.

Psychological incompatibility

The problem of relationships will never cease to be relevant as long as humanity exists. Even if a person himself is not very concerned about relationships with other people (and this happens when he does not see, does not hear, does not understand those around him), life ultimately arranges for him such a trap from which he cannot get out without unraveling the tangle of relationships. In this case, the problem is not only painful, it becomes acute and critical.

Understanding the opposite side in the formation of relationships allows you to realistically assess the state of affairs and significantly facilitates the coexistence of the parties. In life, any psychological disturbances, including those based on hostility, dissimilarity of temperament and character, one way or another affect the staff, affect business relationships, affect joint activities, lead to misunderstandings, mutual grievances, stress and conflicts. A person’s mood is almost always individual and completely depends on his physical and mental state at the moment. Everyone has their own intellectual and moral ceiling, within which they comprehend themselves and evaluate others. Not everyone is capable of being condescending, polite and compliant, expressing their opinions without passion, restraining resentment, indignation and anger, avoiding “ruffness” and intolerance, following the “golden rule” of age-old wisdom: treat others the same way as you would like, to do to you, i.e. Don't do to others what you don't want to do to yourself.

Discontent, conflict in interpersonal relationships can also be caused by such seemingly simple things as the manner of dressing or speaking, the way of eating or smoking, everything that relates to the field of tastes, fashion and other similar motives that seem to be of little importance in communication. The inability of co-workers to get along with each other is revealed in emotional clashes between individuals with different character traits, outlooks on life and moral values, characteristics of age and life experience. The moral side of the interaction of specific individuals is very significant, since for some people the inherent conscience, honor, and sincerity of a person are crushed by the burden of shamelessness, impudence and lies, hiding the inability of a given subject to answer to his conscience.

Differences between people are one of the leading causes of conflict. In addition, compatibility is affected by factors such as:

– Different worldviews.

– Different attitudes of people towards their responsibilities.

– Different understanding of the meaning of the work being performed.

– Varying degrees of preparedness for the work performed.

– Opposite interests.

– Differences in character traits.

Psychological intolerance is a prejudiced attitude towards a person due to his way of thinking, interests, geographical or social origin, nationality, gender, age, clothing, hairstyle, voice, speech, gait, manner of eating, drinking, laughing, snoring and many other properties - even smell (even perfume). Intolerance occurs in a subject when some properties or actions of another person begin to cause unpleasant associations or become annoying in themselves. The source of intolerance can also be such actions that, although not directly related to the subject, still expose his weaknesses and demonstrate his shortcomings. If, say, the next person on duty cleaned out a boiler that the previous one was unable to clean completely, or someone found a passage where the subject could not find a way before him - in both cases, the more successful tourist may have a drop of envy in the less fortunate one , irritations, which will then develop into intolerance. Finally, intuitive prejudice may arise without clear grounds.

Readiness for conflict is experienced by the subject as a state of mental discomfort and irritation. Moreover, all this does not exist on its own, but is more or less clearly connected with the personality of a specific person - an opponent who opposes the subject and to whom the subject will direct his actions during the transition from readiness to the implementation of the conflict.

The opponent is not always aware of the conflict. Thus, a tourist dissatisfied with an instructor can be polite, restrained in his presence and not express any complaints, but behind the instructor’s back, vilify him in every possible way, make skeptical remarks about him and thereby significantly undermine his authority in the group. The instructor, not knowing anything about this, does not take any response. In such cases, the opponent acts only as a target to which the subject directs his reactions. The opponent remains passive and does not enter into the conflict himself. Such a conflict - with one active participant - is called one-sided. A model for such a conflict can be I. A. Krylov’s fable “The Elephant and the Pug.”

Much more often, the opponent does not remain indifferent, but responds in some way to the actions of the subject and becomes a “full-fledged” participant in the conflict. If we now take his position as a basis, then we can repeat about him everything that was previously said about the subject. Thus, in a bilateral conflict, one can identify any of the two subjects, depending on from whose position the conflict is analyzed.

Conflicts can be divided into homogeneous and complex. If the prevailing grounds for conflict for each of the subjects belong to the same groups (out of the three just discussed), we will consider such a conflict homogeneous.

There are three types of homogeneous conflicts:

1) true conflict - with mutual infringement of interests;

2) misunderstanding – when there is a mutual mistake;

3) psychological incompatibility - with mutual intolerance.

We will call a conflict in which the subjects have different reasons complex. So, let’s imagine that one of the tourists felt that the supply manager unfairly distributed the cargo or unevenly unloaded the participants. The tourist expresses his doubts to the caretaker and in response “receives” a violent reaction. What is such a conflict? For a tourist, the source of conflict is a mistake. A tourist’s remark, if expressed without sufficient tact, could hurt the caretaker’s pride, i.e. harm his interests. Another option is also possible: the caretaker, for some reason, had previously felt a hostile feeling towards the tourist who made the complaint. And the tourist’s remark addressed to him (even in a tactful form) served only as an impetus that revealed the psychological intolerance of the caretaker in relation to this tourist. A combination of both of these options cannot be ruled out. One way or another, the stormy reaction of the caretaker may actually affect the interests of the tourist, which will cause additional defensive actions on his part, which will lead to further escalation of the conflict. The conflict becomes multi-layered.

The readiness for conflict, even with very high tension among the subjects, does not always turn into an open clash. The moment of transition depends on a combination of many factors. Among them, one can highlight the personal properties of those in conflict (the place in the range between restraint and aggressiveness, courage and cowardice), the probabilistic forecast of each of them (what promises him the development of the conflict). Particular attention should be paid to the role external conditions and, in particular, the presence and position of significant persons. If at least one, and even more so both people, who are prone to conflict, feel the support of others and the approval of people significant to them, an open clash becomes almost inevitable. On the contrary, an atmosphere of general condemnation and especially the disapproving attitude of significant persons can slow down or even prevent the development of a conflict.