Kjell Ziegler's theory of personality. Kjell L., Ziegler D. Theories of personality. Levels of Consciousness: Topographical Model

In the West, this publication is one of the most widely read in its field. If such a book had been published here twenty years ago, Russian psychology as a science would have avoided many growing problems. It's no secret that for a long time we lived in conditions where for the general public, and even for specialists, there was only one correct and other psychological theories, which were appropriately covered in the press. In a previous era, books like this one, but not officially translated into Russian, were carefully passed from hand to hand and were a source of pride for a small number of owners.

In the publication brought to the attention of readers, another - not the first and not the last - attempt has been made to generalize, or rather, to comprehend in a new way, bringing into a single whole, a number of the largest personality theories developed in psychology over the past hundred years - in fact, throughout the entire history of its scientific research. period. In this regard, before you is an encyclopedia, primarily on current trends in modern psychological science.

Any system lives and develops, so it is very valuable that the authors “illustrate” the theories they present with examples of modern experimental research. It is also important that when covering each theory, arguments for and against are given, which gives the book material balance. This is precisely what is so lacking in numerous “narrow” monographs, where theories that are sometimes of secondary importance are selectively presented. In this sense, this work is a gift to readers, since for the first time they have the opportunity to “see the forest for the trees” in the vast world of psychological constructs.

Our acquaintance with Western psychology was not sustainable: it either stopped or was resumed. That is why some theories and authors are known to us more (G. Eysenck, R. Cattell), others less (J. Kelly). At the same time, when presenting any theory, certain losses are inevitable: it is not easy to convey the author’s thinking style, each of which is unique. In particular, Erik Erikson's books had such an impact on the public consciousness of the United States. strong effect that during the famous student unrest of the 1960s, young people went to White House, holding his works in his hands along with the Bible. It is difficult to feel this when reading the chapter on Erikson's theory, but it is possible.

We would also recommend that the reader not lose sight of the fact that discussions between representatives of different directions in psychology do not subside (a natural state for science) and, we hope, no final verdicts will be made. This may not be noticed due to some simplifications made by the authors. For example, Freud's dramatic idea of death, which caused a split even among his disciples, is presented in a very flat form: as an idea about the inherent aggression of man. Taking this opportunity, we emphasize that the tendency towards destruction and aggression are far from the same thing (although it may seem so from the point of view of ordinary consciousness), and aggression can arise when any attraction is blocked, including love (which is more understandable from the standpoint of common sense and life experience).

The last category of difficulties inevitable when publishing such a fundamental work is the correlation of the language formed in our scientific community with the author’s (Western) terminology. For example, the term “environmentalism” implies taking into account external environmental factors in personality theory, while in domestic psychological science we usually use the term “social”.

We are convinced that this book will become not only the object of references in scientific publications, but also a textbook on personality psychology and the history of psychology, and will also be extremely useful for teachers, philosophers, and other humanities specialists.

Cand. psychol. Sciences Yu. T. Kovalev,

Ph.D. psychol. Sciences M. A. Gulina

S. - St. Petersburg State University

To our wives Jean and Elizabeth

To our children Anyanette, Christian, Daniel and Mark

Larry A. Kjell- Associate Professor of Psychology at State University New York, Brockport College. Received a master's degree in experimental psychology from Ohio University (1964), and a doctorate in social and personality psychology from the University of Oklahoma in Norman (1967). He previously taught at Villanova University and the University of Prince Edward Island. Dr. Kjell has published numerous articles on issues in personality psychology: locus of control, self-actualization, self-perception, accuracy of personality perception. He is currently exploring the role of personality variables in relation to the temporal stability of self-report scales. In his scientific interests also included are self-control, explanatory style, and personal effectiveness. He is a member of the American Psychological Association (APA) and APA Division 8 (Social-Personal).

Daniel J. Ziegler- Professor of Psychology and Dean High school at Villanova University. He received his doctorate in psychology from Temple University (1968). At Villanova University since 1961, Dr. Ziegler was Chairman of the Department of Psychology from 1968 to 1987, and Dean of the Graduate School from 1987 to the present. He is the author of many publications in journals and scientific proceedings, most recently in the area of cognitive components of stress. As a psychologist in private practice in Pennsylvania, Dr. Ziegler has extensive experience in psychological testing and counseling. In addition, he has become nationally known as a lecturer in the field of stress management.

Preface

A first course in personality psychology should introduce students to a variety of theoretical perspectives that help understand why people behave the way they do in reality. Therefore, the third edition presents personality theories from several different directions. We hope that students will appreciate the diversity of conceptual approaches to the study of people. The study of personality must somehow focus on the strategies and results of empirical research. With this in mind, we have brought into line with modern requirements and expanded the presentation of material concerning the empirical testing of theoretical assumptions in the process scientific research. Finally, a basic textbook on personality theory should emphasize practical application theoretical ideas. Therefore, we have included numerous examples illustrating how the basic constructs and postulates of various schools of thought can be applied to Everyday life. Our goal in writing this book was to help students understand and appreciate some profound and fascinating concepts about personality. The discipline of personology includes many theories, research methods, scientific discoveries and areas of application. We hope that in this volume you will find a coherent, informative, and clear explanation of each of these important elements that represent the field today. In addition, we hope that the textbook will enable students to appreciate how discoveries made by various theorists can be integrated to better understand the complexity of personality and human behavior.

As in the second edition of Theories of Personality, we remain true to our assertion that personality theories reflect the theorist's fundamental assumptions about human nature. This thesis is elaborated in the introductory chapter, which examines nine philosophical positions that underlie theories of personality. This new approach to the study of personality allows us to develop a system for comparing and contrasting different theoretical points of view. And, perhaps even more important, this approach will help students see beyond the details of a particular theory to the underlying philosophical views that the theorist held about people and their personalities. Numerous responses from students and teachers who have read the second edition of this book indicate that the fundamental perspective enhances understanding of the differences between theorists and their conceptions of humanity.

MENTAL STYLE OF PERSONALITY

Seminar plan:

2. Cognitive-cognitive sphere of personality. Intellectual potential.

3. Motive and motivation. Causal attribution.

4. Personal needs. Specifically human needs.

5. Negative mental states. Frustration.

6. Humanistic theory of personality. A. Maslow and E. Fromm

Control questions for seminar classes:

1. How is personality determined in psychology?

2. What is thinking and intelligence?

3. What is memory? Describe the main types of memory.

4. Give a detailed description of the concept of abilities.

5. Define the concept of motive in psychology.

6. What is the difference between motivation and motive?

7. Describe basic human needs.

8. What is the place and role of needs in human behavior?

9. Outline the basic principles of humanistic psychology in the theory of motivation (according to A. Maslow).

Basic literature on the topic:

1. Kravchenko A. I. General psychology: tutorial. – M., “Prospekt”, 2008

2. Pokrovsky A. V. Psychology: a textbook for university students. - M.: “Academy”, 2007

3. Stolyarenko L. D. Fundamentals of psychology: textbook. - Rostov-n/D.: “Phoenix”, 2008

4. Maklakov A. G. General psychology: a textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg: “Peter”, 2008

5. Rubinshtein S.A. Fundamentals of general psychology. – St. Petersburg: “Peter”, 2007

6. Tertel A. L. Psychology: textbook. – M.: “Prospekt”, 2009

7. Nemov R. S. Psychology. In 3 books. Book 1. M., “Vlados”. 2008.

8. Radugin A. A. Psychology and pedagogy. M., "Center". 2009.

9. Kjell, L., Ziegler, D. Theories of personality. St. Petersburg, 2001.

Additional literature on the topic:

1. Gippenreiter Yu.B. Introduction to general psychology. Course of lectures. M., 1988.

2. Merlin B.C. Personality structure. Character, abilities, self-awareness: A textbook for a special course. - Perm, 1990.

3. Rubinstein S. L. Fundamentals of general psychology: In 2 volumes - T. II. - M., 1989.

4. Heckhausen H. Motivation and activity. M., 1986.

Sample abstract topics:

1. The role and significance of needs in the personality structure

2. Personality: motive and motivation

3. The problem of personality in humanistic psychology

4. The nature of human abilities

5. The problem of self-actualization in personology

6. Personality in the teachings of E. Fromm

7. Formation and development of basic human abilities

8. Negative mental states of a person

9. The problem of freedom in the concept of E. Fromm

10. Personology – pros and cons of the approach

Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ ................................... 6

Kjell, L., Ziegler, D. Theories of personality. St. Petersburg, 2001. pp. 22 – 24…………………….………………….6 What is personality? Alternative answers…………………………………………………….6

Kravchenko A.I. General psychology: textbook. – M., “Prospekt”, 2008С. 189-190, 198-208, 212-224................................................. ........................................................ ........................................................ ................... 8

R. S. Nemov Psychology. In 3 books. Book 1. M., “Vlados”. 2001. pp. 374 – 390........................ 22

1. The concept of abilities................................................... ........................................................ .......... 22

2. The nature of human abilities.................................................... ........................................ 28

3. Development of abilities......................................................... ........................................................ ............ 28

R. S. Nemov Psychology. In 3 books. Book 1. M., “Vlados”. 2001 P. 462 – 469, 496 – 507........ 31

1. Motive and motivation .................................................... ........................................................ ................... 31

2. Motivation and personality................................................. ........................................................ .............. 35

Kjell, L., Ziegler, D. Theories of personality. St. Petersburg, 2001С. 479 – 480, 487 – 501.................................... 42

1. Humanistic direction in personality theory: Abraham Maslow.................................... 42

2. Motivation: Hierarchy of needs................................................. ........................................... 43

3. Physiological needs............................................................................................... 44

4. Safety and security needs.................................................... ........................................... 44

5. Needs for belonging and love................................................... .................................... 45

6. Self-esteem needs.................................................... ........................................................ .... 46

7. Self-actualization needs.................................................... ........................................... 47

Introduction

This manual is intended for higher education students educational institutions, the program of which includes the training course “Psychology and Pedagogy.” This manual aims to form among university students ideas about the basic concepts on the topic “Mental makeup of the individual.” The presented methodological manual covers the main issues relating to the basic psychological characteristics of the individual, such as abilities and intellectual potential, as a measure of the development of the cognitive-cognitive sphere of the individual. The problem of developing individual abilities and the conditions conducive to this development are also considered.

This manual presents the views of several authors considering the sphere of personal motivation, who analyze the nature of specifically human needs and the differences in human needs. Below are also the views of some of the most famous personologists (E. Fromm and A. Maslow) on the role and place of human needs in human behavior.

This methodological manual also presents fragments of the authors’ works that consider the interests and psychological attitudes as determinants of the direction of human activity. In the fragments of the works below, negative mental states of a person (frustration, etc.) are also analyzed; issues related to the prevention of negative states of the human psyche are covered.

The structure of this methodological manual is a copy of articles by authors dealing with the problems of analyzing the mental make-up of a person. At the beginning of each of the works presented below, the source of the material is indicated with page numbers and the publication's output data is provided. Above is a list of topics and questions proposed for discussion at seminar classes in psychology, the basic and additional literature used in the preparation of this manual is indicated, and a list of topics for writing abstracts on this issue is also provided.

The term "personality" has several different meanings. It is studied by a special subsection in the structure of academic psychology, which covers a wide range of different, often contradictory, theoretical concepts. The science of personality - personology - is a discipline that seeks to lay the foundation for a better understanding of human personality through the use of a variety of research strategies. In the following chapters we will provide representative examples that illustrate how the ideas, propositions, and principles put forward by psychologists to explain human behavior have been tested in empirical research.

Another distinctive feature of personality psychology is the special importance of assessment methods in studying, explaining, predicting, and making informed decisions in a particular individual case. These methods include interviews, testing, observation and recording of behavior, measurement of physiological reactions, analysis of biographical and personal documents. In fact, every area of personality research that we discuss in this manual involves the use of one or another assessment technique. Finally, as you will see, personality is an area of research that can lead to advances in the understanding and treatment of pathological behavior. In fact, some approaches to the study of personality (such as psychodynamic, cognitive or phenomenological) provide rich material for thinking about what behavioral disorders are and what ways to overcome them. However, modern personality psychology should not be identified with pathopsychology or clinical psychology. To achieve the utmost clarity, personologists are much more likely to refer to normal individual behavior than to deviant behavior. On the other hand, personality psychology has traditionally separated itself from other psychological disciplines due to its emphasis on individual differences between people. Although personologists recognize that there are similarities in the ways people behave, they primarily seek to explain how and why people differ from each other.

As an object of study, personality is also an abstract concept that combines many aspects that characterize a person: emotions, motivation, thoughts, experiences, perceptions and actions. However, personality as a concept should not be reduced to any aspect of an individual’s functioning. The conceptual meaning of personality is multifaceted - it covers a wide range of internal mental processes that determine the characteristics of human behavior in various situations. When dealing with such a complex concept, it is impossible to imagine any simple conceptual definition. Even within the framework of psychology itself, we will not find a single, generally accepted meaning of this term - there may be as many of them as there are psychologists solving this problem.

Kjell, L., Ziegler, D. Theories of personality. St. Petersburg, 2001. pp. 22 – 24.

What is personality? Alternative answers

The word personality (“personality”) in English language comes from the Latin "persona". The word originally referred to the masks worn by actors during theatrical performances in ancient Greek drama. In fact, this term originally indicated a comic or tragic figure in theatrical action. Thus, from the very beginning, the concept of “personality” included an external, superficial social image that an individual takes on when he plays certain life roles - a kind of “mask”, a public face addressed to others. This point of view coincides with the opinion of the modern layman, who usually evaluates personality according to the criteria of charm, ability to behave in society, popularity, physical attractiveness and other socially desirable characteristics. This approach generates comments like “Mike is a good person” and “Suzanne is an unpleasant person.” It is this idea of personality that is expressed in the promise of various image courses to “make you a person.” This concept is entirely outside the scope of scientific psychology, since it leaves aside many behavioral features that actually deserve to be studied in the context of personality.

Personality was also viewed as a combination of the most striking and noticeable characteristics of individuality. Thus, a person can be said to be an “outgoing personality” or a “timid personality,” meaning that timidity or friendliness are his most characteristic traits. In such examples, we observe the identification of the individual with the external social impression that the individual makes on others when interacting with them, that is, we can say that we see the extent to which his most prominent, striking features color the majority of his actions in communication situations. Unfortunately, this generally popular use of the term overlooks the possibility that a person can be either relaxed or timid depending on the specific situation. In addition, the term “personality” in the understanding of most personologists does not imply an assessment of a person’s character or his social skills. When we refer to Emma as an “extraordinary person,” we are probably talking about her kindness, sincerity, or willingness to help others. However, personality psychologists do not use characteristics in an evaluative sense (that is, they do not divide personalities into good and bad). .

To get an idea of the variety of meanings of the concept of personality in psychology, let us turn to the views of some recognized theorists in this area. For example, Carl Rogers described personality in terms of the self: as an organized, durable, subjectively perceived entity that is at the very core of our experiences. Gordon Allport defined personality as what an individual actually is - an internal “something” that determines the nature of a person’s interaction with the world. And in the understanding of Erik Erikson, an individual goes through a series of psychosocial crises throughout his life and his personality appears as a function of the results of the crisis. George Kelly viewed personality as each individual's unique way of making sense of life's experiences. A completely different concept was proposed by Raymond Cattell, according to whom the core of the personal structure is formed by sixteen initial traits. Finally, Albert Bandura viewed personality as a complex pattern of continuous interaction between the individual, behavior and situation. Such an obvious dissimilarity of the above concepts clearly shows that the content of personality from the perspective of different theoretical concepts is much more multifaceted than that presented in the original concept of “external social image”. It carries within itself something more important, substantial and permanent. In addition to this fundamental agreement, most theoretical definitions of personality contain the following general provisions.

Doctrines about personality existing in different systems of psychology. Nowadays, the prevailing point of view is that personality theory is an independent interdisciplinary area of scientific research. See Personology...

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Interpersonal cognition: Implicit theories of personality- (English: implicit, hidden, implied, not directly expressed) are an important component of the process of O. and people’s knowledge of each other. Implicit theories of personality (I.t.l.) are a set of everyday ideas about personal properties and their... ... Psychology of communication. encyclopedic Dictionary

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Personality theories - L. Kjell, D. Ziegler - 1997.

The monograph by prominent American researchers L. Kjell and D. Ziegler is addressed to everyone for whom knowledge and practical application of psychology is necessary in professional activity. Reading it will be useful for psychologists and doctors, teachers and students, as well as a wide range of readers interested in issues modern psychology personality, interpersonal and family relations. The book covers a wide range of areas in personality theory, developed by such major scientists as Freud, Adler, Jung, Erikson, Fromm, Horney, Cattell, Eysenck, Skinner, Bandura, Rotter, Kelly, Maslow, Rogers. Most of these theories (psychodynamic, behavioral, phenomenological) are presented in such full form for the first time in Russian. At the end of each chapter, the reader will find extensive bibliographic material devoted to a specific problem.

CONTENT
Preface to the Russian edition 9
About the authors 13
Preface 14
Chapter 1 PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY: INTRODUCTION TO DISCIPLINE 19
Personality theories 25
Components of Personality Theory 28
Criteria for assessing personality theory 35
Basic provisions concerning human nature 40
Chapter 2 RESEARCH AND EVALUATION IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 56
History method 62
Correlation method 64
Experimental method 69
Personality Assessment 77
Types of assessment methods 82
Summary 96
Chapter 3 PSYCHODYNAMIC DIRECTION IN PERSONALITY THEORY: SIGMUND FREUD 105
Sigmund Freud: Psychodynamic Theory of Personality 106
Biographical sketch 106
Psychoanalysis: Basic Concepts and Principles 110
Instincts are the driving force of behavior 116
Personality development: psychosexual stages 118
The nature of anxiety 127
Freud's basic principles regarding human nature 133
Empirical Validation of Psychodynamic Concepts 137
Application: psychoanalytic therapy - exploration of the unconscious 146
Chapter 4 RESULTS OF REVISION OF THE PSYCHODYNAMIC DIRECTION: ALFRED ADLER AND CARL GUSTAV JUNG 161
Alfred Adler: Individual Theory of Personality 162
Biographical sketch 162
Basic theses of individual psychology 165
Individual Psychology: Basic Concepts and Principles 167
Adler's main points regarding human nature 182
Empirical validation of individual psychology concepts 187
Appendix: neurosis and its treatment 191
Carl Gustav Jung: Analytical Theory of Personality 197
Biographical sketch 198
Analytical Psychology: Basic Concepts and Principles 199
Resume -206
Chapter 5 EGO PSYCHOLOGY AND RELATED DIRECTIONS IN PERSONALITY THEORY: ERIC ERICSON, ERICH FROMM AND KAREN HORNEY 214
Erik Erikson: ego - personality theory 215
Biographical sketch 215
Ego psychology: the result of the development of psychoanalysis 217
Epigenetic principle 219
Personality development: psychosocial stages 221
Erikson's basic principles regarding human nature 235
Empirical validation of psychosocial theory concepts 239
Application: American teenagers, or "Who am I?" 243
Other Examples of Revision of Psychoanalytic Theory: Emphasis on Cultural and Interpersonal Factors 246
Erich Fromm: humanistic theory of personality 246
Biographical sketch 247
Humanistic theory: basic concepts and principles 248
Karen Horney: Sociocultural Theory of Personality 254
Biographical sketch 254
Sociocultural theory: basic concepts and principles 255
Chapter 6 DISPOSITIONAL DIRECTION IN PERSONALITY THEORY: GORDON ALLPORT, RAYMOND CATTELL AND HANS EYSENK 270
Gordon Allport: Dispositional Theory of Personality 271
Biographical sketch 271
What is personality 273
Personality Trait Concept 274
Proprium: development of the self 281
Functional autonomy: the past is the past 285
Mature personality 288
Allport's Basic Propositions Regarding Human Nature 290
Empirical validation of personality trait theory concepts 295
Application: Study of Values 300
An approach to personality from the perspective of factor analysis 303
Raymond Cattell: A Structural Theory of Personality Traits 305
Biographical sketch 305
Personality Trait Theory: Basic Concepts and Principles 307
Hans Eysenck: theory of personality types 314
Biographical sketch 314
Basic concepts and principles of personality type theory 315
Chapter 7 BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIFIC DIRECTION IN PERSONALITY THEORY: B F SKINNER 331
BF Skinner: operant learning theory 332
Biographical sketch 332
Skinner's Approach to Psychology 334
Respondent and operant behavior 339
Skinner's main points regarding human nature 352
Empirical Validation of Operant Conditioning Concepts 357
Application: Treatment based on operant conditioning 361
Chapter 8 SOCIO-COGNITIVE DIRECTION IN PERSONALITY THEORY: ALBERT BANDURA AND JULIAN ROTTER 373
Albert Bandura: Social Cognitive Theory of Personality 374
Biographical sketch 374
Basic principles of social cognitive theory 376
Learning through Simulation 380
Reinforcement in observational learning 385
Bandura's main points regarding human nature 392
Empirical Validation of Social Cognitive Theory 397
Application: “power to man” - self-regulating change 405
Julian Rotter: Social Learning Theory 410
Biographical sketch 410
Social Learning Theory: Basic Concepts and Principles 412
Resume 422
Chapter 9 COGNITIVE DIRECTION IN PERSONALITY THEORY: GEORGE KELLY 431
George Kelly: Cognitive Theory of Personality 432
Biographical sketch 432
Foundations of Cognitive Theory 434
Personality construct theory: basic concepts and principles 438
The main postulate and some conclusions from it 444
Kelly's Fundamentals Regarding Human Nature 453
Empirical validation of cognitive theory concepts 457
Application: emotional states, mental disorders and fixed role therapy 466
Chapter 10 HUMANISTIC DIRECTION IN PERSONALITY THEORY: ABRAHAM MASLOW 479
Abraham Maslow: Humanistic Theory of Personality 480
Biographical sketch 480
Basic principles of humanistic psychology 482
Motivation: hierarchy of needs 487
Deficit motivation and growth motivation 496
Maslow's Fundamentals of Human Nature 501
Empirical validation of humanistic theory concepts 506
Application: characteristics of self-actualizing people 514
Chapter 11 PHENOMENOLOGICAL DIRECTION IN PERSONALITY THEORY: CARL ROGERS 528
Carl Rogers: A Phenomenological Theory of Personality 529
Biographical Sketch 529,
Rogers' View of Human Nature 533
Guiding motive in life: tendency of actualization 534
Rogers' Phenomenological Position 537
Self-concept: “Who am I after all?” 539
Fully functioning person 548
Rogers's Fundamentals Regarding Human Nature 551
Empirical Validation of Phenomenological Theory Concepts 556
Application: person-centered therapy 563
Chapter 12 PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY: NEW DIRECTIONS 574
Key points in retrospect 575
Evaluating Personality Theories 579
The advent of the era of personology 587
New perspectives in theoretical and empirical research of personality 591
Summary
Issues for discussion
Glossary
Bibliography
Recommended reading

In the West, this publication is one of the most widely read in its field. If such a book had been published here twenty years ago, Russian psychology as a science would have avoided many growing problems. It is no secret that for a long time we lived in conditions where for the general public, and even for specialists, there was only one correct and other psychological theories, which were appropriately covered in the press. In a previous era, books like this one, but not officially translated into Russian, were carefully passed from hand to hand and were a source of pride for a small number of owners.

Our acquaintance with Western psychology was not sustainable: it either stopped or was resumed. That is why some theories and authors are known to us more (G. Eysenck, R. Cattell), others less (J. Kelly). At the same time, when presenting any theory, certain losses are inevitable: it is not easy to convey the author’s thinking style, each of which is unique. In particular, Erik Erikson's books had such a strong impact on the public consciousness of the United States that during the famous student unrest of the 1960s, young people walked to the White House holding his works in their hands along with the Bible. It is difficult to feel this when reading the chapter on Erikson's theory, but it is possible.

Cand. psychol. Sciences Yu. T. Kovalev,

Ph.D. psychol. Sciences M. A. Gulina

S. - St. Petersburg State University

To our wives Jean and Elizabeth

To our children Anyanette, Christian, Daniel and Mark

Larry A. Kjell- Associate Professor of Psychology at the State University of New York, Brockport College. He received a master's degree in experimental psychology from Ohio University (1964) and a doctorate in social and personal psychology from the University of Oklahoma in Norman (1967). He previously taught at Villanova University and the University of Prince Edward Island. Dr. Kjell has published numerous articles on issues in personality psychology: locus of control, self-actualization, self-perception, accuracy of personality perception. He is currently exploring the role of personality variables in relation to the temporal stability of self-report scales. His research interests also include self-control, explanatory style, and personal effectiveness. He is a member of the American Psychological Association (APA) and APA Division 8 (Social-Personal).

Daniel J. Ziegler is a professor of psychology and dean of the Graduate School at Villanova University. He received his doctorate in psychology from Temple University (1968). At Villanova University since 1961, Dr. Ziegler was Chairman of the Department of Psychology from 1968 to 1987, and Dean of the Graduate School from 1987 to the present. He is the author of many publications in journals and scientific proceedings, most recently in the area of cognitive components of stress. As a psychologist in private practice in Pennsylvania, Dr. Ziegler has extensive experience in psychological testing and counseling. In addition, he has become nationally known as a lecturer in the field of stress management.

Preface

A first course in personality psychology should introduce students to a variety of theoretical perspectives that help understand why people behave the way they do in reality. Therefore, the third edition presents personality theories from several different directions. We hope that students will appreciate the diversity of conceptual approaches to the study of people. The study of personality must somehow focus on the strategies and results of empirical research. With this in mind, we have brought it into line with modern requirements and expanded the presentation of material concerning the empirical testing of theoretical assumptions in the process of scientific research. Finally, a basic textbook on personality theory should emphasize the practical application of theoretical ideas. Therefore, we have included numerous examples to illustrate how the basic constructs and tenets of the various schools of thought can be applied to everyday life. Our goal in writing this book was to help students understand and appreciate some profound and fascinating concepts about personality. The discipline of personology includes many theories, research methods, scientific discoveries and areas of application. We hope that in this volume you will find a coherent, informative, and clear explanation of each of these important elements that represent the field today. In addition, we hope that the textbook will enable students to appreciate how discoveries made by various theorists can be integrated to better understand the complexity of personality and human behavior.

As in the second edition of Theories of Personality, we remain true to our assertion that personality theories reflect the theorist's fundamental assumptions about human nature. This thesis is elaborated in the introductory chapter, which examines nine philosophical positions that underlie theories of personality. This new approach to the study of personality allows for the development of a framework for comparing and contrasting different theoretical perspectives. And, perhaps even more important, this approach will help students see beyond the details of a particular theory to the underlying philosophical views that the theorist held about people and their personalities. Numerous responses from students and teachers who have read the second edition of this book indicate that the fundamental perspective enhances understanding of the differences between theorists and their conceptions of humanity.