Russian words of English origin. Borrowed words in Russian from English, French or German: examples, meaning

English has conquered not only the Internet, but also claims a place in other languages of the world. Why? Should borrowed words be used in speech? The answer is simple. A lot of new inventions, technologies came from America, and they have no analogue, for example, in Russian. There's nothing you can do about it, you'll have to use a foreign version. But modern youth, having heard a lot of foreign songs or watched Hollywood films, deliberately introduces foreign expressions into their vocabulary. Which ones are the most popular and how to use them correctly? That's what we'll talk about today.

Borrowed words from the English language firmly hold positions in Russian speech. For many today, this is a preferred option over native expression. Perhaps because it is simpler, perhaps because it is more fashionable, or perhaps because it does not match. You can read about how “innovations” appear in the Russian language, the reasons for their introduction and where they are used, you can read in the article “Anglicisms”. And here I would like to consider more specific information about the use of borrowed words from the English language.

Popular Anglicisms

Borrowing is such a linguistic process when the words of one language pass into another and are fixed there for a long time. I would like to note that anglicisms in Russian occupy no more than 10%. This is an integral part of the development that began in the past and is still ongoing.

baby	baby - baby
boyfriend	boyfriend - male partner in extramarital sexual relations(lover)
bucks	bucks - US dollars (the buck) - on behalf of Buck (Benjamin) Franklin
boycott	boycott - ending a relationship with someone in protest against something (in honor of Charles Boycott)
briefing	briefing - short instructions for further work
DJ	DJ - disc jockey
jeans	jeans - trousers made of denim
casting	casting - selection of actors from ordinary people, from the people
lobbyist	lobbyist
loser	looser - loser
make up	make-up - the result of applying cosmetics on the face
know-how	know-how - innovation
prime time	prime-time - evening hours, when the largest number of people gather in front of the screen
soundtrack	soundtrack - music in the film
speaker	speaker - speaking loudly, for the audience
talk show	talk-show - a TV show where problems are discussed
fast food	fastfood - fast food
freelancer	freelancer - a temporary worker who performs work without long-term obligations to the employer
showman	showman - a person working in show business

Pronunciation of loanwords

Characteristic modern development language is the activation of borrowed vocabulary, the expansion of its significance. Often, the stress in anglicisms does not correspond to the source language. Hesitation is inevitable, because they interact with Russian vocabulary, gradually merge.

Based on the place in the word where it falls accent, all borrowings can be divided into groups.

Nouns ending in -er, -or- the stress falls on the first syllable: ` blazer,` broker,` dealer, hamburger, manager, sponsor and others. Words like computer` Yuter and in` vestor, although they also have an ending, they require stress on the second syllable. This is completely consistent with the source language.
Nouns of two syllables and ending - ing , require stress on the first syllable briefing, surfing, rating, holding. In three or more complex words, the stress should fall on the penultimate syllable: engineering(marketing is an exception).
Nouns that end in -ment require stress on the second syllable: establishment, impeachment, management.
If the word ends with vowel, then the stress falls on the first syllable: know-how, lobby, show.
Some endings are difficult to combine into any group. But they all match English pronunciation, namely the accent: digest, summit, freestyle.
The number of words that are fixed in the Russian language and do not correspond to the original stress is small. In most cases, this is either a colloquial style (slang) or a case where the word has acquired “ Russian character”: hit - hit, hit; beatles; inflation - inflation; investment - investment, investment.

Another difficulty in raising borrowings can be called vowels "e" or "e" after consonants.

If there is a vowel before "e", then it is pronounced - [j]: caries, diet, projection, projector, registry.
In the combination "de", the consonant softens and is pronounced [e] : de[e]coration, de[e]mobilization.
In foreign surnames, in little used, bookish words, a solid consonant is usually preserved, but “e” is pronounced like [e]: de[e]-factor.

As you can see, Anglicisms are all around. And sometimes we even forget that there are Russian versions of the same words. Sometimes, in order to be better understood, it is preferable to use the foreign variant. The main thing is not to distort the pronunciation, do not abuse it, use borrowings only in the situation that requires it.

Belyaeva Alla

Scientific work on the topic "Modern borrowings from the English language". The work consists of theoretical and practical parts with a mini-dictionary of Anglicisms.

Download:

Preview:

MBOU secondary school No. 11

Department: humanitarian

Section: information technology

Educational research work

"Modern borrowings from the English language"

Completed:

8 B class students

Belyaeva Alla (14 years old)

Checked:

Lukoshina Elena Alexandrovna,

foreign language teacher,

2013, Pavlovo

1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 3

2. The meaning of the English language in the modern world ………………………... 5

3. Spheres of use of anglicisms…………………………………………. 7

4.Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….12

5. List of used literature…………………………………………. 15

6.Appendix…….……………………………………………………………….16

7.Review……………………………………………………………………….27

Introduction

aim Our work is the analysis of modern borrowings from the English language.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks :
analyze research on this topic in order to give the concept of borrowing and determine the reasons for the appearance of English borrowings in the Russian language;
consider methods of formation and types of borrowing;
establish the composition of words borrowed from the English language at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries, give their systematic description;
classify the most common anglicisms by spheres of communication.

Relevance this topic is undeniable, since the use of anglicisms by modern young people is growing every day and is crowding out native Russian words.

Accordingly, one can propose the following hypothesis : in Russian speech, when young people communicate with their peers, anglicisms are widely used, scooped from the Internet, musical compositions and means mass media losing its true semantic meaning.
In solving the above tasks, the following methods and techniques:

1. Descriptive method with techniques for observing linguistic phenomena.

2. Reception of taxonomy and classification.

The theoretical basis of the work was made up of linguistic works on lexicology by researchers G.B. Antrushina, O.V. Afanasyeva, N.N. Morozova, I.V. Arnold, L. Bloomfield, N.M. Shansky, as well as works devoted to the problem of English borrowings by linguists N.S. Avilova, V.V. Akulenko, V.M. Aristova, M.A. Breiter, T.V. Grunitskaya, A.I. Dyakova, O.V. Ilina, L.P. Krysina, V.B. Lebedeva, A.I. Melnikova, E.V. Urynson and others.

The material of the study is examples of the latest English borrowings used in various areas of modern Russian life.
This work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The introduction defines the topic of the work, its relevance, purpose and objectives, the linguistic methods used in the work, as well as the theoretical basis and material of the study. The first chapter provides an analytical review of the importance of the English language in the modern world. In the second chapter, a practical one, a study is made of the latest Anglicisms that have entered various spheres of Russian life. In conclusion, conclusions are given and the attitude towards the phenomenon of borrowing is reflected.

The Importance of English in the Modern World

Borrowing from English into Russian is far from a new phenomenon, it has been happening for more than a century. However, the modern Russian language is literally stuffed with anglicisms, thanks to the mass media, the Internet and the marketing industry. In English-speaking countries, if you want to spice up a restaurant's menu, you add French words and double the prices. In Russia, you replace regular Russian words with transliterated English. Today, going to a business lunch is much more attractive than going to lunch. Even if you are eating exactly the same food, the context will be completely different (as will probably the prices).

The importance of the English language in the modern world is so great that its knowledge is not a privilege and luxury. Once upon a time, computers, as well as mobile phones only people of a certain social class could afford. Now these things are essential. The same can be said about English. It is taught by everyone and everywhere: in schools, universities, courses. And in our digital age, anyone can learn English via Skype without leaving home. It is understood that any educated person is simply obliged to speak English, since it is he who is his key to further self-education and self-improvement. That is why there are now so many organizations offering to teach you English. However, do not think that this is so easy to do. Learning any language is a long process that requires certain costs, both mental and financial. Still, learning English is worth it. Do you want to travel and not feel like a black sheep, but communicate freely with people of different nationalities? Do you want to become a student of a foreign university? Do you want a prestigious job with career advancement? Or maybe you want to work abroad? One tip - learn English. After all, over time, you will still understand that 75% of the world's correspondence is carried out in English, 80% of information on computers is also stored in this language, and most international documents, articles, literary works, instructions are written in English. And we have not yet taken into account the film industry and the musical Olympus. American-made films have firmly entered our lives, and any pop artist considers it prestigious to sing at least one song in English. Knowledge of English in the modern world is a kind of window to the world. Knowing this language of international communication, you will be able to achieve your goals with the help of new opportunities. And you will definitely understand that the importance of the English language is not exaggerated.
Everything today more people aware of the need to study foreign languages and this is quite understandable, because they are quite important and are of great importance in many professions. Many people learn languages because it is an invariable part of their work, for some it is a common hobby, and there are those who need knowledge of languages in order to travel the world. It is also very convenient when corresponding or communicating with residents of other foreign countries. In addition, thanks to the knowledge of a particular language, it is possible to read the books of famous writers in their original form.

Is it difficult to master English? We can say that it is very easy. Two important factors contribute to the ease of learning English: firstly, everywhere in advertising and on satellite television we see and hear news and advertisements in English, and secondly, the methods of teaching English to foreigners are the most well developed.

Do you speak English? - a phrase familiar to us from school. A set of words that we once did not attach much importance to. But how sad it sounds now, when, while on vacation abroad, we suddenly got lost. They try to help us by explaining something in English. And we just don't understand because we don't speak the language! Or in business negotiations, we cannot conduct a dialogue with a foreign partner. It is so bitter, so doomed to have to answer the same question “No”.

English is the language of international communication. And all the doors of the world are open to him who owns it perfectly. Travel, communication with foreign friends on the Internet, business negotiations in English, education in the most prestigious universities not only in Russia, but also in the world! You will be sure that you will understand and will understand you. For you there will be no such problem as a language barrier.

Today, words of English origin penetrate into the Russian language mainly in writing through the texts of newspapers, magazines, books, international treaties.
the oral route also takes place - through radio and television. A new form of borrowing is also relevant - through electronic media.

Spheres of use of anglicisms

Today, linguists note the following sources of the appearance of anglicisms in the language:

Advertising. The advertising genre is one of the main sources of Anglicisms in Russian. According to T.N. Livshits, anglicisms in advertising contribute to the appearance of the “illusion of uniqueness”, i.e. impressions of uniqueness, significance of the advertised product or service. An important role is played by anglicisms, the unusual and non-standard forms of which attract the attention of the consumer.

For instance: steamer, roster, trimmer, pager, immobilizer, spoiler, shock sensor, locker, snooker, pool, squash.

Internet. The increase in the number of Internet users has led to the spread of computer vocabulary:homepage, e-mail, CDROM, chat, bit, byte, disk, cursor, flash drive.

With the development of computerization, first in a professional environment, and then outside it, terms related to computer technology appeared: the word computer itself, as well as a display, file, interface, printer, scanner, laptop, browser, website and others.
- cinema. The popularity of Hollywood films has led to the emergence of new words in our vocabulary:horror, blockbuster, western, primetime, cyborg, terminator.

Music. The perception of the USA as the center of musical fashion led to the emergence of such words as:hit, single, remake, track, soundtrack, poster, etc.

Sports vocabulary:bowling, diving, skateboard, snowboard, biker, shaping, fitness.

Cosmetic terms:lifting, scrub, peeling.

The American-centricity of such relevant and dynamically developing spheres of life as culture, economics, business, computer technology, etc., has led to the penetration into the Russian language of a large number of Anglicisms, or rather Americanisms from these areas:

Culture: soundtrack, single, remake, action, 3D, reality show, sitcom, pop art, comeback,pop-music, dark (heavy music), release, play-list, chart, face-control, dance, cool, remake, show business, club, fashion ,summit, talk-show, briefing, prime-time, image-maker;

Computer technologies, Internet space:webcam, moderator, browser, container provider, online, offline, smile, e-mail, connect, like, site, blog, blogger, chat, internet, laptop, disk, byte, website.

Economy: marketing, promoter, merchandiser, offshore, futures, leasing; fast-food, hamburger, hot-dog, cheeseburger, boy-friend, VIP, weekend, very good, public, ok, nice, lucky, hotel, go, party, super-girl, baby, ask, looser, hi, real ,best.

Everyone is familiar with numerous economic and financial terms, such as: barter, broker, voucher, dealer, distributor, marketing, investment, futures loans. - business:advergaming, branding, brand manager, preselling, supervisor;

Sport: fitness club, bowling, doping, transfer, overtime, coaching, coachbuilding,sportsman, fitness, bodybuilding, shaping, surfing.

For those who love sports, there are new types sports activities: windsurfing, arm wrestling, freestyle, skateboard, kickboxing, and the fighter in kickboxing is replaced by the anglicism fighter (fighter).

Fashion, design: trend, casting, top model, fashion brand, print, designer, the word "shopping "sounds more attractive than the word"shopping trip», presentation, rating, briefing, shop tour, killer, talk show, showman, brain ring.

The last remark finds vivid confirmation in our speech, when preference is given to Anglicism, and not to its Russian counterpart: baby sitter - "nanny", weekend - "weekend", bodyguard, security guard- bodyguard, bodyguard creative instead of "creative", the definition is actively used glamorous instead of adjectives "attractive, chic", Welcome instead of "welcome" and many others.

Of particular danger are synonymous pairs in which semantic differences are lost where it is important both for meaning and for traditional ethical ideas: business instead of such fundamentally incompatible concepts as resale (unproductive labor) andentrepreneurship(productive labor); sex appeal instead of masculinity or femininity, sexuality instead of sensuality or depravity.

Among the manifestations of the process of transforming the basis of the Russian mentality under the influence of borrowed words by V.V. Kolesov highlights the following:

The level of subjectivity in the statement rises: the concept innovation "something new, just come into use" is not identical to the concept innovation "not necessarily new, but original, fashionable";

The artificiality of evaluation and characteristics is expanding: image not related to the concept image (which is a fictitious, false image);

Covert mitigation propagates: establishment instead bosses, underground instead of underground, corruption instead of venality;

The status of the designated is lowered: love is sex (elimination of the spiritual and mental component in communication).

In the language of modern Russian advertising, English dominates - “image” is everything! The term “euro standard” has become a cliche in Russian marketing, although we in Europe have no idea what it even means. It's a coined term meant to Russian goods trustworthy - if it's good enough for them, then it's good enough for us!

I would say that some of the most ridiculous borrowings entered the Russian language through advertising. I am not a fan of terms like “price list”, “upgrade” or “content”, because there are suitable Russian words for this, such as “price list”, “update” and “content”. There are too many cases when normal Russian words are displaced by borrowings from English - perhaps this is a temporary phenomenon - threatening, nevertheless, with the loss of the original vocabulary.

Here are some new anglicisms in modern Russian slang:
Smoke (smoke), drink (drink), epic fail (epic fail), respect (respect), chat (chat), not ice (not ice - from old television advertising), shooter (shoot'em'up), cool- able (cool + able).(Appendix 1)

We have to admit that we ourselves use a similar mixture of languages - namely, self-made expressions “nice at all!” and “not good”.

Active borrowing of new foreign vocabulary occurs in less specialized areas of human activity. Suffice it to recall such widely used words now as presentation, nomination, sponsor, video (and derivatives: video clip, video cassette, video salon), show (and derivatives of show business, talk show, showman), thriller, hit, disco, disc- jockey. Many consider foreign vocabulary more attractive, prestigious, “scientific”, “nice-sounding”. For instance:

exclusive - exclusive;
top model - the best model;
price list - price list;
image - image;

Cases have been noted when borrowings were used to designate concepts new to the receptor language and not available in the source language: detector, virtual, investor, digest, spray, etc.

Exploring the English vocabulary of the last decades of the twentieth century in the Russian language, we came to the conclusion that if a concept affects important areas of human activity, then the word denoting this concept naturally becomes common.

Accordingly, the origin of these words is associated with sound distortion in the process of mastering these borrowings. There is a kind of play with sounds.

Such words are formed by subtracting, adding, moving some sounds in the original English term. The speech of young people easily absorbs English units, for example: shoes from shoes - shoes; superman from superman - superman; haer from hair - hair (patly).

With the development of computer technology, English words are increasingly replenishing the vocabulary of schoolchildren. Many of the existing professional terms are cumbersome and inconvenient in daily use.

Therefore, there is a desire to shorten, simplify the word, for example:

Motherboard (motherboard) - “mother”;

CD-Rom Drive (laser disc drive) - young people have the equivalent of a “seated box”. Recently there has also been a craze computer games, which again served as a powerful source of new words.

The exclamation “Wow!”, expressing the emotion of amazement or delight, has become very common among the young.

4. Conclusion

The relevance of the study is that the consideration of problems related to the theory and practice of borrowings is especially significant in modern conditions, since today there are serious concerns about a powerful influx of borrowings that can lead to the depreciation of the Russian word. But language is a self-developing mechanism that can cleanse itself, get rid of the superfluous, unnecessary. This also happens with foreign words, the borrowing of which was presented in the course of the study.

English borrowings appeared in Russian long before the 21st century. Anglicisms began to penetrate into the Russian language at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. Words were borrowed as a result of contacts between peoples, trading and economic relations between Russia and European countries. However, the intensity of the process of replenishing youth slang with English words increased precisely at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century.

However, in spite of everything, the influx of anglicisms into the vocabulary of the Russian language remained insignificant until the 1990s. XX century: at this time, an intensive process of borrowing various English words began. This is due to changes in the sphere of political life, economy, culture and moral orientation of society.

Passion for anglicisms has become a kind of fashion, it is due to the stereotypes and ideals created in the youth society. Such a stereotype of the modern era is the image of an idealized American society, in which the standard of living is much higher, and high rates of technological progress lead the whole world. And adding English borrowings to their speech, young people in a certain way approach this stereotype, join the American culture and lifestyle. However, it should be noted that in general, borrowing foreign words is, first of all, one of the ways to develop modern language, as the language always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society.

In accordance with the results of the following, it is necessary to draw the following conclusion: the main reason for using anglicisms is to facilitate communication between young people. As for the semantic meaning of words when translated into Russian, it cannot be said unambiguously that it changes. Most of words in translation takes on the same meaning as anglicism. It should also be noted that a significant part of the English words "moved" into Russian and are replaced by the English equivalent, which carries its own semantic meaning.

In accordance with the results of the study, it should be noted that the hypothesis was partially confirmed. This opens the prospect for further research on anglicisms, which can be considered not only among young people, but also among other age and social groups.

In conclusion, it should be noted: slang will never disappear. Young people used slang years ago and will always use it. Without a doubt, slang changes over time, some words die, others appear. However, many anglicisms that penetrated the slang of Russian youth long before the 21st century will forever remain in their jargon, replenished with new words every day.

Thus, we come to the conclusion that the number of anglicisms in the Russian language is large. Among them, 2 main types of borrowings can be distinguished:

1) Words that came into the language to name new objects, a new reality or a term that has an international character. Their use in speech in most cases is justified. Although the meaning is not always correctly understood, due to ignorance of the English language:mixer, toaster, inauguration, cocktail, bowling.

2) Words of foreign origin that have synonyms in Russian. Their penetration into the language creates lexical redundancy and can interfere with the understanding of the meaning. The presence of lexical doublets, "one's own" and "alien" names, is eliminated over time: one of them is approved in the active composition of the language, and the other fades into the background of the language system. It is sad to realize that after a few decades the Russian language may contain a large number of words of English origin, replacing their original Russian equivalents. But in many cases this can be avoided by using Russian synonymous words and expressions.

Today, a simple layman, opening a newspaper with job offers, may simply not understand the meaning of the proposed vacancy (handmaker, image maker, merchandiser, provider, supervisor, realtor).

Bibliography:

1. Krysin L.P. foreign words in modern life// Russian language of the end of the twentieth century. - M., 1996.

2. Grigoryan A.E. A culture of speech. Is the American frenzy going away? // Russian speech, 2005, No. 1. pp. 62-68

3. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language / ed. N.Yu. Shvedova.-14th ed.-M.: Rus. lang., 1983.-816s.

4. Dyakov A.I. Reasons for the intensive borrowing of anglicisms in modern Russian. // Language and culture. - Novosibirsk, 2003.-p.35-43

6. Antrushina G.B., Afanas'eva O.V., Morozova N.N. Lexicology of the English language. - M., 1999.
7. Belousov V. Foreign words in Russian // Science and life. - 1993. - No. 8.
8. New Dictionary of Foreign Words / Ed. E.N. Zakharenko, L.N. Komissarova, I.V. Nechaeva. - M., 2003. .

9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

10. http://www.erudition.ru/referat/ref/id.46076_1.html

Annex 1

Mini - dictionary of anglicisms by spheres of use

Business and Law

outsourcing- outsourcing - transfer of part of non-core operations to a third-party organization specializing in this area
best-seller- bestseller - best selling book
business- business (from the word busy [busy]) - occupation
businessman- businessman - entrepreneur
billing- billing - from bill - bill, ticket, account management system
broker- broker, goes back to the old French "wine merchant"
default-default
dealer- dealer - trader from deal - make deals
dealing- dealing
distributor- distributor - a wholesale agent that resells ("distributes") the goods through its own network of buyers
dollar- dollar - monetary unit. USA
insider- insider (inside = inside) - a person who has access to confidential information
leasing- leasing (lease = rent, rent)
marketing- marketing (market = market)
manager- manager (manage = to lead, manage), from lat. manus - hand
management- management
merchandiser- merchandiser
merchandising- merchandising, merchandise - goods, borrowed from French in English, literally: commodity science
PR- pr (abbr. public relation) - public relations
price list- pricelist - list of prices
promotion- promotion - literally: promotion, "promotion"
promoter- promoter - a person who promotes something, also write: promoter, promoter
Press release- press-realese - presentation of an information message by a company about itself to the press
stagflation- stagflation (stagnation + inflation)
startup- startup - a small company developing a new product with an unknown result
office- office
offshore- offshore (off-shore = off the coast, that is, outside the jurisdiction of the country that owns the coast)
a penny, pence- penny, pence - British coin
realtor- realtor - from realty - real estate
franchisor- franchiser
franchising- franchising - borrowed by English from fr. franchise - franchise
GBP- pound sterling - monetary unit. Great Britain
holding- holding - one of the types of business structures

motorsport- auto sport
badminton- badminton
basketball- basketball (basket + ball = literally: basket ball)
baseball- baseball (base + ball)
base jumping- base jumping - jumping from a stable base
boxing- boxing
windsurfing- windsurfing
volleyball- volleyball
handball- handball - hand ball
game- game - game
gamer- gamer - player
Goal- goal - goal
goalkeeper- goalkeeper - goalkeeper (guardian of the "gate")
jogging- jogging - from jog - to jog
drag racing- drag racing - drag - drag, drag
dribbling- dribbling - from dribble - drip, seep
drift racing- drift racing - drift literally "drift, skid, skid", that is, when the car"
zorbing- zorb - a transparent sphere in which the zorbonaut rolls
kiting- kiting - kite - kite
kitesurfing- kite surfing
kickboxing- kick boxing - kick - kick, kick
clinch- clinch (boxing)
cross- cross - cross, cross-country running
knockout- knockout (literally - knocking out, incapacitation)
knockdown- knock down
overtime- overtime - literally: over time, extra time
offside- offside - out of the game
paintball- paintball - a ball with paint
pace car- pace car - safety car inauto racing.
penalty- penalty - punishment
playoffs- play-off - knockout games
rally- rally - collection, get together
rugby- rugby (from the name of the area Rugby)
record holder- recordsman - a person who sets records
boxing ring- ring - ring, circle
robjumping- rob jumping - rob - rope, rope, jumping from a height, when the jumper is tied with ropes, “bungee»
surfing- surfing - surf - wave crest, surf
snowboard- snowboard - "snow board", board for skiing in the snow
snowboarding- snowboarding
softball- softball
speedway- speedway - high-speed road
sport- sport from Old French desport - entertainment, leisure
athlete- sportsman - a person involved in professional sports
streetball- streetball - street basketball
street racing- street racing - street racing
half- time
time-out- time out - break in time
training- training, from train - to train
foul- foul - against the rules, wrong, dishonest
forward- forward - attacker
freestyle- freestyle - free style
football- football - foot ball
midfielder- half-back - midfielder

upgrade- upgrade - updating the hardware of computer systems
applet- applet - a small application that runs on the client as part of a large
assembler- assembler - assembler, low-level programming language
bug- bug - an error in the software [any program], literally - a bug, a bug
bugfix- bugfix - bug fix
byte- byte - units. rev. information capacity
banner- banner - flag
bit- bit (abbr. bi nary digi t ) - binary digit
blog- blog (short for "we b log "") - diary on the Internet
blogger- blogger - a person who blogs
browser- browser - browser
backslash- backslash - backslash
web- web - network, from "world wide web" - the world wide web
decrement- decrement - decrease the operand by 1
default(value) - default (value) - default value
desktop- desktop - on top of the table (desk top = top of the desk, cover)
doorway- doorway page - entry page
increment- increment - increase the operand by 1
Internet- internet - internetwork. The Internet connects many local networks.
internet service provider- internet service provider - internet service provider
interface- interface - interface, junction, ways of interacting with a person. Something that helps to connect the front panels of different devices (initially).
cybersquater- cybersquatter - a person involved in cybersquatting
cybersquatting- cybersquatting
cry- click - click, imitation of the sound that the mouse makes when a key is pressed
laptop(laptop) laptop - laptop (lap = sitting person's knees)
login- login - username in the system. By providing it and a password, the user gains access to some service, such as a computer program.
microprocessor- microprocessor
online- online, on-line - on line, in touch
offline- offline, off-line - in real life. In a state disconnected from the computer network (initially)
parsing- parsing - parsing the input sequence in accordance with the formal grammar
parser- parser - a program that implements parsing; syntactical analyzer
pixel- pixel (short for picture elemet) - the minimum addressable unit of an image on the screen
plugin- plugin (from plug in, "connect") - a software module that extends the functionality, usually very specific, of the main application
podcasting- podcasting - ipodbroadcasting
posting- posting - writing messages on the forum
swap- swapping - replacing one program segment in memory with another and restoring it on request
service pack- service pack - a collection of updates, bug fixes and/or improvements, delivered as a single installable package
screenshot- screenshot - screenshot
slash- slash - slash
software- software - soft product, also translated as soft equipment
servlet- servlet - a program that runs on the server and extends the functionality of the web server
spam- spam - a brand of canned meat, the advertising of which has already bothered many (from spiced ham)
spammer- spammer - a person sending spam
transistor- transistor (transfer + resistor ) - variable resistance
traffic- traffic - amount of information received and sent in a computer network, traffic
thread- thread - thread, thread of separately executed code in the program
firewall- firewall - fire wall. A fire wall between houses that prevents the spread of fire (in this sense, a German word is used in Russian with the same meaning -firewall). A program that implements traffic filtering and protection against hacker attacks on a computer
file- file - a named place in the computer's memory.
chipset- chipset - a set of chips to perform 1 or more related functions
hacker- hacker - a programmer who violates laws with his program code, in particular, gaining unauthorized access and data management
high tech- hi-tech, high technologies - high technologies
hosting- hosting from host - host

Transport

Automotive

autocar- from car (trolley) - a vehicle with an internal combustion engine for transporting goods on the territory of industrial enterprises
parking- parking - parking lot;
trolleybus- from trolley (trolley rolling on wires) and bus (omnibus and bus)

The formation of the national English language was mainly completed in the so-called early modern English period - approximately until the middle of the 17th century. During this time, the national English language, in general, acquired its modern character. The vocabulary was enriched with a huge number of words borrowed from Latin, which reflected the development of scientific thought in the Renaissance.

At the same time, old borrowings from French (of Latin origin) in many cases were subjected to latinization in this era. The rapid development of trade, economic and cultural ties with various countries during the New English period and, in particular, the English colonization of overseas lands in the 18th-19th centuries introduced into the English language more or less words from the most diverse languages of the world. V modern times the international lexical element in the English language has grown significantly, mainly scientific, technical and socio-political terms.

The English vocabulary contains a significant number of words borrowed from the Russian language, which will require special consideration.

Since regular trade and economic ties between the two states were established rather late, only to XVI century, and were initially limited, borrowings from the Russian language are not as numerous as, for example, from French, Italian or German. However, in the extant English descriptions Moscow state, there are a number of Russian words from the sphere of everyday life, government, social relations, systems of measures, monetary units etc.

The earliest borrowing from the Russian language is the word sable (sable), which is not surprising, since Russian furs of exceptional quality, and especially sables, were highly valued in Europe. V English dictionaries this word was recorded already in the XIV century, and, in addition to the meaning of the noun "sable", it is also given in the meaning of the adjective "black".

More Russian borrowings in English appear in the 16th century, after the establishment of more regular economic and political ties between Russia and England. The Russian words that penetrated into the English language at that time in their meaning are various kinds of names of items of trade, the names of ruling, estate, officials and subordinates, institutions, names of household items and geographical names. During this period and somewhat later, such Russian words as boyar (boyar), Cossack (Cossack), voivoda (voivode), tsar (king), ztarosta (headman), muzhik (man), beluga (beluga), starlet (sterlet ), rouble (ruble), altyn (altyn), copeck (penny), pood (pood), kvass (kvass), shuba (fur coat), vodka (vodka), samovar (samovar), troika (troika), babushka (grandmother ), pirozhki (patties), verst (verst), telega (cart) and many others.

Penetrate into English and some special terms. For example: siberite is a special kind of ruby, uralite is asbestos slate. Many of these words have entered the vocabulary of the English language and are used by English writers.

In the 19th century, with the growth of the people's democratic liberation movement in Russia, words appeared in the English language that reflected this socio-political movement. For example, decembrist (Decembrist), nihilist (nihilist), nihilism (nihilism), narodnik (populist), intelligentsia (intelligentsia). By the way, the last word was borrowed from Russian not directly, but through Polish language. Of course, the roots of words like nihilist, decembrist, intelligentsia are Latin. However, these words are borrowings from the Russian language, since they originated in Russia, in connection with certain phenomena of Russian reality.

In addition to the above-mentioned words, other Russian words also penetrate into the English language in the 18th-19th centuries. Many of them, such as, for example, ispravnik (spravnik), miroed (world-eater), obrok (tire), barshina (corvee) and others, are currently historical terms in Russian, and in English they are found only in historical descriptions or in historical novels.

One of the most interesting Russian borrowings that have become widespread in modern English is the word mammoth (mammoth). This word was borrowed in the 18th century, and should have entered the vocabulary as mamont, but in the process of borrowing it “lost” the letter n. Moreover, according to the rules, the sound [t] was indicated in the letter by the combination th. After all the changes, the word mammoth appeared in the vocabulary in the form mammoth (for the first time this word was included in Ludolf's Russian Grammar).

It is also necessary to note a special group of borrowings called sovietisms - these are borrowings from the Russian language of the post-October period, reflecting the influence of the new social system and the new ideology of our country, for example, soviet (Soviet), bolshevik (Bolshevik), udarnik (drummer), kolkhoz (kolkhoz ), sovkhoz (state farm), komsomol (Komsomol), activist (activist). There are many cripples among Sovietisms, for example, five-year plan (five-year plan), palace of culture (palace of culture), hero of labor (hero of labor).

Here are some more examples of the most famous (and used in modern English) borrowings from the Russian language, as well as cripples (the most recent ones are marked with an asterisk): balalaika (balalaika), bortsch (borscht), borzoi (borzoi), byelorussian * (Belarusian), crash (collapse), dacha* (cottage), glastnost* (glasnost), kalashnikov* (Kalashnikov), karakul (karakul, astrakhan fur), KGB* (KGB), Kremlin (Kremlin), Molotov (cocktail)* (Molotov cocktail) ), perestroyka* (perestroika), pogrom (pogrom), russian roulette (Russian roulette), russian salad (vinaigrette, Russian salad), samizdat* (samizdat), Samoyed (samoyed), shaman (shaman), sputnik* (satellite) , stakhanovit (Stakhanovite), tass* (TASS).

Russian borrowings that have penetrated the vocabulary of the English language, like any other borrowings, are transformed in their sound appearance and grammatical structure, obeying the internal laws of the development of the English language. This can be clearly seen on the example of such words as copeck (penny), knout (whip, pronounced like), starlet (sterlet) and others, the sound image of which is transformed according to the laws English pronunciation. Plural most of the nouns borrowed from the Russian language are designed in English according to the grammatical norms of the English language - steppes (steppes), sables (sable) and the like. Many borrowed Russian words form derivatives according to the word-building models of the English language - narodism (populism), nihilistic (nihilistic), to knout - beat with a whip, sable (as an adjective) and so on.

However, it should be noted that the borrowings from the Russian language that got into the English language in different periods and preserved to this day, make up an insignificant proportion, since most of the borrowed words reflected rather specific features and realities of the life of the Russian people, many of which have disappeared.

RED ARMY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PARISH IN HONOR OF ARCHANGEL MICHAEL

District Cyril and Methodius Readings

Research:

"The use of English words in Russian"

Abstract prepared by:

Sunday school students

Kameristov Mikhail and
Yurtaev Kirill

Scientific adviser:

English teacher

Chizhkova Svetlana Vladimirovna

1.	Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….	3-5
2.	Main part…………………….………………………………………………….	5-11
	2.1. Ways of appearance of common words in Russian and English languages………………...	5-6
	2.2. Reasons for borrowing anglicisms in modern Russian……….	7-9
	2.3. Methods of formation of anglicisms………………………………………………..	10
3.	Research part……………………………………………………………..	11-12
4.	Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….	13-14
5.	Bibliography……………………………………………………………………	15
6.	Applications………………………………………………………………………………	16-17

Introduction

Purpose of the study: clarification of the causes and ways of the spread of English words in the Russian language.

Research tasks:

Explore dictionaries of foreign words, analyze material related to the research topic;

Identify the most used units of English origin in various areas of our daily life;

Determine the reasons for borrowing English words in Russian;

Consider ways of forming anglicisms

Object of study: lexical units of English origin.

Subject of study: English and Russian.

Relevance: 1) English is the language of world communication. English is rightly called “Latin of the 20th century”: about ¾ of all borrowings in Russian at the end of the 20th century are Anglo-Americanisms. Interest in this language is not only not weakening, but on the contrary, studying it is becoming an ever greater necessity.

2) The relevance of the study is that the problem of borrowings is especially significant in modern conditions, since today there are serious concerns about the powerful influx of anglicisms that can lead to the depreciation of the Russian word.

The study was based on the following hypothesis: It can be safely assumed that today there are already a huge number of English words in the Russian language and that every person uses a certain amount of them every day. Every day, television brings down on us a stream of information that necessarily contains incomprehensible foreign words, and many of them have already entered our vocabulary. This means that English should be studied not only in order to read texts in textbooks, but also in order to feel like a cultured person, able to fully communicate with contemporaries both in our country and abroad, to understand the inscriptions on the windows around us. stores, trade labels and labels, advertising, instructions.

Practical significance: of this work is that this material can be used in the process of teaching Russian and English in educational institutions. The material we have collected will help teachers to carry out work to educate students in the culture of dealing with foreign words, good language taste, and for students - to use language means correctly and appropriately, both foreign and their own. The material collected in this work will be interesting and useful to everyone who studies English, who would like to better learn and understand the Russian language.

There are about 5-6 thousand languages on Earth. But 80% of the world's population speaks only 80 languages. English is considered one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. It is spoken by residents of Great Britain, the United States of America, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, it is also studied in many other countries. It belongs to the Germanic languages of the Indo-European language family and is one of the six official and working languages of the UN. The "Latin of the 20th century" is spoken by about 410 million native speakers (for whom English is their native language), and the number of those who know and speak English is more than 1 billion people. Today, if a person speaks English, he can be understood in any country.

Borrowing words from one language to another is an effective way to enrich vocabulary any language. In the vocabulary of the English language, about 70% of words are also borrowed.

I. MAIN PART

1.1. Ways of appearance of common words in Russian and English languages

Let's try to trace the main ways of the appearance of common words in Russian and English.

Both of these languages belong to the Indo-European family of languages. Therefore, in many words of both languages there are roots from their common ancient proto-language. We found words in Russian that are also found in English.

For instance:

Be - to be

Nose - nose

Goose - goose

Eat - eat

Brow - eyebrow

Beat - to beat

Cheek - cheek

Talk - interpret

Three - three

As well as the names of the closest relatives: son - son, brother - brother, sister - sister, mother - mother, daughter - daughter.

The largest number of common Russian and English words are derived from Greek and Latin roots. English writing based on the Latin alphabet has existed since the 7th century. In the Middle Ages, Latin was the international language of scientists, through it a huge number of words passed into all European languages, which became international. Almost all terminology in medicine came from Latin.

Many common words got into Russian and English from other languages. The first place here is occupied by French, which in the last century was spoken by all the Russian nobility. From them, many French words passed into the Russian language. Many words came into international use from other languages, and they became common to Russian and English. Classical music was formed in Italy, from where the concepts of the main elements and expressive means music, the names of its genres, tempos, etc. were accepted by all European languages: opera - opera, aria - aria, bass - bass, baritone - baritone, etc. The words bank - bank, gang - band, brigade - brigade, archipelago - archipelago, casino - casino, etc. also came from Italian.

Separate words passed into Russian and English from other languages: sofa - from Turkish, shawl and kiosk - from Persian, bard - from Celtic, goulash - from Hungarian, etc.

Another group consists of words of direct exchange between Russian and English. It can also be difficult to distinguish English words in Russian, since it is usually not known whether a word came to us from English or got into both languages from Latin or some other language. Therefore, we can only talk about words that came into the Russian language relatively recently (in the 20th century). Football came to us from England with all its terminology. All boys know such words as goal, goalkeeper, penalty, forward (forward), out, time-out (break), etc. The same can be said about boxing and hockey terminology. Later, commentators began to diligently replace all sports terms with Russian equivalents: goalkeeper, free kick, striker, etc. Relatively recently, the following words from the field of sports appeared in Russian: windsurfing (surf - surf, wind - wind), volleyball (volley - volley, ball - ball), arm wrestling (arm - hand, wrestle - fight), basketball (basket - basket , ball - ball), handball handball (hand - hand, ball - ball), sprinter (sprinter - sprinter), finish - finish, final - end, final, freestyle, skateboard.

Changes in the political, economic, cultural life of our society have led to a change in names in power structures, for example:

Supreme Council - parliament; Council of Ministers - Cabinet of Ministers;

chairman - prime minister; deputy - vice-premier.

Mayors and vice-mayors appeared in cities; The Soviets gave way to administrations.

The heads of administrations have their own press secretaries who regularly speak at press conferences, send out press releases, organize briefings and exclusive interviews their bosses. Everyone is familiar with numerous economic and financial terms, such as: barter, broker, voucher, dealer, distributor, marketing, investment, futures loans, etc.

1.2. Reasons for borrowing anglicisms in modern Russian

At the turn of the century, time rushes at such a speed that you do not have time to comprehend everything new that appeared in the literal sense of the word yesterday and this morning. The language is changing just as rapidly, or rather, its vocabulary, that is, its vocabulary. In progress historical development human languages have constantly entered and continue to enter into certain contacts with each other. Language contact is the interaction of two or more languages that have some effect on the structure and vocabulary of one or more of them. Currently, the interest of linguists is focused on the Russian-English language contact. Appearance a large number foreign words of English origin, their rapid consolidation in the Russian language is explained by the rapid changes in social and scientific life. Strengthening information flows, the emergence of the global computer system of the Internet, the expansion of interstate and international relations, the development of the world market, the economy, information technology, participation in competitions, international festivals, fashion shows - all this could not but lead to the entry of new words into the Russian language.

04.09.2014

The English language is quite diverse in its lexical structure. In it we will find all sorts of borrowings from other languages of the world. But in this article I would like to dwell on 9 interesting words that came into English from other foreign languages.

For clarity, I use this wonderful infographic.

1. Orangutan

How did the word orangutan has nothing to do with the orange-reddish color of the fur of these animals. In fact, this word means "forest man", from the Malay orange- man and (h)utan- Forest.

Did you know?

2.Geyser

The second word is also well known to all of us. geyser- geyser. This English word, denoting a spouting hot spring, comes from the name of a spring in southwestern Iceland - Geysir. It turns out that a whole natural phenomenon was named after one hot spring. Funny!

3 Algebra

Perhaps you knew that the word algebra is of Arabic origin. This term comes from the title of the monograph of the Arab mathematician Al-Khwarizmi "Al-jabr-al-mukaballa".

Translated from Arabic « algebra» means the reunion of the broken parts.

4.Hoosegow

But not many have heard this slang word. Hoosegow- prison, jail, and most likely this is a permutation of the Mexican word juzgao, which means tribunal or court. Spanish "juzgar" means to condemn.

5. Aardvark

An unusual word that translates as "African anteater."

To hide from the scorching African sun, the anteater burrows into the ground. Therefore, it is not surprising that its name comes from the Danish "earth pig": aard(ground) and vark(pig).

6. Hazard

In the Middle Ages, people played a game of chance called hasard. The term from the old French language from the name of the game evolved to a more abstract meaning "occasions in life", which the British turned into "risk" and "danger".

7. Tycoon

Although in Japanese this word means "great prince" or "commander in chief", in English it has taken root with the meaning of a very rich and influential person - "industrial magnate".

Sounds good, right?

8. Tarantula

Italian word tarantola means "from Taranto", and refers to a city in northern Italy where wolf spiders (a family of araneomorphic spiders from the Entelegynae series) live, now what English speakers know as tarantulas.

9. Brainwashing

Brainwashing is a word that evokes not the most pleasant associations.

From the Chinese xĭ năo 洗脑 literally means "brainwash", where 洗 means "wash" and 脑 means "brain".

The word came into English in the 1950s when it was used to describe what happened to Korean prisoners of war.

After Korean War the term "brainwashing" for a number of reasons was filled with a completely different content and began to be used in relation to all kinds of methods of coercive persuasion, including the use of political propaganda and indoctrination.

But let's not talk about sad things.

Better read the article on how to easily memorize new words in English.

Put Like and don't forget to tell your friends.

Good luck learning English!