Which bird builds the largest hanging nests in the world? Which bird builds the largest nests in the world Which bird builds the largest nest
TasksII(municipal) stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in biology in the Lipetsk region.
20 1 0-2011 academic year
8th grade
Exercise 1. The task includes 30 questions, each of them has 4 possible answers. For each question, select only one answer that you consider the most complete and correct. Enter the index of the selected answer into the answer matrix.
The main difference between a bacterial cell and the cells of other organisms is: a) the presence of one or more flagella; b) lack of a formalized core; + c) the presence of a cell membrane (wall); d) permanent shape.
To prevent food spoilage due to bacteria, you must: a) prevent spores from coming into contact with the products; b) provide unfavorable conditions for the life of these organisms; + c) prevent exposure of products to direct sunlight; d) limit air access to products.
Disputes on records fruiting body are formed from: a) porcini mushroom; b) mucor; c) camelina; + d) tinder fungus.
The lichen fungus receives from the algae: a) water; b) mineral salts; c) organic substances; + d) air.
The deepest sea algae include: a) red; + b) brown; c) green; d) diatoms.
In the bulb, reserve nutrients are deposited in: a) bottom; b) kidneys; c) juicy scales;
+ d) dry scales. Cork refers to fabric:
a) conductive; b) cover; + c) educational; d) storing. Conductive bundles in leaves:
a) conduct water and mineral salts; b) carry out sugar solutions from the leaves to other parts of the plant; c) perform a supporting-mechanical function; d) perform all the above functions. + Potato tuber, actually early stage of its development is:
a) fruit; b) escape; + c) root crop; d) the tip of the lateral root. Dioecious plants include:
a) poplar and hazel; b) hazel and birch; c) birch and sea buckthorn; d) sea buckthorn and poplar.+ Only animals have this process: and converting them into nerve impulses; + c) the intake of substances into the body, their transformation and removal of final waste products; d) oxygen absorption and release carbon dioxide
during the breathing process. Correct alternation of sexual and asexual reproduction is observed in:
a) testate amoebae; b) radiolarian; c) foraminifera; + d) sunfish. Unlike roundworms, annelids have:
a) digestive system; b) excretory system; c) circulatory system; + d) nervous system. The exoskeleton of arthropods is represented by:
a) skin-muscle sac; b) chitinous cover; + c) lime shell; d) striated muscles. The respiratory organ of the river lamprey is:
a) pharynx, penetrated by gill slits; b) swim bladder; c) gill filaments; d) gill sacs. +By vertically raising the front part of the body and inflating the hood, the Indian cobra ( Naja naja) demonstrates the behavior:
a) food; b) indicative; c) marriage; d) defensive.+ The largest nests among birds are built by:
a) eagles; b) pelicans; c) ostriches; d) African weavers. + Nests in tree hollows:
a) kingfisher; b) nightjar; c) gogol; + d) finch. Complication circulatory system
corresponds to the evolution of chordates among the following animals:
a) toad – rabbit – crocodile – shark; b) shark - frog - crocodile - rabbit; + c) shark - crocodile - frog - rabbit; d) crocodile – shark – toad – dog.
Rosehip fruit is
multi-nut
Polydrupe
Kukushkin flax reproduces:
zoospores
drupe
seeds under unfavorable conditions
aplanospores
The Solanaceae family includes
tomato, pepper, cucumber
potatoes, Jerusalem artichoke, belladonna
Datura, belladonna, petunia
eggplant, henbane, sow thistle
Does not form stump growth
Fungal cell walls contain predominantly
cellulose
Educational tissue in plants
parenchyma
Male gametophyte of pine presented
10 cells
8 cells
2 cells
1 cell
Sea anemones - representatives of the type
shellfish
coelenterates
arthropods
The venom of the cross spider enters the victim’s body through
mouth opening
opening of jaw claws
holes in the legs
holes in the jaws
Pharyngeal teeth are a sign of the order
carp-like
herring-shaped
cod lobe-finned
Task 2. a) scale; + b) colonial; c) bushy; + d) unicellular; e) leafy. +
The leaf veins perform the following functions: a) protection against evaporation; b) conduction of substances; + c) photosynthesis; d) support for the leaf pulp;
+ e) sexual reproduction of a plant. From the listed signs, select those that are characteristic of fungi and animals: a) lack of chlorophyll in cells;+ b) chitinized cell wall; V) reserve substance- starch; d) reserve substance – glycogen;
+ e) ability to vegetative propagation areas of the body.+
On the roots perennial plants
can be found: a) accessory buds; + b) scale-like leaves; c) root cap;
+ d) green leaves; e) axillary leaves.
Blood in insects:
a) distributes nutrients;
+ b) carries oxygen; c) collects decay products;
+ d) takes part in leg extension;
+ e) takes part in the regulation of vital processes.
+
Task 3.
A task to determine the correctness of judgments. Enter the numbers of correct judgments in the answer matrix. (10 judgments)
Algae are any plants that live in water.
The fern shoot is attached to the soil with the help of roots.During the dormant period, the vital processes of the seeds stop.. The stems of perennial plants always perform a photosynthetic function.
A leaf scar is a mark caused by a fallen leaf.
The root cortex is characterized by the absence of conductive tissues. +
In aquatic plants, stomata are located on the upper side of the leaf. +
3) Delayed flowering in ornamental plants, lack of growth. Purple coloring of leaves and stems. Tendency for leaves to curl and turn over.
4) Weak growth, dwarfism, scleromorphism. The shoot/root ratio is shifted in favor of the roots. Premature yellowing of old leaves.
Correlate these symptoms with the reasons for their occurrence.
Elements: A – phosphorus; B – nitrogen, C – iron and D – boron.
|
Tube number |
|||||||
|
Isotonic solution |
Ostrich It was recorded that the height of males African ostrich common (Struthio c. camelus) can reach 2 m 74 cm.
Crane The tallest flying birds are cranes, wading birds of the order Gruidae. The height of some of them reaches almost 2 m.
hummingbird bee Males of the bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae), living in Cuba and on the island. Pinos weigh 1.6 g and are 5.7 cm long. Half the length is the tail and beak. Females are somewhat larger.
black-footed falcon(Microhierax fringillarius) from Southeast Asia and white-breasted shrike(M. latifrons) from the northwestern part of the island. Borneo. Average length The body length of both species is 14-15 cm, including a 5 cm long tail, and the weight is about 35 g.
Dromomis stirtoni Fossil leg bones found in 1974 near Alice Springs indicate that the flightless Dromomis stirtoni, a giant ostrich-like bird that lived in central Australia from about 15 million to 25,000 years ago, reached a height of 3 m and weighed about 500 kg.
Gigantic moa bird
(Dinornis maximus), which lived in New Zealand, was probably even greater in height - 3.7 m, and weighed about 230 kg.
Teratorn The largest of the prehistoric flying birds is considered to be a giant teratorn(Argentavis magnificens), which lived on the territory of modern Argentina about 6-8 million years ago. Fossils found in 1979 indicate that this huge vulture-like bird had a wingspan of more than 6 m, a height of 7.6 m, and a weight of 80 kg.
Black swift(Apus apus) can remain in the air for 2-4 years. During all this time, he sleeps, drinks, eats and even mates on the fly. A young swift that takes flight probably flies 500,000 km before landing for the first time.
Common tern(Sterna hirundo) left its lakeside nest in Finland around 15 August 1996 and was captured on 24 January 1997 near lakes in Gippsland, NY. Victoria, Australia. She flew 25,750 km.
Woodcock During mating games, the flight speed of American woodcock (Scolopax minor) and woodcock S. rusticola was recorded. They were kept in the air at a speed of 8 km/h.
Bustard The heaviest flying birds are the African great bustard (Ardeotis kori), found in Northeast and Southern Africa, and dudak(Otis tarda), found in Europe and Asia. Bustards weighing 19 kg have been described. There is reliable evidence of an 18kg dudak, although there is anecdotal evidence of a 21kg male dudak shot in Manchuria that was too heavy to fly
- This andean condor(Vultur gryphus). Males weigh on average 9-12 kg with a wingspan of 3 m or more. A male California condor (Gymnogyps califomianus), stuffed at the California Academy of Sciences in Los Angeles, USA, is said to have weighed 14.1 kg in life.
Albatross Most large scale wings recorded in the wandering albatross (Diomedea exulas). On September 18, 1965, the crew of the Antarctic research vessel Eltanin, owned by the US Navy, caught a very old male with a wingspan of 3.63 m in the Tasman Sea.
Sip On November 29, 1973, over Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, a vulture (Gyps ruepellii) collided with a passenger aircraft at an altitude of 11,277 m. The remaining feathers from the bird were sufficient for the American Museum of Natural History to firmly identify the bird's species.
Whooper swan On December 9, 1967, about 30 whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) were seen at an altitude of just over 8230 m. They were flying from Iceland for the winter at Lough Foyle, on the border between Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. The plane's pilot spotted them over the Outer Hebrides and their altitude was confirmed by radar.
Ostrich The African ostrich is recognized as the fastest flightless bird, which, despite its large mass, can, if necessary, reach speeds of up to 72 km/h.
Peregrine Falcon Observations seem to confirm that the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) is capable of developing maximum speed up to 200 km/h, when it drops like a stone from a great height, defending its territory or hunting birds in the air.
Horned Hummingbird(Heliactin cornuta), found in the tropics South America, flaps its wings at a frequency of 90 beats per second.
Gentoo penguin(Pygoscelis papua) can swim at speeds of up to 27 km/h.
Penguin The greatest diving depth among birds was recorded in 1990 in the Ross Sea, off the coast of Antarctica. One of the emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) then dived to a depth of 483 m.
Silly you The maximum age for birds living in the wild is 45 years. In 1951 on the island. In Aynhollow, Orkney, UK, a fulmar was ringed and has since been seen there every year.
Siberian white crane(Crus leucogeranus) named Wolf, kept at the International Crane Conservation Foundation, located in Baraboo, PC. Wisconsin, USA, reportedly lived to be 82 years old. The bird died at the end of 1988 after it broke its beak while chasing away a visitor.
Cockatoo A male great yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) named Koki lived over 80 years and died at the London Zoo in 1982. This is the maximum age among birds, established with absolute certainty.
Goose In addition to ostriches, which sometimes live up to 68 years, the goose (Anser a. domesticus) is the longest-living poultry, usually living up to 25 years. In 1976, a gander named George died, having lived to be 49 years and 8 months old.
Chicken Hatchery mounds constructed by the Australian ocellated chicken (Leipoa ocellata) reach 4.57 m in height and 10.6 m in width. It is estimated that the construction of such a nest took 250 m3 building material weighing 300t.
Orlan The nest, 2.9 m wide and 6 m deep, was built by a pair of bald eagles (Haliaeeyus leucocephalus) and possibly their descendants near St. Petersburg, NY. Florida, USA. It was studied in 1963 and is estimated to weigh more than 2 tons.
Berkut Berkut(Aquila chrysaetos) also builds huge nests. It is reported that in 1954 a nest 4.57 m deep was found in Scotland.
Hummingbird The nest of a pygmy hummingbird (Mellisuga minima) is about 2 times smaller than the shell walnut. The nest of the bee hummingbird (M. helenae) is smaller in diameter but deeper. It is no larger than a thimble in size.
Pygmy hummingbird(Mellisuga minima), found in Jamaica, lays the smallest eggs. The length of the smallest of them does not reach 1 cm, and the weight is only 0.365 g.
Ostrich The length of an African ostrich egg is usually 15-20 cm, the diameter is 10-15 cm, and the weight is 1-1.78 kg (in volume this corresponds to approximately 2 dozen chicken eggs). And although the shell thickness is only 1.5 mm, it can support the weight of a person.
Ostrich hybrid The largest egg was laid in Israel, in Kibbutz Haon, on June 28, 1988 by a two-year-old hybrid between two subspecies of ostrich (Struthio c. Camelus x S.c. australis). It weighed 2.3 kg.
Extinct elephant bird(Aepyomis maximus) laid eggs 33 cm long and with a capacity of 8.5 liters, which is equal to the capacity of 7 ostrich eggs.
Australian chicken nest
The largest and most unusual incubator nests are built by Australian hens (Leipoa ocellata). The size of this bird's nest reaches 4.6 meters in height and about 10.5 meters in width. The rooster builds the nest alone for a whole year. The female does not take any part in the construction of the incubator. In spring, the male digs a huge hole about 5 meters wide and up to 1 meter deep. The rooster fills this hole with leaves and branches that he collected throughout the summer.
Nest-incubator
During the rainy season, the contents of the hole become wet, and then the male covers the decaying pile with sand and earth. The foliage under the layer of sand begins to rot, and heat forms inside. The female begins to lay eggs. The rooster does not leave the nest one step during the entire incubation period. He sleeps and eats next to the incubator, and uses his sensitive beak to monitor the temperature in the nest. After the chicks hatch, after resting a little, the rooster begins to build an incubator nest for the next offspring.
Bald Eagle Nest
Of the usual nests, the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) builds the largest nest, which is why this bird is listed in the Guinness Book of Records. Bald eagles build cup-shaped nests 2.5-3 m wide and 4-6 m high. The weight of this design is also not small, reaching 2-3 tons. Unlike the Australian ocellated hen, the female and male eagle work together to build the nest. They build a nest from large branches, connecting them together with grass.
Nest for the whole family
Usually bald eagles They change nests after 5-7 years, but there is a case recorded in history when several generations of birds lived in one nest for more than 60 years.
Golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) also build huge nests. The diameter of a golden eagle's nest can reach 1-2 meters in height and 0.5 to 2 meters in width. In Europe in 1954, a golden eagle nest more than 4.5 meters deep was found.
In Spain, on the island of La Gomera in the small town of San Sebastián de la Gomera, the largest wasp nest was found, which was included in the Guinness Book of Records. Millions of insects managed to create a structure about 7 m high.
The largest wasp nest was in an abandoned house and was very disturbing to the neighbors. People did not like the multiplying insects and in order to open the doors of the abandoned building they called the police. This is how the epicenter of the wasp spread was discovered.
Presumably, this nest was made not by ordinary wasps, but by African wasps, which usually live a hundred kilometers from the Canary Islands. Experts will have to find out whether the insects were able to fly such a distance or whether they reached the island of La Gomera while still in the larval stage.
It was not possible to photograph the giant nest from different angles - aggressive wasps did not allow the photographer to approach their home.
The previous record in this category was set in New Zealand. in 1963, in the city of Waimaukau, a wasp dwelling was found with dimensions of 3.7 x 1.5 m, and its perimeter was 5.5 m. This structure first hung on a tree, but due to its own weight it fell and broke.
The Guinness Book of Records contains other achievements of insects, for example, on Earth and
Most animals find their homes in secluded places, caves in trees, underground or in burrows. Some of them occupy other people's housing. But birds, ants, bees and other representatives of the fauna build their nests, hives or colonies for rest, for breeding and raising offspring. There are animals that are incredibly careful about the process of construction and home improvement, like real architects. We offer an overview of the best architects of the animal kingdom and their impeccable structures.
There are other animals on planet Earth that deserve to be on the list of the most talented architects. For example, beavers are excellent dam builders who are able to block a riverbed and create a pond for themselves. The beaver is warm and safe in its home of branches and mud. Ants are excellent builders, capable of quickly constructing housing for their colonies underground. Gophers are talented in building burrows with a system of passages that create entire cities on several hundred hectares of land, where hundreds of individuals live. Bees are excellent craftsmen in the construction of wax honeycombs for storing honey and raising offspring. Cunning spiders with a secret door, which is attached to silk threads and instantly opens, are also capable of building a whole system of tunnels.
10. Common weaver
The bird lives in South Africa, Namibia and Botswana. Common weavers build their communal nests from twigs and grass on trees or other objects such as telephone poles. Their nests are considered the largest among those built by birds; they can accommodate several generations and hundreds of pairs of birds. Nests are considered communal, since one large one consists of many individual nests. It is very warm in the center of the structure, where the birds gather at night, and in the outer nests the temperature during the day is 7-80C, while outside it is 16-330C. Externally, the structure resembles a haystack; the entrance to the nests is located at the bottom of the structure.
9. Tailor Ants/Leaf Roller Spider
Everyone knows that ants live in colonies in an anthill on the ground or tree, like the European red ant. The weaver ant in Central Africa and Southeast Asia builds nests from living leaves, which are attached to each other with silk threads. An entire colony lives in such a cocoon. The design is waterproof. The leaf-wing spider from Australia has a very similar home. The only difference is that the spider uses a leaf that is already dead, rolls it up and lines it with silk threads. The leaf is located in the center of the web.
8. Bowerbird from the Chendravasih Peninsula
The bowerbird lives on the Chendrawasih Peninsula in Indonesia. When building a nest, the male uses grass and twigs. He builds it in the form of a hut on the ground to attract a potential female to start a family. Building a hut is not the male’s ultimate goal. He also designs the interior and surrounding area, decorating everything with berries, flowers, bugs and other colorful objects to make it more attractive. The female visits the nest, assesses the situation and the level of responsibility of the male, and decides to start a family.
7. Termites
Termites in wildlife The northern regions of Australia demonstrate unsurpassed architectural talent, constructing termite mounds up to 10 m high from mud, processed clay, saliva and excrement. These structures are equipped with tunnels, a sophisticated air conditioning system and are located from north to south for proper temperature regulation. Their buildings occupy acres of land. In addition, there is mold in which they breed their offspring.
6. Spider house with secret door
Spiders are known to spin webs, but some have gone even further, such as the leaf spinner or individual species spiders of Texas and Canada that weave webs several hectares in size. But the spider, who has a secret door in his house, surpassed everyone. He lives underground in a hole that he digs himself. Using soil, vegetation and silken threads, he constructs a door for his burrow. It can open and close, and the spider can ambush its victim with lightning speed. When the door is closed, it is well camouflaged.
5. Indian weaver / Oropendula-Montezuma
The Indian weaver lives in India and southeast Asia. The bird is known for building elegant hanging nests. But these houses are not unusual.
Far from these sites in the Caribbean, another bird, the Oropendula Montezuma, builds similar hanging nests of grass and vines for a colony of 30 individuals. They build nests on tall trees in the forest, in plantations or on plantations, which distinguishes them from Indian weavers, which place their nests on thorny trees above the water.
4. Paper wasp
While most wasps do not build nests and prefer to hoard other people's property, paper wasps construct an elegant home from chewed plants, wood or stems, which are held together with resin, saliva and silky threads. Some species use mud. The nest has honeycombs with cells, just like bees in a hive. Outside, the honeycombs are in a cocoon made of a kind of paper. The nest is attached to a tree branch by the leg. Wasps spread a special smell around the nest, which scares away ants who are not averse to stealing eggs. The nest is built in a secluded place.
3. Red Ovenbird / Swallows
The thrush warbler or red-backed ovenbird uses mud or dung to build bowls on the upper parts of tree crowns, pillars, where the finished nest is dried in the sun. The result is a durable home and place to raise offspring. The nest is not subject to wind and is suitable for habitation in any weather. Many species of swallows also use mud and saliva to build nests. They build their nests in colonies near human habitation. Nest size is associated with the number of eggs laid by swallow species.
2. Sfecida
Sphecida builds its elegant nests in the shape of a cylindrical pipe, similar to pipes of an organ or panflute, from mud and vomit on the bases of bridges, walls, rocks and other surfaces. The wasp's nest is simple in shape, in the form of an amphora, then the nests are connected together with mud. In the nest of the sfecida there are many cells not for placing eggs, but for “prisoners”, for example, spiders, so that they cannot escape; the sfecida paralyzes them. Then its larvae eat the prey.
The Mayfly is an underwater architect of its own kind. In the larval state, the fly moves with difficulty in streams, ponds and other fresh water bodies, where it lives in sand, underwater plants, and wherever it can hide. The fly attaches everything it finds to its cocoon with the help of silky threads produced by its glands. In such a camouflaged shelter, the larva grows, feeds and breathes. She places “nets” around herself to catch prey.
Photo: wikipedia
