How to remove excess vitamin C from the body. Overdose of vitamin C in children and adults. Symptoms and consequences of vitamin C overdose. Negative effects on the body

Vitamin D is an essential element of the digestive system. Purpose – processing of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine. D is the collective name for a group of elements, the most important being cholecalciferol, D3, and ergocalciferol, D2. Some researchers call them hormones for their participation in metabolism, hormone production, and regulation of division at the cellular level. But, like any substance taken in excess, it is harmful. An excess of vitamin D provokes disruption of the functioning of organs and systems.

Daily requirement for vitamin D

Provitamin D3 is synthesized in the skin under the influence of the sun. It becomes cholecalciferol after warming up with the temperature of the human body. At the same time supplied with food products:

milk, eggs, cottage cheese, sour cream;
beef liver, meat, fatty fish, fish fat;
wild mushrooms, yeast.

The daily intake of this fat-soluble vitamin depends on the age group:

in an adult – 400IU;
pregnant women – 600IU;
elderly people – 600IU;
children up to four years of age – 600IU;
for children from four to ten years old - 100 IU.

UNIT CONVERTER: VITAMIN D

Cholecalciferol (D3)/ergocalciferol (D2)

Form of substance

IU mg µg g mg µg g

Decimal places as a result:

Convert

Conversion of IU ⇄ g/mg/mcg (developed by pharmacists and doctors based on reliable data)

Lack of D3 concentration leads to the development of diseases such as rickets in children and secondary hyperparathyroidism in adults.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism develops due to calcium deficiency. The parathyroid gland produces a surge of hormones that cause hypercalcemia as a response to deficiency. But excess vitamin D also poses a threat.

Causes of calciferol overdose

Excess vitamin D occurs due to an overdose of drugs containing calciferol. Occurs when a high dose is taken once or continuously exceeded for a long time. Hypervitaminosis in the body of vitamin D is caused by:

if drugs are taken during long walks with high solar activity, an overdose occurs;
if calcium sources are consumed at the same time;
if taking calciferol is accompanied by diet seafood;
acute overdose is possible when drinking an alcohol solution in a dosage of 20 drops for a month;
chronic excess occurs when taking alcohol drops in a dosage of 5 drops for two months;
An overdose is possible due to individual sensitivity, even if the normalization is observed.

The video talks about the causes and dangers of overdose:

Symptoms of vitamin D overdose

Symptoms of vitamin D excess vary between acute and chronic conditions.

Signs of acute poisoning

An excess of calciferol in adults leads to:

nausea, vomiting;
increased thirst;
sudden changes in weight;
the appearance of seizures;
arterial hypertension, heart rhythm disturbance;
violation of sleep and rest patterns, asthenic syndrome;
frequent urination.

An acute excess of vitamin D levels in a child’s body is characterized by the following signs:

regurgitation after feeding, vomiting;
lethargy, moodiness;
loose stools with a strong unpleasant odor;
convulsive syndrome;
frequent excessive urination;
the skin is dry and covered with a rash.

Signs of chronic overdose

An excess of vitamin D in the body of adults is characterized by symptoms:

decreased appetite;
increased fatigue, irritability;
unmotivated weight loss;
disorder of the digestive tract;
swelling, pain in the lumbar region;
aching bones, convulsive manifestations in the calf muscles;
insomnia.

Manifestations of excess vitamin D3 levels in children:

accelerated closure of the large fontanelle;
decreased skin turgor, pallor;
poor weight gain, fasting;
poor hair growth;
heart rhythm disturbances.

Hypervitaminosis in a woman’s body of vitamin D manifests itself:

nervousness, hysteria;
anorexia;
unstable stool;
unmotivated fever;
convulsive syndrome;
dizziness, fainting;
lack of fluid.

Consequences and danger of overdose

Hypervitaminosis of vitamin D is dangerous due to its consequences. An excess of calciferol leads to serious changes in organs:

calcium deposition in the kidneys, resulting in the formation of stones;
liver pathology – lack of bile secretion into the ducts;
endocrine disorders;
calcium deposition on the walls of blood vessels, the result is atherosclerosis;
changes in skeletal density, pathological fractures;
muscle and joint pain;
osteochondrosis, postural disorders;
opacities of the lens, cornea;
osteoporosis;
decreased urine density, polyuria.

Why is hypervitaminosis of vitamin D level dangerous for a child?

High calciferol provokes a baby to lag in physical development from peers, delays mental development, decreased memory, attention. Based on the deficiency of nutrition of the corneal vessels, inflammatory diseases iris. There is a high risk of pathological changes in the spine leading to scoliotic deformities.

Risk of overdose in pregnant women

The main danger is the threat of spontaneous abortion. Failures of the excretory system lead to a high risk of eclampsia. Excess calciferol causes harm to the fetus - delayed formation of systems, pathological formation of bones, heart, excretory system.

Consequences of overdose during breastfeeding

Breastfeeding mothers have a high risk of emotional disturbances - depression, mood swings, exhaustion. Immunity is reduced and the risk of infectious diseases is increased. Excess calcium is deposited in the mammary glands, which causes mastitis, congestion, and loss of milk.

Therapeutic measures

The decision on treatment methods is made by the doctor based on diagnosis. It is necessary to differentiate hyperparathyroidism from an overdose of vitamin D - in both cases, an excess of calcium levels in the blood is observed. If the dosage is exceeded, a deficiency of potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone is noted. Increased excretion of calcium and phosphates in urine. The Sulkowicz screening test using oxalic acid for calcium gives a positive result.

X-ray images show calcium deposition in the epiphyses - the end parts of the bones that form the joint. The diaphyses of the bones, the middle part, are porous in the photographs; normally this should not be the case. A biopsy shows calcium deposits in the internal systems.

Therapy depends on the severity of the condition. In case of acute poisoning:

gastric lavage with induction of the gag reflex;
taking laxatives, sorbents;
calling an ambulance.

Inpatient treatment includes:

infusion therapy - drip administration of an isotonic solution of sodium chloride, Ringer's solution, the goal is to thin the blood to reduce the concentration of calciferol;
administration of diuretics to remove excess fluid;
glucocorticosteroids - prednisolone, hydrocortisone, to reduce the effect on bone tissue;
ammonium chloride solution - to reduce the risk of stone formation.

For any type of overdose, antagonist drugs are prescribed:

retinol, in a dosage of six to eight thousand international units;
ascorbic acid, daily dose is 500 milligrams;
cholestyramine – has the property of binding calciferol, used twice a day at a dosage of 500 milligrams per kilogram of body weight.

It is mandatory to prescribe a diet in which the following foods are excluded:

fish, fish liver;
chicken eggs;
beef liver;
milk, sour cream, butter.

Folk remedies are aimed at eliminating irritation and insomnia. Use chamomile, valerian, dill water, tea with lemon balm. If anyone knows any interesting recipes, please share the information you have.

Prevention methods

To prevent an overdose of dietary supplements with calciferol, you should take the drug exactly in the quantities prescribed by your doctor. When treating a small child, monitor the condition so as not to miss the appearance of threatening symptoms. Do not consume foods rich in calcium and calciferol at the same time as dietary supplements. Limit the influence of solar insolation during therapy.

When using dietary supplements, it is recommended to regularly check urine tests for the Sulkovich test - the first signs of an overdose are detected in the urine. Monitoring every two weeks will help you notice the problem in time.

Excess vitamin D in the blood is what uncontrolled use of dietary supplements leads to. An overdose of calciferol is more dangerous than a deficiency. The dosage must be agreed with the treating doctors - pediatricians, therapists, gynecologists. You shouldn’t prescribe vitamins for yourself, even useful ones like calciferol.

Vitamin D (D) is a complex organic substance that is both a hormone and a “sun vitamin”. There are two main forms of it, differing in origin: “natural” vitamin D3, found in animal foods, and synthetic D2, which is usually enriched in biological supplements. Both have the same effect on the body. There are several more forms (D4, D5 and D6), which have relatively low biological activity, are respectively the precursor of D3 and are used in medicine, respectively, as an antitumor substance (D5). D1 does not occur in nature, but was synthesized in the laboratory. In everyday life medical practice For convenience, the term “vitamin D” includes all active forms of the substance.

Functions of vitamin D

The dual effect of vitamin D is due to its unique properties. One of the most important elements ensures the normal development of bone tissue and at the same time acts as a hormone, regulating carbohydrate metabolism and controlling the natural production of insulin by the pancreas.

The element has a positive effect on various systems and organs of the human body. The main benefit and main function of the biologically active substance is the regulation of the absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. By promoting the absorption of calcium and magnesium into bone tissue, vitamin D ensures the formation of teeth and bones. In addition, the substance regulates the content of phosphorus and calcium in the blood and promotes the absorption of the latter in the intestines and kidneys.

The hormonal action is to coordinate the production of insulin and regulate blood glucose levels. The benefit of the vitamin lies in the fact that it is directly involved in the process of growth and normal development of cells.

The benefit for the immune system is that the optimal amount of the substance has a positive effect on the area of the brain responsible for the production of immune cells, therefore increasing the level of resistance to viruses and infections.

For nervous system By maintaining adequate levels of calcium in the blood, the benefit is to ensure normal contraction and function of nerves and muscles.

Overdose

In front of everyone positive qualities substances, its excess in the body can lead to quite negative consequences and cause harm. In the long term, these consequences include:

chronic decrease in bone density, negative changes in bone tissue;
resorption of the connective membrane of the bone marrow;
blockage of blood vessels, which threatens the development of atherosclerosis;
in internal organs;
increased volume of urine excreted;
joint pain without any objective reasons;
children may develop scoliosis, kyphosis, asthenia and other skeletal development disorders;
In both children and adults, bone fractures may become more frequent, even due to minor injuries, which, as a rule, do not have such serious consequences.

In general, an overdose of vitamin D is quite rare, because the substance is fat-soluble and can be stored “in reserve” without harm. An excess of vitamin D can be diagnosed in infants whose bodies have not yet developed a mechanism that allows them to independently cope with excesses of certain substances.

Daily vitamin requirements

The daily requirement of a biologically active substance for adult men, women and adolescents over 15 years of age is 5 mcg, and symptoms of overdose are observed when 15 mcg of the element enters the body daily. The dose is largely determined by age, lifestyle and health status. So, for example, for pregnant and lactating women and children up to one year old, as well as elderly people (over 60 years old), the daily norm is 10 mcg.

The permissible dose is increased for those categories of the population (other than pregnant women and nursing mothers) who:

permanently reside in the Far North or environmentally unsafe regions;
work mainly at night;
suffer from diseases of the kidneys, intestines, gall bladder and liver;
undergo long-term treatment in a hospital and are not on the street.

Symptoms of excess

In adults, excess occurs in rare cases. As a rule, this occurs with excessive consumption of products containing biologically active substance, or their pharmaceutical substitutes ( vitamin complexes). Among such foods we can list fish oil and fatty fish in general, offal (liver marine species) and caviar, fatty meats and meat by-products.

The main symptoms of an overdose of vitamin D (hypervitaminosis D) are thirst along with copious discharge urine, insufficient weight gain or rapid and excessive weight loss (anorexia), sleep disturbances, irritability, muscle and joint pain. Serious vitamin D poisoning is also characterized by a chronic increase blood pressure, incessant vomiting, dehydration, noticeable pallor of the skin and mucous membranes.

Symptoms that provide laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis may include decreased magnesium in the blood and increased calcium and cholesterol levels.

Causes and features of overdose in infants

An excess of vitamin D in infants is observed, as a rule, in situations where parents deliberately increase the daily dose supplied in capsules or liquid supplements with the vitamin. Mothers often do not even suspect that they can cause serious harm to their child. The main cause of hypervitaminosis of vitamin D (D) in infants is precisely the neglect of the instructions given by the attending physician.

Signs of overdose in children are complemented by sleep disturbances that parents cannot fail to notice, constant thirst, frequent regurgitation and vomiting, slower hair growth and problems with gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms are complemented by general nervousness, the child becomes capricious.

Treatment of excess substance in the body

Symptoms of vitamin D overdose in children and adults should be treated immediately. Treatment for excess vitamin D in mild cases includes taking small doses of petroleum jelly orally, which will reduce the absorption of the toxic substance.

Serious poisoning from an overdose of vitamin D requires complex treatment. The patient is prescribed a certain range of vitamins and medications. If treatment is carried out in a timely manner, the signs of overdose disappear relatively quickly and do not cause harm to health.

Prevention of vitamin D overdose

Overdose is easier to prevent than to treat. Prevention primarily includes full compliance with the doctor’s recommendations for taking medicines and vitamins. It is also not recommended to stay in the sun for a long time (but we must not forget about the necessary minimum of solar radiation for optimal production of vitamin D); you should try to limit the influence of poor ecology and night shift work.

Vitamin D overdose has Negative consequences for good health. But still, this component must be taken regularly. Vitamin D is responsible for regulating calcium metabolism, improves the circulatory system, and slows down the development of cancer. This substance is formed in the body due to solar radiation and is found in fatty fish and eggs. Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating calcium metabolism in the body. This means that it is involved in the formation and mineralization of the skeletal system.

But excessive content of the component in the body is also harmful. The effect of excess is kidney stones, inflammation of the gallbladder and constipation, nausea and lack of appetite. How to choose the right dosage and recognize the signs of vitamin D overdose in adults and children in time? This article will tell you about this.

Normal dosage

Human bones have the correct density because vitamin D is responsible for the absorption of the proper amount of calcium in the intestines and for reducing the excretion of this mineral in the urine. As a result, calcium is retained in the body and incorporated into bone tissue. It is essential to provide vitamin D to children because of its regulatory function in controlling the calcium-phosphorus junction. great importance for the formation of bones and healthy and strong teeth. Vitamin D is also responsible for a well-functioning circulatory system. When combined with calcium, it effectively protects against heart attack, stroke and coronary disease.

Scientific studies have proven that vitamin D has a significant effect on the prevention of cancer (mainly breast, prostate and colon). It also turns out that proper levels of vitamin D in the body can not only inhibit the formation and development of cancer cells, but also support apoptosis or accelerate their death.

Sources of vitamin D – sun rays, eggs, fatty fish, supplements

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble substance and is stored in the liver. It can be obtained in two ways:

A tan. Most in an important way The source of this substance is sunlight - synthesis through the skin can cover 90% of daily intake. However, this method strictly depends on the individual characteristics of the human body and the country in which you live. In Russia there is a problem with getting the right vitamin supplementation.
Food. The second source also does not give a complete guarantee, because this substance is found only in certain breeds of fatty fish, such as eel, herring, cod, salmon, mackerel. Small amounts of vitamin D can also be found in egg yolks, milk, and Swiss cheese, but to maintain optimal levels of vitamin D, you must consume large quantities of these foods daily.
Supplements Considering the impossibility of replenishing the element's reserves naturally, people use preparations containing vit. D, which can be bought at any pharmacy. These medications can cause vitamin D poisoning.

Overdose symptoms

Symptoms of vitamin D overdose are associated with hypercalcemia, increased level serum calcium. In case of an overdose, the following symptoms appear:

lack of appetite,
nausea and vomiting,
constipation,
diarrhea,
increased thirst,
excessive sweating,
headache,
polyuria,
enlarged liver and spleen,
decreased muscle tone and skin rashes,
hyperactivity,
convulsions,
coma is dangerous.

Dangers of Vitamin D Overdose

An overdose of vitamin D occurs when it exceeds the permissible limit. daily norm or as a result of uncontrolled use over a long period. Its fat-soluble form tends not to be excreted in the urine, but accumulates in the body. The main danger of an overdose of vitamin D is the deposition of calcium in tissues.

Hypercalcemia causes disturbances in the functioning of various organs:

Heart and blood vessels. Excessive intake of vitamin D can provoke early atherosclerosis, toxic damage to the myocardium, increased thrombus formation and cause cardiac arrest.
Kidney. Insoluble calcium salts are deposited. Therefore, the risk of the appearance (increase in size) of kidney stones increases, bladder, urodynamics are disrupted. When the ureters are blocked, there is a risk of sepsis, which in most cases is fatal.
Mammary glands in women. Increased calcification of soft tissues is dangerous as it disrupts their structure. Seals may appear in them. Nursing mothers experience milk stagnation, which is often complicated by mastitis.
Nervous system. Manifested by drowsiness, irritability, headache, and increased fatigue.
Liver. Salt deposition is the cause of toxic hepatitis.

Excess vitamin D often causes a hypercalcemic crisis. This dangerous condition is accompanied by severe vomiting, incessant nausea, and severe pain in the muscles, bones, and abdomen. Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract and damage to the pancreas may occur. Serious consequences include a persistent increase in blood pressure. An overdose in pregnant women is a risk of miscarriage.

What is the danger of hypervitaminosis in children?

Vitamin D intoxication in adults and children has both common features and differences. Vit poisoning D in some cases is a consequence of parental carelessness when dosing the vitamin or the child’s uncontrolled access to the place where medications are stored. An overdose of vitamin D3, prescribed for the prevention and treatment of rickets, causes in children:

digestive disorders, loss of appetite;
physical inactivity;
abnormal skeletal development, excessive bone growth;
dehydration and weight loss;
early closure of the fontanel;
blindness (due to calcium deposits in the cornea of the eye);
clinical-tonic convulsions, muscle rigidity;
susceptibility to colds and other inflammatory diseases.

Acute overdose develops in children under one year of age who have taken the drug in high doses for at least 2 to 3 weeks. The development of chronic intoxication occurs within about six months when vitamin D3 is consumed in doses slightly exceeding the daily requirement.

Important: There is a possibility of individual intolerance to vitamin D in infants and preschool children.

Video advice from the Union of Pediatricians of Russia will help parents become familiar with the consequences of insufficient or excessive intake of vitamin D:

Measures to take in case of vitamin D overdose

In case of vitamin D poisoning, you should immediately seek medical help, especially in cases where the victims are pregnant women, children, and the elderly. Treatment of the consequences of an overdose is carried out on an outpatient basis or in a hospital setting, depending on the presence of signs of the severity of the victim’s condition.

Have you noticed an overdose of vitamin D, symptoms in adults or children? First aid for acute poisoning will be:

gastric lavage with clean water or a light pink solution of potassium permanganate in an amount of at least 1 liter (for an adult) in order to induce vomiting;
taking a laxative (magnesium sulfate);
intake of adsorbent ( activated carbon, polysorb, enterosgel) in accordance with the instructions.

A specific antidote is not used. If intoxication occurs against the background long-term use Vit.D requires immediate discontinuation of the drug.

In a medical institution, a complex is performed therapeutic measures aimed at reducing the consequences of intoxication. These include:

administration of sodium bicarbonate (4% solution), glucose (5%), isotonic sodium chloride solution (0.9%);
taking medications that enhance diuresis;
taking pantonthenic acid, vit. A, C, B, which help eliminate the consequences of an overdose of vitamin D3;
administration of glucocorticosteroids that normalize intracellular processes;
restriction in the diet of foods with increased content vitamin D and calcium.

An overdose of vitamin D may be accompanied by a secondary bacterial infection. To treat it, antibiotic therapy is carried out with antibiotics from the penicillin and cephalosporin groups. If patients have concomitant diseases, they are prescribed medicines for the treatment of renal, cardiac pathologies, neurological symptoms. These include adrenergic blockers , nalidixic acid, metabolites, neuroprotectors, cardiac glycosides, etc. In severe cases, oxygen therapy is prescribed. In cases of severe arrhythmia, inhibition of perception of the surrounding environment, and convulsions, preparations of phosphate salts (IN-phos, etc.) are prescribed.

If symptoms of vitamin D overdose are obvious in children under 1 year of age, they are treated in a hospital. This helps to cope with the severe consequences of intoxication, which can cause concern for parents both several days and months after poisoning. During the examination, most often pathologies of the kidneys and cardiovascular system are diagnosed, requiring complex treatment. After its completion, the baby should be observed by specialists for another three years in order to prevent relapses of the disease.

According to most experienced specialists, taking vitamin complexes containing vit. D, recommended only for obvious signs of rickets in children. It is allowed to take a biologically active substance as prescribed by a pediatrician in winter if there is a deficiency of this component in food products.

Vitamin D is a unified name the whole group fat-soluble biologically active substances formed under the influence of ultraviolet radiation in animal and plant tissues. Some vitamins of this group are synthesized in the cells of the human body, some come exclusively from the outside.

Source: depositphotos.com

Vitamins of group D include:

vitamin D 2 - ergocalciferol;
vitamin D 3 - cholecalciferol;
vitamin D 4 - dihydroergocalciferol;
vitamin D 5 - sitocalciferol;
vitamin D 6 - stigma-calciferol.

Currently, the term “Vitamin D” refers to two forms - D 2 and D 3, colorless, odorless crystals, resistant to exposure high temperatures. The activity of vitamin D preparations is expressed in international units (IU): 1 IU contains 0.000025 mg (0.025 mcg) of chemically pure vitamin D.

Food sources of the vitamin are some types of algae, fatty fish, and fish oil. Less - butter, cheese and other fatty dairy products, egg yolk, caviar, forest (not grown in artificial conditions) mushrooms, yeast.

Vitamin D is a unique biologically active substance that combines the functions of a vitamin and a hormone, in which it affects intestinal cells, stimulating the production of carrier protein necessary for calcium transport, as well as the kidneys and muscles, where it enhances the reabsorption of Ca 2+. The main task of vitamin D is to ensure the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the small intestine into the systemic bloodstream. The absorption of these trace elements in the intestine (maximum in the duodenum) is carried out due to active transport against an electrochemical gradient; this transition through cell membranes becomes possible only with the help of calcium-binding protein, dependent on vitamin D.

Other functions of vitamin D:

stimulates cell proliferation and development (often used externally in dermatology to reduce skin manifestations of diseases);
participates in the synthesis of monocytes;
prevents the growth of cancer cells, which makes it effective in the prevention and treatment of certain types of tumors, including malignant blood diseases;
affects the level of insulin, thereby affecting the level of glucose in the blood;
ensures adequate neuromuscular interaction.

The therapeutic dose of the vitamin is 100–4000 IU, depending on the age and functional state of the body. Exceeding this threshold provokes symptoms of overdose, so-called D-vitamin intoxication.

Some researchers indicate a much larger dose of the vitamin as toxic - about 1 million IU per day.

Signs of overdose

An overdose of vitamin D can be both acute and chronic.

Acute overdose usually develops in children in the first six months of life when taking unreasonably high doses of vitamin D preparations for 2–3 weeks, or in persons with individual hypersensitivity to the substance. Acute vitamin intoxication is characterized by violent symptoms, with signs of dehydration coming to the fore:

a sharp decrease in appetite up to its complete absence;
drowsiness, lethargy;
excruciating thirst;
dry skin and mucous membranes;
increased blood pressure;
decreased heart rate;
nausea, frequent vomiting;
increased urination;
unstable stool: diarrhea alternating with constipation;
possible appearance of clonic-tonic convulsions, muscle rigidity;
short-term loss of consciousness.

Source: depositphotos.com

Chronic intoxication develops long time(6 months or more) with regular intake of vitamin doses slightly exceeding the therapeutic dose. Its symptoms:

irritability;
increased fatigue;
sleep disorders;
muscle and bone pain, cramps, muscle twitching;
weight loss;
dyspeptic disorders (decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, stool disorders);
enlarged liver and spleen;
dull aching pain in the lumbar region, increased urination, swelling (mainly on the face) - signs of kidney damage;
decreased immunity, manifested by susceptibility to colds and other infectious and inflammatory diseases.

As a result of chronic overdose, there is a toxic effect of vitamin D on cell membranes, metabolic disorders with an increase in the content of Ca 2+ ions in the blood and urine, acidification of the internal environments of the body, and the deposition of calcium salts in organs and tissues.

First aid for overdose

When taking an ultra-high dose of vitamin D at once, you must:

Rinse the stomach (drink 1-1.5 liters of water or a weak solution of potassium permanganate and induce a gag reflex).
Take a saline laxative (Magnesium sulfate).
Take an adsorbent (Enterosgel, Polysorb, Polyphepan according to the scheme or Activated Carbon at the rate of 1 tablet per 10 kg of body weight).

If symptoms of intoxication develop during systematic use, you must immediately stop the drug and consult a doctor.

Antidote

There are no specific antidotes for vitamin D.

According to some data, it is advisable to take antioxidant drugs, for example, vitamin E (tocopherol), which prevent the damaging effects of vitamin D.

When is medical attention required?

Medical attention is needed if:

a child, pregnant woman or elderly person was injured;
uncontrollable vomiting or diarrhea;
neurological symptoms (convulsions, intense headache);
symptoms of dehydration (severe thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, decreased amount of urine excreted, changes in its concentration, decreased blood pressure, tachycardia);
there are traces of blood in the vomit or stool;
the victim has limited contact or is unconscious.

The victim, depending on the severity of the condition, receives outpatient treatment or is hospitalized in a specialized department of the hospital, where further pharmacotherapy of D-vitamin intoxication is carried out:

therapeutic diet with restriction of foods containing calcium and vitamin D;
parenteral administration of an isotonic solution of 0.9% sodium chloride and 5% glucose to restore lost fluid and reduce symptoms of intoxication;
administration of 4% sodium bicarbonate solution to eliminate acidosis;
forced diuresis;
oxygen therapy;
vitamins A and B, ascorbic and pantothenic acid for leveling side effects vitamin D;
antibiotic therapy (penicillins, cephalosporins) to prevent the addition of a secondary bacterial infection;
glucocorticosteroids (Prednisolone) for a short course to normalize intracellular processes;
therapy for associated complications (cardiac glycosides, adrenergic blockers, metabolites are used to correct cardiovascular disorders; nitrofuran drugs and nalidixic acid derivatives for the treatment of renal pathology; neuroprotectors for neurological symptoms, etc.).

Possible consequences

An overdose of vitamin D can cause the following complications:

renal failure;
addition of a secondary infection;
deposition of calcium crystals in the kidneys with subsequent development of renal failure;
toxic hepatitis;
toxic damage to the myocardium;
vascular calcification, early atherosclerosis;
damage to the thyroid and parathyroid glands.

Video from YouTube on the topic of the article: