Antibiotic injection for the bronchi and lungs. Treatment of bronchitis with antibiotics - what medications to take? Treatment of acute bronchitis: general provisions

Bronchitis is a widespread disease that can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender, social conditions and income level. Inflammation of the bronchi can be provoked by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, predisposing factors can be decreased immunity, allergies, negative factors environment and everyday life, bad habits.

Based on the causes of the disease and associated factors, the treatment of the disease is determined, and antibiotics are often included in the list of medications.

Treatment of bronchitis with antibiotics in adults: when is it necessary?

Despite the fact that bronchitis is widespread among adults, there is not and cannot be a single scheme for its treatment: the disease must be treated based on the nature of the pathogen, only in this case the treatment will be effective. IN last years bronchitis is increasingly developing as a result of infection with a virus, against which conventional antibiotics have no effect; taking antibacterial drugs for viral bronchitis will have the opposite effect: it will provoke dysbacteriosis, decreased immunity, allergic reactions, but will not eliminate the cause of the disease. Antibiotics treat only bacterial bronchitis, or bronchitis with a mixed composition of pathogens, among which there must certainly be pathogenic bacteria.

Treatment of bronchitis with antibiotics is indicated:

For elderly and senile patients: the immunity of an elderly person is significantly weakened, and even if bronchitis is initially viral, it is very quickly accompanied by a bacterial infection, which is fraught with life-threatening complications, including pneumonia.
During an exacerbation of chronic bronchitis of a smoker, which is manifested by signs of inflammation provoked by bacteria: the patient is concerned about high temperature, cough with purulent sputum, severe general weakness.
For bronchitis that has developed against the background of infectious-dependent bronchial asthma.
If bronchitis lasts for more than 3-4 weeks, which indicates weak immunity and high probability addition of a bacterial infection.
For bronchitis that has developed as a result of a burn of the respiratory tract by vapors of caustic substances, or any other damage to the bronchial mucosa.
For mycoplasma and chlamydial bronchitis.
The doctor prescribes antibiotics after a thorough examination of the patient and all necessary tests; self-medication in this case is completely unacceptable.

What are antibiotics?

Antibiotics or antibacterial drugs are called chemical substances, capable of destroying bacterial cells directly by destroying the cell or indirectly by blocking the growth and reproduction of bacteria. There are a lot of different antibiotics, they all differ in their chemical structure and the principle of action, among them there are drugs with a wide range of effects, destroying many types of bacteria at the same time, there are highly specific ones, “working” against one specific microorganism. For treatment different types For diseases, different antibacterial drugs are used, they are selected in such a way that the active substance of the antibiotic destroys the pathogens as quickly as possible, causing minimal damage to the human body and its beneficial microflora. In some cases, a combination of two or more drugs is required.

What antibiotics are most often prescribed for bronchitis?

Aminopenicillins. Derivatives of the world's first antibiotic, which began to be produced in industrial scale- penicillin. Substances belonging to this group, upon contact with pathogenic microorganisms, destroy their cell membranes. They are considered “first-line” drugs to combat bronchitis. They do not cause damage to the human body, since it does not contain a single cellular structure similar to the membrane of a bacterial cell, but allergic reactions to penicillins often occur. Penicillin antibiotics, in addition to the obsolete “pure” penicillin, include Amoxicillin, Amoxiclav, Flemoklav, Augmentin.

Fluoroquinolones. Antibiotics that destroy the reservoir of genetic information - bacterial DNA, which leads to the death of bacterial cells. The spectrum of action of this group of antibiotics is wide, which on the one hand is good: they can be prescribed before a bacterial culture is taken, and the specific causative agent of the disease is determined, which takes time. On the other hand, fluoroquinolones can provoke the development of dysbiosis with prolonged or improper use. Fluoroquinolones include Ofloxacin and Levofloxacin.

Macrolides. Substances that block the processes of protein synthesis in bacterial cells, which leads to stopping the proliferation of bacteria. Macrolides are often prescribed for prolonged bronchitis and allergic reactions to other groups of antibiotics. Drugs from the macrolide group: Azithromycin, Midecamycin.

Cephalosporins. They inhibit the synthesis of proteins that make up the membrane of the bacterial cell, thus affecting growing and actively reproducing microbes - their growth stops, the bacteria age and die. Quite often, although less often than penicillins, they cause allergies. Examples of cephalosporin antibiotics: Ceftriaxone, Cefazolin, Cephalexin. A strong antibiotic is Ceftazidime.

Tetracyclines. Suppress protein synthesis in microbial cells. Initially they had a wide spectrum of action, but long years active use in medicine, the sensitivity of bacteria to them has decreased significantly. Tetracyclines have a wide range of negative side effects; they are not prescribed during pregnancy, breastfeeding and children under 8 years of age. At the moment, tetracyclines are practically not used to treat bronchitis, except in cases of disease caused by chlamydia. The group includes the natural antibiotic tetracycline, its semisynthetic analogue doxycycline, and their derivatives.

Antibiotics for bronchitis: when and what drugs are used?

At acute bronchitis From the first days of illness, antibiotics are usually not used; they are prescribed only to patients who are at high risk of bacterial complications. Most often, in this case, penicillin antibiotics are used (if there is no allergy to them).

Chronical bronchitis during an exacerbation, they are treated with aminopenicillins and macrolides, less often with cephalosporins, which are indicated for the development of complications and for older patients.

Bronchitis caused by chlamydial infection is treated with macrolides, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines; for mycoplasma bronchitis, macrolides are effective.

Obstructive bronchitis is treated with antibiotics only for symptoms of a purulent infection, which is indicated by a rise in temperature and the appearance of pus in the sputum. For treatment, aminopenicillins, macrolides and fluoroquinolone antibiotics are usually used, in accordance with the sensitivity of the bacteria identified by sputum analysis.

In severe cases of the disease, antibiotics in tablets must be replaced with injections, or a combination of injectable and tablet antibiotics must be used.

Can bronchitis be treated with antibiotics during pregnancy?

Pregnancy is not only a wonderful time to expect a miracle, but also a rather difficult test for female body. During pregnancy, the immune system and the body often decrease expectant mother becomes especially susceptible to pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Bronchitis during pregnancy is not a rare phenomenon, and often a bacterial flora joins the primary viral disease, which significantly complicates the course of the disease. In addition, in late pregnancy, due to the high position of the diaphragm, a woman may experience difficulty coughing up mucus, which only worsens general state and can cause complications.

Treatment with antibiotics during pregnancy, especially in its first three months, is extremely undesirable, but in some cases, when they cannot be avoided, the doctor may prescribe penicillin antibiotics (if, of course, there is no allergy to them) - they have minimal effect on the body mother and fetus. From the second trimester, the use of cephalosporins is permissible. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics and tetracyclines should not be used during pregnancy.

For the treatment of acute bronchitis, the doctor may recommend the inhalation antibiotic Bioparox. It acts locally, only on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, which prevents the penetration of the active substances of the drug through the placenta and even minimal harm to the unborn baby.

How to take antibiotics correctly for bronchitis?

There is a set of rules that are the same for taking any antibiotics for any disease. Whatever the name of the drug, whatever group it belongs to, these rules are unchanged, and their implementation is mandatory; only in this case will treatment with antibiotics be truly effective and safe.

Antibiotics are prescribed only by a doctor. They should not be taken on the advice of a colleague, neighbor, or relative, even if these drugs helped them with the same illness.

The course of antibiotic treatment must be continuous. A responsible approach by the patient is important: when treating with antibiotics, you cannot “forget” to take a pill - such negligence will lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which will be much more difficult to destroy.

It is very important to complete antibiotic treatment. The most common mistake is to stop taking the medicine because the condition has improved and the symptoms of the disease have disappeared. Indeed, if the drug is prescribed correctly, already on the 2-3rd day the patient’s condition stabilizes, painful symptoms go away, and the temperature decreases. But the bacteria have not yet been destroyed, and if you stop treatment, they will attack again - immediately or after some time.

Each antibiotic has a strictly designated duration of action. Some drugs “work” for 4 hours, some - 6, modern antibiotics can act for 12 hours and even during the day, which makes taking them convenient, but the dosage time must be observed, only in this case the required level of the active substance will be constantly maintained in the blood , which will continuously cause damage to the bacteria that attacked the body.

It happens that an antibiotic is ineffective, which is not the fault of the manufacturer of the drug or the doctor who prescribed it - it’s just that the bacteria that caused the disease turned out to be insensitive to the active substance of the drug. If no improvement has occurred within two days of taking it, you need to consult a doctor and change the medicine.

There is no need to be afraid of taking antibiotics - they are really necessary for bacterial bronchitis, they allow you to speed up recovery and avoid the development of severe, often life-threatening complications. If you are responsible for prescribing and taking antibacterial drugs, they are safe and will not cause harm to the body.

Acute respiratory diseases are dangerous due to their consequences.

Damage to the lungs suffered by the body can lead to disruption of many organ systems. Treatment of bronchitis with antibiotics in adults is dictated by the need to quickly cope with the disease. Prescribing such drugs to children should only occur in cases of extreme necessity. To understand which antibiotics to take for bronchitis in adults, you need to clearly know the extent of damage to the pulmonary tract.

Prescribing antibiotics

Antibiotics are potent drugs. They quickly eliminate the cause of the disease, but can affect work internal organs. Often, complications caused by improper use of drugs are much more severe than the disease that caused them to be taken. To avoid consequences, do not take antibiotics without a doctor's prescription.

Antibiotics for bronchitis in adults are prescribed to create a barrier against pathogenic microflora. The number of medications taken is strictly limited, and precise recommendations for their use are given. Thus, the funds act in a targeted manner without affecting other systems.

Antibiotic injections for bronchitis are prescribed in the following cases:

when necessary fast reaction the body with a particularly severe course of the disease;
treatment of diseases in infants;
treatment of diseases with damage to the digestive organs;
treatment of diseases during obstruction.

Thus, they solely affect the relief of symptoms of exacerbation of the disease. The injections are highly effective because the solution enters the bloodstream, bypassing other systems. Only an experienced specialist can prescribe a set of injections, since he calculates the dose and number of doses.

The need to resort to antibiotic treatment may be dictated by the fight against:

gram-positive microbes - represented by staphylococci and streptococci, can cause severe lung damage with destructive effects;
gram-negative enterobacteria - most often it is Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which affects the functioning of the alveoli, causing gluing of their membranes;
mycoplasmas - cause extensive inflammation of the entire larynx, affecting the lymphatic system;
viruses – their impact is directed at several aspects of the body’s functioning at once;
fungi – acute infection of the pulmonary system by fungal spores does not allow the body to cope with the disease on its own.

Antibiotics for bronchitis

With bronchitis, extensive damage to the bronchi is observed. During the course of the disease, the bronchial walls become inflamed under the influence of external negative factors. Bronchitis is divided into:

chronic - occurs due to a weakened immune system, is sluggish, accompanied by a strong deep cough, the temperature rarely rises;
acute - most often becomes a consequence of complications of acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections, accompanied by a suffocating cough and fever.

In order to weaken the effect of antibiotics on the body, immunostimulating substances and vitamins are prescribed. At the same time, in order to determine which antibiotics are needed for bronchitis, you need to understand what causes the disease. For acute bronchitis the following is prescribed:

penicillin is one of the safest antibacterial agents, effective against most types of microbes, but at the same time can provoke allergic reactions;
fluoroquinolone – also effective in the treatment of pneumonia, used against bacterial infection;
cephalosporin - used against bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, quickly affects the lesion of the lungs;
macrolide – effective against pathogens of the chlamydia or mycoplasma class.

Damage to the respiratory tract by bronchitis leads to complications of the condition:

of cardio-vascular system;
kidney;
thyroid gland;
lymph nodes of the larynx.

The external manifestations and course of the disease may not seem too serious to many ordinary people. Many people prefer to treat bronchitis without seeking medical help. Subsequently, the disease may not be completely cured, which creates the likelihood of reoccurrence of bronchitis. Additional complications can provoke the development of a tendency to pneumonia. Thus, the problem gets worse, harming the immune system.

Antibiotics for pneumonia

Antibiotics for bronchitis and pneumonia have approximately the same effect.

Pneumonia in its clinical picture is very similar to bronchitis. Often these two diseases can be confused, since only a specialist can recognize the signs of the disease.

Pneumonia has its own characteristic expressions:

rapid increase in temperature;
dyspnea;
copious sputum production;
wet wheezing;
inflammation around the nasal wings, lips.

The reasons why pneumonia is confused with bronchitis lie in a similar type of cough and decreased body tone.

Depending on the course of the disease, it is necessary to quickly respond to the nature of its manifestations. And since pneumonia is characterized by its rapid period of damage to the lungs, only antibiotics can provide such an effect.

The sources of pneumonia can be different pathogens, according to which the disease is classified:

viruses;
fungi;
bacteria;
mycoplasma;
pathogen complexes.

After identifying the sources of pneumonia, the type of antibiotics is prescribed. Their use can be aimed at:

blocking the action of the pathogen;
defeat of the direct causative agent of the disease;
activation of the body's defense mechanisms;
extinguishing the source of inflammation.

For pneumonia, the following is prescribed:

oxacillin;
carbenicillin;
moxifloxacin;
meropenem;
clindamycin;
ceftriaxone;
ampicillin;
meronem;
amoxiclav;
clarithromycin;
ciprobuy;
rovamycin;
lincomycin;
cefazolin;
cefatoxime;
avelox;
gentamicin;
amikacin;
ampiox;
tienam.

Because side effects may affect other organs, taking these medications requires careful reading of the package insert. In addition, for pneumonia, a gentle diet with moderate salt intake is prescribed, and dietary supplements (usually badger fat) are prescribed.

The effect of antibiotics on the adult body

Many people wonder: what antibiotics should be taken for bronchitis in adults? Since each of the drugs can affect the functioning of a specific organ, these potent drugs are prescribed only after undergoing a comprehensive examination.

Information about which antibiotics to take for bronchitis in adults can be found online. These drugs can be purchased without a prescription in pharmacies.

The duration and activity of the disease can be affected by any factor:

age;
condition of internal organs;
previous injuries;
blood sugar levels;
Lifestyle;
bad habits;
nutrition.

For this reason, before appointment drug treatment The therapist conducts a detailed interview with the patient. Any of the factors can shift the desired effect in a negative direction. The reaction of certain groups of organs to active substances antibiotic agent.

The most commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of bronchitis in adults are:

moxifloxacin;
levofloxacin;
amoxicillin;
azithromycin;
macrofoam;
augmentin;
ofloxacin;
amoxiclav;

These potent drugs give a lasting effect, and after prescription they must be taken as a complex for at least five days. Otherwise, the body develops a strong immunity to their action.

Against the background of these drugs, homeopathic remedies may be prescribed. Inhalations with essential oils are especially effective:

eucalyptus;
fir;
mint;
tea tree.

To minimize the harmful effects of antibiotics, the body needs increased protein and carbohydrate nutrition. Dairy products help support the digestive system, which receives the heaviest load during illness.

A child’s body differs from an adult’s by a higher rate of metabolic reactions. At the same time, the child’s body’s resistance to the disease decreases almost immediately. This is very dangerous because pathogens can affect the development of growing organs.

For this reason, when a child is diagnosed with a disease such as bronchitis, treatment with antibiotics almost immediately becomes serious, since damage to the bronchi can lead to the transformation of this disease into pneumonia.

Antibiotics for the treatment of bronchitis in children are prescribed in the following cases:

detection of bacteria in tests;
if the body is weakened due to prematurity, birth injuries, the presence of concomitant chronic diseases of internal organs;
severe intoxication;
breathing complications;
if it is not possible to reduce the temperature for 3 or more days;
changes in blood counts;
discharge of purulent sputum;
suspected bacterial infection.

Many infectious and viral diseases can affect the functioning of a child's brain. Affected nervous system may not recover after complete healing. Antibiotics prevent these effects, reducing the possibility of damage to the central nervous system.

The following medications are prescribed to children:

ampicillin;
z-factor;
amoxicillin;
cefixime;
augmentin;
hemomycin;
flemoxin;
cephalexin;
cefuroxime;
zinnat;
cedex;
azithromycin;
amoxiclav.

In this case, a strict diet, rest, and sleep patterns are prescribed. Violating the rules for taking medications will reduce their effectiveness, harming the child’s health.

Antibiotics for bronchitis are often prescribed to children, and this raises a lot of questions among parents. After all, the Internet is replete with information that, as a rule, bronchitis is caused by viruses, and antibiotics are intended to fight bacteria.

Indeed, antibiotics need to be used to treat bacterial infections, but they help defeat viral ones. antiviral drugs. All this is true, but with regard to bronchitis, everything is not so clear. Let's try to figure out whether a child needs antibiotics for bronchitis, is their use justified, and can they cure this disease?

Bronchitis – viral or bacterial?

To answer the question of whether antibiotics are needed in the treatment of childhood bronchitis, you need to know what kind of “pests” provoke this dangerous disease. In 50-60% of all episodes of childhood bronchitis, the disease is provoked by viruses: rhinovirus, adenovirus, and most often, influenza virus. It's not hard to imagine what happens next. The immune defense of the child’s body is destroyed and very favorable conditions are created for the life of pathogenic bacteria. This is how the disease “flows” into the category of bacterial, and a secondary bacterial infection joins the primary viral infection.

Before the doctor prescribes antibacterial drugs to the child, he must clarify whether the infection is caused by bacteria or viruses.

In 20% of cases, bronchitis is initially of bacterial origin. A child becomes ill when all kinds of “cocci” penetrate into his body (into the respiratory tract in particular) - staphylococcus, streptococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella. In approximately 15% of cases, bronchitis is caused by fungi, and another 5% of cases are caused by so-called atypical organisms - chlamydia, mycoplasma. These "pests" are insidious - they are interesting life forms, something between bacteria and viruses. Such bronchitis acquires the adjective “atypical”.

Choice of drugs for treatment

Since almost any bronchitis can sooner or later turn into a bacterial form, the most common medicine for the disease is antibiotics. This is the position of official medicine. She somewhat contradicts the opinion of doctor Evgeniy Komarovsky, beloved by mothers. He claims that 99.9% of bronchitis is viral and insists on treatment without antibiotics.

However, when called, it is not Komarovsky who will come to your home, but a doctor from your clinic, and his position will be closer to the traditional one. Let's consider it.

Antibiotics are used to treat bronchitis caused by bacteria.

It’s great if the exact causative agent of the disease is reliably known, this will give the doctor the opportunity to prescribe a targeted, effective antibiotic. Haemophilus influenzae, for example, is afraid of penicillins, and Erythromycin has no effect on it at all. Moraxella is detrimental to new generation macrolides, and it is indifferent to most representatives of the penicillin series. Atypical chlamydia and the like do not like antibiotics from the tetracycline group. The most capricious are pneumococci; they are resistant to a large list of antibiotics, so it is very difficult to cure bronchitis caused by such microorganisms.

When choosing an antibiotic to treat a child, you must also take into account that a gentle antibiotic that has a minimum of side effects is preferable for the child’s body. The form of the disease cannot be ignored. The most common choice of pediatricians is broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Children, as a rule, are not prescribed strong antibiotics, but rather broad-spectrum agents.

For acute viral bronchitis, antibiotics are not prescribed at all. The child’s body can cope with such an infection on its own or with the support of special therapy based on antiviral medications.

When acute bronchitis is detected, in which bacteria, atypical chlamydia, or chronic bronchitis are to blame, the prescription of antibiotics is sometimes an important component of adequate treatment.

Obstructive brochitis, which is also called purulent, is most often treated with antibacterial drugs.

In the following video clip you can see how to treat acute bronchitis without resorting to serious medications.

A doctor will never prescribe antibiotics to a child to prevent chronic bronchitis, because Such powerful drugs are not given for this purpose. Antibiotics are also not needed for allergic bronchitis; this form of disease, by the way, is more common in children than we, parents, are used to thinking.

Very often, childhood bronchitis is allergic bronchitis, and in this case the treatment is chosen differently

In case of traechobronchitis (a disease in which both the mucous membranes of the bronchi and the membranes of the trachea are affected), and exacerbation of bronchial asthma, the issue of prescribing antibiotics is decided in the same way as in acute bronchitis, i.e. solely at the discretion of the physician.

In general, according to established practice, doctors prescribe antibacterial therapy for bronchitis in only 10% of cases of all diseases. The remaining 90% are treated with expectorants, mucolytics, antivirals, and antihistamines.

Doctors try to use antibiotics as little as possible when treating bronchitis in children. Expectorants and antihistamines are most often prescribed

Indications for use

Bronchitis is not such a harmless disease as it might seem at first glance. It is often complicated by pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs) and bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small bronchi). Bronchitis is most dangerous for babies from birth to one year. At this age, according to statistics, more than 200 babies die from bronchitis and its complications out of a control group of 100,000 babies.

The reason is that the disease develops very quickly at this age, and there is no time to select alternative drugs. The only reasonable solution is antibiotics. They try to treat small children under one year old with bronchitis in an inpatient setting, where it is possible to monitor the child’s condition around the clock. This is important so as not to miss the onset of complications.

Most often, children aged 1 to 5 years suffer from bronchitis. Junior schoolchildren at the age of 7 to 9 years they get sick less often, but they have a higher risk of developing chronic bronchitis.

Children aged one to five years are most vulnerable to bronchitis.

Weighing possible risks for the life and health of the child, it becomes clear why doctors “respect” antibiotics in the treatment of bronchitis.

There are several important nuances in which the doctor, even with an uncomplicated form of bronchitis, will still be inclined to prescribe antibiotics to the child:

If the child has a history birth injuries, developmental defects.
If, with bronchitis, a child exhibits clear, pronounced signs of respiratory failure.
If impurities of pus are clearly visible in the sputum of a sick person.
If a high temperature (above 38 degrees) has persisted for more than three days.
If a child with bronchitis exhibits noticeable manifestations of severe intoxication. This may indicate the bacterial origin of the disease, because intoxication is the poisoning of the baby’s body with waste products of harmful bacteria.

Children are usually prescribed antibiotics of three groups - penicillins, macrolides and cephalosporins.

Moreover, exactly in this sequence. Penicillins have the mildest effect and are the first to be prescribed. In addition, most drugs in this group have convenient “children’s” dosage forms– they can be taken in suspension, solution (its parents are often called syrup), or there are self-dissolving tablets. In situations where the course of the disease is complicated, penicillin antibiotics may be prescribed in injections.
The doctor will prescribe macrolide antibiotics secondarily if penicillins do not have the desired effect. In other words, if acute symptoms illnesses do not go away after 72 hours after starting to take the antibiotic - penicillin, the doctor can replace the drug by choosing a macrolide. Such drugs have a minimal list of side effects, rarely cause allergic reactions, and therefore are considered relatively safe for children's bodies.
Doctors try to prescribe cephalosporin antibiotics in injections. They have a powerful antimicrobial effect, but, alas, can cause allergies. And the list of contraindications and similar actions is higher. Such medications are prescribed for complex forms of bronchitis, as well as for purulent obstructive bronchitis, as well as in cases where macrolides and penicillins have not helped.

First of all, the child is prescribed penicillin. They are gentle on the body and can be produced in the form of suspensions and syrups.

There is another family of antibiotics that can be prescribed by a doctor for bronchitis. These are fluoroquinolones. They are resorted to only in the most extreme cases. If the drugs of all other groups of antibiotics for a number of reasons do not act on the causative agent of the disease or if the disease is very severe, which threatens the life of the child. Fluoroquinolones are quite “heavy” drugs; their use in treating children under 12-14 years of age is prohibited.

List of antibiotics for bronchitis

Let's look at some drugs in more detail:

"Ampioks". This is a combination antibiotic that is quite widely used in the treatment of bacterial bronchitis. The drug has two forms of release - these are capsules and a dry substance for a solution that is injected intramuscularly and intravenously. You need to take the drug 4-6 times a day. Capsules should not be given to children under 3 years of age. From 3 to 7 years old for bronchitis, the daily dose is calculated according to the formula: 50 mg of the drug per 1 kilogram of weight, for children from 7 to 14 years old the dose is doubled. Adolescents over 14 are prescribed 2-4 grams per day. Ampiox injections can be given even to newborns and premature babies. Injections are given 3-4 times a day. The dosage is calculated by the doctor individually for each patient.

Ampiox can be found both in capsules and in powder form

"Flemoxin Solutab". This is a semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotic, often used for bronchitis and pneumonia. Giving it to children is a pleasure, since it comes in a convenient form - dispersible tablets. They dissolve easily, dissolve and have a pleasant taste. You can take this tablet before or immediately after a meal, or you can dissolve it in water and get what moms on forums often call “syrup.” The dosage is determined by the doctor strictly individually. The average daily dose is as follows: for children under 1 year of age, the drug is given 2-3 times a day in the amount of 30-60 mg. medicines per 1 kilogram of baby's weight, for children from 1 to 3 years old - 250 mg twice a day, for children from 3 to 10 years old - 375 mg twice a day.

Flemoxin Solutab should be prescribed by a doctor, the prescribed dosage should be strictly adhered to

"Amoxicillin". This is an acid-fast antibiotic. It does not exist in injections; the drug is intended for oral use only. It is available in capsules and tablets of various dosages, as well as in granules, from which it is easy to prepare a suspension at home. This is the most popular "children's" form of medication. The suspension can be given to newborns three times a day, the total amount per day is 20 mg of medication per 1 kilogram of weight. For children from 2 to 5 years old, the daily dose is 125 mg in three doses; children from 5 to 10 years old are given 5 ml of suspension per day three times.

Amoxicillin is available in capsules and tablets

"Augmentin". This is almost the same Amoxicillin, only more protected with clavulanic acid. The drug is especially effective in the treatment of chronic bronchitis and bronchopneumonia. Pharmacists always have on sale tablets of three types of dosage, dry substance for self-preparing a suspension, as well as powders from which solutions for injections are made intramuscularly or intravenously. The dosage of the drug is carried out by analogy with Amoxicillin. Children under 2 years old can dilute the suspension with half and half water, although it is already quite pleasant and easy to drink. Augmentin tablets are given to children over 5 years of age. A doctor can prescribe injections to a child at any age if his condition requires it.

Augmentin, with its obvious benefits, can be prescribed by a doctor at any age

"Hincocil." This penicillin antibiotic can be taken in capsules or suspension. True, pharmacies do not have a ready-made suspension, but it can be prepared from a special powder form of the medicine. This antibiotic is contraindicated for children with bronchial asthma! It is not given to babies under 1 year of age. The medicine is taken three times a day. The daily dose for children from 1 to 2 years is 20 mg. drug for every kilogram of weight. Children from 2 to 5 years old can be given a fixed dose of 125 mg per day; for children from 5 to 10 years old, this dose is doubled and is 250 mg.

Chincocil is available in the form of a suspension and capsules

"Sumamed". This is an effective macrolide. Helps well with acute bronchitis of bacterial etiology, with painful manifestations chronic bronchitis. You can buy the medicine in tablets of two types of dosage, in capsules. There is also a dry substance for injections and for suspension. It is advisable for children under 4-5 years of age to take the suspension; older children can take tablets. The doctor can prescribe injections for a child of any age. Sumamed is not given to children under six months of age. When treating bronchitis, the daily dose of the suspension is calculated as follows: 30 mg of the drug for each kilogram of the child’s weight. The medicine is taken once a day, the general course of treatment is up to 3 days.

Sumamed works well for children with acute bacterial bronchitis

"Azitrox". Antibiotic macrolide, which has proven itself with the best side in the treatment of complex atypical bronchitis, as it successfully copes with chlamydia. Available in capsule form (for children over 12 years of age) and in powder form for suspension. It can be taken once a day, 5-10 mg. drug per kilogram of the child’s weight. You can be treated with Azitrox in suspension for up to 5 days. The antibiotic has a long list of side effects, so it is not recommended to give it to children under 6 months. Children under 12 years of age are prohibited from taking Azitrox capsules. Do not take the drug at the same time as food.

Azitrox is available in capsule and powder form.

"Zitrolide". This antibiotic of the macrolide family successfully copes with most pathogens of bacterial and atypical bronchitis. The medicine is available only in capsules. It is completely contraindicated for children under 3 years of age. For older children, the drug is given once a day, 10 mg of the substance per kilogram of the child’s body weight. The average course of treatment is three days.

Zitrolide should not be given to children under 3 years of age.

"Binoclar" ("Klacid"). This macrolide can be prescribed for any form and degree of bronchitis, as well as for pneumonia. It is available in tablets, powders for suspension in two types of dosage, and also in the form of a dry substance for the preparation of solutions for injections. Binoclara suspension can be given to a child even with milk. The maximum daily dosage is 500 mg. Take the antibiotic every 12 hours (twice a day). The individual dosage is calculated by the doctor. It is not recommended to give the drug in tablets to children under three years of age, only in suspension. This antibiotic has a large list of side effects and contraindications. Read it carefully and consult your doctor.

Klacid is prescribed to children for any form of bronchitis

"Suprax". This is one of the most famous representatives of the cephalosporin series. The medicine is most often prescribed for the treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and acute bronchitis of bacterial origin. On the shelves of pharmacies, Suprax exists in the form of capsules and granules, from which a suspension is prepared. The medicine is not available in tablets or syrup. Adolescents over 12 years of age are given 400 mg once a day. For children under 12 years of age, a suspension is recommended (8 mg per kilogram of body weight once a day). 6-10 ml of suspension is given per day to children from 5 to 11 years old, 5 ml of the medicine is given per day to children 2-4 years old. The maximum dose for an infant is 4 ml. per day. The exact amount will be prescribed by the doctor.

Suprax is prescribed to children with bacterial bronchitis

"Natsef" ("Cefazolin"). This antibiotic of the cephalosporin family can be given to children from birth. However, for up to 1 month, this should only be in a hospital under the constant supervision of doctors. The antibiotic is available only in the form of a dry substance for injection. Children's dose - 20–50 mg of the substance per kilogram of the child’s weight per day. If bronchitis is severe and the child’s condition is threatening, the dosage is doubled and given every 6 or 8 hours.

Natsef can be prescribed to a child from birth, but under the supervision of specialists

Important: the choice of drug is the prerogative of the doctor, not the patient, so self-medication is strictly prohibited! Since 2017, all of these drugs have been dispensed in pharmacies strictly according to a doctor’s prescription.

Alternatives

Inhalations, including those with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor, are quite effective in treating bronchitis. The procedures must be carried out exclusively using special inhalers (nebulizers).

Typically, inhalations are prescribed as an addition to antibiotic treatment. Inhalations with mineral medicinal water have proven themselves to be effective. Most often, mucolytic drugs, bronchodilators, antihistamines (for allergic bronchitis), antiseptics and even propolis are “inhaled” through a nebulizer, if there is no allergy to it, and only with the permission of the doctor, who will prescribe the drug based on the type of cough the child has.

Provide your child with plenty of fluids. The mucous membrane of the bronchi should not “dry out,” especially if the baby breathes through the mouth due to a stuffy nose. In addition, bacteria cause intoxication. Drinking will help restore fluid balance and facilitate the removal of toxins.
In severe forms of bronchitis or tracheobronchitis, try to provide the baby with bed or semi-bed rest. Rest is very important for his recovery.
If your doctor does prescribe you antibiotics, take them in accordance with all dosages and frequency of administration.
Do not refuse antibiotic treatment if your child feels better. Complete the course prescribed by your doctor.
Do not forget about the prevention of dysbiosis, because antibiotics destroy not only pathogenic microbes, but also useful and necessary ones, such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Therefore, ask your doctor to prescribe you a course of prebiotics and probiotics along with antibiotics.
Antibiotics
Spicy

One of the common diseases of the respiratory tract is bronchitis. Bronchitis is characterized by inflammation in which the bronchial mucosa is damaged. Most often, the causative agent is a virus. It follows that the use of antibiotics for bronchitis is necessary only when an infection is attached. The features of the course of the disease and what medications should be taken will be discussed below.

Bronchitis develops after a flu or cold, can accompany them or occur independently. When viruses act on the bronchial mucosa, they are damaged, which creates favorable conditions for bacterial flora to penetrate inside. If to viral pathogens bacterial infections have joined, the immune system is weakened and cannot cope on its own, only then is treatment of bronchitis with antibiotics justified.

There are several types of bronchitis:

Acute bronchitis. This form of the disease begins to develop against the background of an acute respiratory viral infection or influenza. The disease is caused by a virus; it has a structure radically different from the bacterial one; antibiotics for bronchitis in this case are inappropriate. With a good immune response, the body can cope on its own; the patient is prescribed rest, plenty of fluids, symptomatic treatment, in the form of cough medications, expectorants. Ambroxol, Bromhexine, Herbion are used to treat wet cough. For dry cough, Sinekod, Codelac Fito and others are recommended.

The body of every person is inhabited by so-called opportunistic microorganisms. In severe cases and poor immune defense, these bacteria cause disease. With bronchitis it can be staphylococci, streptococci. Antibiotics for acute bronchitis in adults are indicated when the patient:

Antibiotic therapy

Aminopenicillins. First generation, first line drugs are aminopenicillins. Recommended antibiotics for bronchitis in adults. These are broad-spectrum drugs; they specifically recognize the cell wall of bacteria and destroy it, thereby not damaging the cells of the body. These medications have several disadvantages:

Frequent allergic reactions (in this case, drugs of a newer generation are prescribed);
They are destroyed by bacteria that have beta-lactamase.

Since the discovery of the first antibacterial drugs, bacteria have mutated many times and learned to “fight” against the drug. In particular, they acquired the enzyme beta-lactamase, which destroys drugs. Then it is necessary to take a course of aminopenicillins in combination with beta-lactamase inhibitors.

Aminopenicillins are antibiotics for bronchitis. List of frequently used ones:

Macrolides are second-line antibiotics for bronchitis. Macrolides suppress protein synthesis in bacterial cells, which means they cannot reproduce. This group of new generation drugs is effective even for non-specific pathogens. Drugs of this generation are effective in the chronic course of the disease. If the patient is intolerant to penicillins, then macrolides are needed in the treatment regimen.

List of drugs:

Fluoroquinolones are drugs of the 1st, 2nd and new 3rd and 4th generations, such as levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin. They are needed in the treatment regimen when first- and second-line drugs cause allergic reactions. They inhibit enzymes in bacterial DNA synthesis, producing a bactericidal effect. Allergic manifestations are often possible. It is better to take probiotics during treatment, otherwise dysbiosis is possible. The doctor will prescribe which drug is best for the patient.

Antibiotics for bronchitis - fluoroquinolones:

Levofloxacin. Not suitable for use by persons under 18 years of age. Use with caution in patients with central nervous system diseases. Dosages are determined individually from 250-750 mg once a day. The course of treatment is from 1 to 2 weeks. Price from 200 to 530 rubles;
Moxifloxacin. Does not apply to persons under 18 years of age. Adverse reactions are possible in the form of headaches, drowsiness, tachycardia, rash, arthritis and others. Prescribe 400 mg once a day. The duration of treatment is individual. The average price is 700 rubles.

Cephalosporins are antibiotics for bronchitis from a reserve treatment regimen. They are used if the patient is allergic to the three previous groups of drugs or requires complex treatment for a protracted form. They use drugs of the 1st, 2nd generation, and even the new 4th. Cephalosporins suppress the growth of bacteria. Cause allergies and dysbacteriosis.

List of commonly used drugs:

How to determine which drug is needed?

In order to find out which antibiotics for bronchitis in adults and children will be effective, there is a sputum test to isolate the pathogen and determine its sensitivity to antibacterial drugs. This analysis allows you to accurately determine what will be effective. Often it is practically not used, since its duration is approximately five days; the doctor simply prescribes broad-spectrum drugs. If they are ineffective, then this analysis is performed and treatment is prescribed based on it. Antibiotics for bronchitis in adults and children should be selected individually.

Video: Antibiotics for colds and flu. Rules for taking antibiotics. Advice from Israeli experts.

Pneumonia and chronic bronchitis are caused by a variety of microorganisms. Antibiotics for bronchitis and pneumonia in adults are used to suppress microorganisms that cause inflammation in the lungs. Doctors at the Yusupov Hospital prescribe to patients the most effective antibacterial drugs registered in the Russian Federation, which have minimal side effect on the body. Pulmonologists adhere to European recommendations and draw up individual treatment regimens that take into account the type of pathogen, the severity of the patient’s condition, and the presence of concomitant diseases.

Doctors use different routes of administering antibiotics: orally, intramuscularly, intravenously. If antibacterial therapy is ineffective, the treatment regimen is changed within 2-3 days. All severe cases of inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system are discussed at a meeting of the Expert Council with the participation of candidates and doctors of medical sciences, doctors of the highest category. Pulmonologists make a collegial decision regarding the management tactics of patients with inflammatory diseases respiratory organs.

Selection of antibacterial drugs

Doctors at the Yusupov Hospital prescribe antibiotics for bronchitis and pneumonia immediately after diagnosis. In case of mild pneumonia in patients who do not have concomitant diseases and whose age does not exceed 50 years, treatment is organized at home. More often, inflammation of the bronchi or lungs is caused by pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella, and mycoplasma. In this category of patients, the drugs of choice are amoxiclav and modern macrolides. The following antibiotics are effective: cefuroxime axetil, amoxicillin clavulanate in combination with a macrolide or doxycycline. Outpatient monotherapy is carried out with fluoroquinolones of the III-IV generation (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin).

Patients under 60 years of age with non-severe pneumonia and concomitant pathologies are hospitalized in a therapy clinic. They are prescribed benzylpenicillin or ampicillin in combination with a macrolide. As alternative antibiotics, II-III generation cephalosporins + macrolide or amoxicillin clavulanate, ampicillin sulbactam in combination with macrolide are used.

In case of severe pneumonia, patients, regardless of age, are treated in the intensive care unit and intensive care. The following antibiotic treatment regimens are used:

amoxicillin clavulanate, ampicillin sulbactam + macrolide;
levofloxacin + cefotaxime or ceftriaxone;
III-IV generation cephalosporins + macrolide.

Second-line antibiotics for severe pneumonia include fluoroquinolones and carbapenems.

Chronic bronchitis occurs with exacerbations and remissions. Exacerbation of chronic bronchitis is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, increased shortness of breath, cough, an increase in the volume of sputum produced, and its purulent nature. Exacerbation of the disease occurs under the influence of bacteria and viruses. Among the bacterial pathogens of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, the leading position is occupied by pneumococci and Haemophilus influenzae. In patients over 65 years of age with concomitant diseases, bronchial inflammation develops under the influence of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae. Exacerbation of the chronic inflammatory process can occur under the influence of influenza viruses, parainfluenza, and rhinoviruses.

When choosing antibiotics, doctors at the Yusupov Hospital take into account the patient’s age, frequency of exacerbations, severity of bronchial obstruction syndrome and the presence of concomitant diseases. First-line antibiotics for increased shortness of breath, increased volume and purulent component of sputum in patients under 65 years of age with moderate bronchial obstruction without concomitant diseases are amoxicillin and doxycycline. If there are contraindications to their use, pulmonologists use alternative drugs:

amoxicillin clavulanate;
azithromycin;
clarithromycin;
levofloxacin;
moxifloxacin.

With increased shortness of breath, an increase in the volume of purulent sputum, in patients with severe bronchial obstruction who have been taking glucocorticoid hormones for a long time, pulmonologists prefer to prescribe amoxicillin clavulanate, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin. In case of constant separation of purulent sputum, frequent exacerbations, ciprofloxacin, β-lactams or aztreonam are prescribed.

Rules for prescribing antibiotics

An antibiotic for bronchitis and pneumonia in adults is prescribed only if the disease is caused by bacteria, since viral infections they are not effective. Antibacterial drugs are not used for prophylactic purposes. Doctors at the Yusupov Hospital prescribe antibiotics in optimal therapeutic doses. The antibacterial therapy regimen depends on the suspected pathogen. Before determining the type of microorganism that caused bronchitis or pneumonia, the antibiotic is chosen empirically. It is changed if necessary after receiving the results of a bacteriological examination.

If within 2-3 days antibacterial therapy is ineffective, it is canceled and other antibiotics are prescribed. For mild cases of the disease, drugs are taken orally; for severe pneumonia and bronchitis, they are administered intramuscularly or intravenously. Sometimes doctors first prescribe antibiotics for intramuscular or intravenous administration, and after the patient’s condition improves, they switch to oral administration of the drugs. If several antibiotics are prescribed to treat pneumonia or an exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, one of the drugs is administered intramuscularly or intravenously, and the other is taken orally.

Complications of antibiotic therapy

Antibiotics for the treatment of pneumonia and acute bronchitis may have side effects. The most common complications of antibiotic therapy are:

toxic effects;
dysbiosis;
endotoxic shock;
allergic reactions.

The toxic effect of antibacterial drugs depends on the properties of the medicine, its dose, route of administration, patient's condition. It manifests itself with long-term systematic use of antimicrobial chemotherapy drugs. Pregnant women, children, and patients with impaired renal and liver function are especially susceptible to the toxic effects of antibiotics.

Doctors at the Yusupov Hospital prescribe antibiotics with a minimal spectrum side effects. Pulmonologists conduct a comprehensive examination of patients, take into account the condition of all organs and systems, and adhere to the recommended timing of taking antibacterial drugs. This minimizes the risk of toxic effects of antibiotics.

When antibacterial drugs are prescribed, they can have a neurotoxic effect. With uncontrolled administration of glycopeptides and aminoglycosides, hearing loss occurs. Polyenes, polypeptides, aminoglycosides, macrolides, glycopeptides have a nephrotoxic effect. Inhibition of hematopoiesis is possible when taking tetracyclines and chloramphenicol.

Tetracyclines are not prescribed to pregnant women and children, since these drugs disrupt the development of bones and cartilage in the fetus and affect the formation of tooth enamel. Levomycetin chloramphenicol is toxic to newborns; quinolones have a depressant effect on developing connective and cartilage tissue.

Antibiotics for bronchitis and pneumonia can affect not only infectious agents, but also microorganisms of normal intestinal microflora, causing dysbiosis. Due to dysfunction of the digestive organs, vitamin deficiency occurs, and a secondary infection may develop. Doctors at the Yusupov Hospital prefer narrow-spectrum antibiotics and prescribe eubiotics.

Endotoxic shock occurs in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia and chronic bronchitis. The use of antibiotics causes the death and destruction of microbial cells, the release large quantities endotoxins, which leads to a temporary deterioration in the patient’s clinical condition.

The cause of allergic reactions may be the antibiotic itself, its breakdown products, and the complex of the drug with whey proteins. The likelihood of developing an allergy depends on the properties of the antibiotic, the method and frequency of its administration, and the patient’s individual sensitivity to the drug. Allergic reactions manifested by itching of the skin, urticaria, Quincke's edema. Beta-lactams (penicillins) and rifampicins can cause anaphylactic shock. Doctors at the therapy clinic carefully collect anamnesis and prescribe antibacterial drugs in accordance with the individual sensitivity of the patient.

Antibiotics for the treatment of pneumonia and acute bronchitis can cause the formation of atypical forms of microorganisms. Unjustified use of antibiotics leads to the development of bacterial resistance to antibacterial drugs. Doctors at the Yusupov Hospital prescribe antibiotics for bronchitis and pneumonia in adults only if indicated.

Pulmonologists at the therapy clinic take an individual approach to the choice of antibiotic. Call the Yusupov Hospital, where doctors use modern treatment regimens to treat bronchitis and pneumonia.

Bibliography

ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases)
Yusupov Hospital
"Diseases of the respiratory system." Guide ed. acad. RAMS, prof. N.R. Paleeva. M., Medicine, 2000.
Respiratory failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ed. V.A. Ignatieva and A.N. Kokosova, 2006, 248 p.
Ilkovich M.M. and others. Diagnosis of diseases and conditions complicated by the development of spontaneous pneumothorax, 2004.

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Prices for the treatment of bronchitis and pneumonia

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