Execution Place on Red Square: photo, history. The meaning of “place of execution” On what square is the monument “place of execution”

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An unusual object on Red Square - Lobnoye Mesto - is considered very unusual in terms of its previous purpose and execution in terms of architecture. This unique structure attracts a large flow of visitors who walk around the monument for a long time, take pictures, and simply contemplate, trying to grasp the immensity.

Execution Place was built on Moscow Square many centuries ago, around the 16th century.

Until the significant days of the October Revolution, the pedestal was used to promulgate the tsar’s decrees, and much later religious processions were held here and church holidays were celebrated. The pedestal itself is made in the style of Russian architecture of the Middle Ages, and was first mentioned in the chronicles of the 12th century, which suggests that its appearance perhaps dates back to around this time.

Researchers of our time suggest that the proposal to lay the Execution Place belonged to the Metropolitan of All Rus' and Muscovy Macarius, who lived in the 16th century.

Due to the fact that at that historical period the Church of the Intercession was also called Jerusalem, there was an idea to install a pedestal for public performances, for complete similarity with the Holy Land.
No one can accurately name the specific date of the appearance of the Execution Ground; it is only known that Ivan the Terrible in his youth used this platform for his speech before the Zemsky Assembly, which is recorded in the scriptures.

Later, Lobnoye Place became widely used for church processions in Orthodox holidays. At the same time, numerous guests of Moscow and ambassadors from other countries were obliged to observe these processions, which were considered one of the main rituals in the capital, and certainly recorded this in the records. It is characteristic that after the completion of the processions, the king always presented foreign ambassadors and guests with dishes from his table, in the form of the greatest mercy and favor.

There is a fact that once, forcibly, prisoners of the Polish army became eyewitnesses of the festive procession, but in this case the king did not treat them from his table, he only inquired about their condition.

Location of Lobnoye Mesto

The ancient tribune - Lobnoe Mesto, was erected right in front of the Spasskaya Tower, next to the Church of the Intercession, and is made of a round pedestal made of stones, its diameter is 13 meters, 1 meter high, and has a fence, also made of stone blocks.

The first building of the Execution Place was brick, and at the end of the 16th century, by order of Tsar Boris Godunov, it was rebuilt, built from stone materials, and a lattice fence was installed. Not far from the pedestal in that historical period there was the Tsar Cannon, mounted on a plank platform. This historical fact is described in many records of foreign visitors, and is depicted in illustrations to the notes of traveling Europeans of the 17th century.

In the 18th century, the complex was restored, and the appearance of Execution Place has not changed since then.

Events in history

Troubles

During the Time of Troubles, Lobnoye Mesto changed its purpose. After the death of Tsar Theodore the Blessed, all kinds of parties began to gather crowds of townspeople at Lobnoye Place, using political levers to direct the people in the direction they wanted.

Thus, the first to use the stone tribune was False Dmitry the First, famous from history; his call to the masses was read out by his heralds - governor Gabriel Pushkin and Tsar Vasily Shuisky’s close associate, Naum Pleshcheev. The appeal contained accusations against Boris Godunov of attempted murder of the descendant of Ivan the Terrible, Dimitri, and of the successor to the throne, Fyodor Borisovich Godunov, as a traitor. The circulation also contained generous promises to all classes of the urban population, including the distribution of land titles, and guarantees of life without war.

After the announcement of the letter, wild rejoicing reigned in the square, the roar and screams of the crowd could be heard - trouble had been sown. Immediately, in a fit of emotion, crowds of people rushed to the royal chambers, the king with his family and all his associates were arrested. A few hours later, chaos reigned in the capital - looting of all the mansions of close people of the overthrown king took place. This event took place on June 1, 1605.

New contender for the throne Russian state- False Dmitry the First arrived at the walls of Moscow on June 20, 1606, where he was met by his minions from among the important persons of the city. The procession was greeted by an enthusiastic crowd on Red Square, where the self-proclaimed Tsar ordered first prayers, and then, to the sound of trumpets and tambourines, headed to the Kremlin Palace. The boyar and guardsman Bogdan Belsky, accompanied by the nobility, came out to the people and proclaimed the “tsar” to be miraculously saved, for which he immediately thanked the Lord.

It didn't pass more than a year, as it became clear to the people that he had been cruelly deceived, and crowds of angry Muscovites killed the false tsar, and began to persecute and destroy all his henchmen. Within 24 hours, all the comrades of the false tsar, mostly consisting of aristocrats of Poland and Lithuania, were killed, and on May 28, 1607, their bodies were taken and piled on the Execution Ground. From the records of one Pole who survived those days, the remains of those killed lay on Lobnoye Mesto for 3 days.

The next liar did not have to wait long - very soon Vasily Shuisky proclaimed himself king. To ascend the throne, he used all the techniques that False Dmitry also manipulated - the people were called to the Place of Execution, to whom excerpts from False Dmitry’s archive were read. It contained correspondence between the first false tsar and a courtier from Poland, Yuri Mnishek, about the seizure of the Russian throne and cooperation with the Polish-Lithuanian invaders.

Within 2 years there was another attempt to overthrow the tsar and enthrone the next false tsar - False Dmitry II. The organizer of the rebellion was Roman Gagarin, a henchman of False Dmitry II - he and like-minded people tried to win the Patriarch of Moscow Hermogenes over to their side, but he refused. But the attempt to storm the Kremlin turned out to be a failure - the boyar class did not join the rebels, and their own forces were not enough. With nothing, the rebels returned to the location of False Dmitry II - Tushino.

Another attempt to overthrow Shuisky from the throne was made in July 1610, but it also turned out to be a failure.

Execution Place marked another significant event that went down in history - in November 1612, Moscow was liberated from long sieges by the Polish army, and 2 church processions glorifying this event ended at Execution Place.

Finally, in February 1613, it was at Lobnoye Mesto that, on the initiative of the Zemsky Assembly, the real ruler was proclaimed, with the consent of the entire city assembly, Mikhail Romanov, and a few days later, here the Cossacks swore allegiance to the elected monarch.

Revolt of the Moscow Streltsy

The uprising of the Moscow Streltsy, better known from history as the “Streltsy Revolt,” took place in the Kremlin building, but the rebels carried the executed nobles of the Naryshkin court to Execution Place. Later, having confessed to the execution of the innocent, the instigators erected a memorial obelisk to the dead, with a list of their names and a statement of theirs crimes, but Princess Sophia ordered the monument to be demolished so as not to be reminded of those events.

During the reign of Peter I

During the reign of Peter I, Lobnoye Mesto was often used for public executions of conspirators and rebels. For these purposes, a scaffold and a pillar were installed near the podium, on which the guilty verdicts were posted.

Times of Imperial Russia

During the period of history called "imperial", main city power was moved to St. Petersburg, which affected the loss of Moscow and Red Square of its national importance. Accordingly, Lobnoe Mesto was never used as a territory for public punishment.

The grandstand and the area nearby were restored, surrounded by cast iron gates. From that time on, only church prayers and religious processions took place here.

After the October Revolution, Moscow again became the capital of the state. Red Square was a place for parades and festive demonstrations; on these days, monuments were erected on the Execution Ground, and welcoming speeches and slogans were made from the podium itself.

Of course, such an iconic place in history was not without incidents - in 1942, there was an attempt to shoot at Anastas Mikoyan’s car.

In the 60s of the last century, a peaceful demonstration of protest against the entry of our troops into the Czechoslovak Republic was held here. All participants were arrested.

2013 was also marked by a peaceful demonstration, which was also stopped by police.

For the celebration of Victory Day in 1945, everything here was decorated with flower arrangements and a fountain complex was built. And since that day, every year on Victory Day, everything here is decorated in the spirit of festive events.

Now Lobnoye Mesto is considered a very attractive building for everyone arriving in Moscow, due to its extraordinary design, and everything that happened throughout history in which it took part.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

forehead place- a monument of ancient Russian architecture, located in Moscow, on Red Square. It is a hill surrounded by a stone fence. In addition to Moscow, there is a “frontal place” in the Kremlin in Astrakhan.

origin of name

There is also a widespread misconception that Lobnoye Mesto was a place of public execution in the 14th -19th centuries. However, executions at the Execution Place itself were carried out very rarely, because it was revered as holy. It was a place for the announcement of royal decrees and other solemn public events. Contrary to legends, Execution Place was not an ordinary place of execution (executions were usually carried out in the Swamp). On July 11, 1682, the head of the schismatic Nikita Pustosvyat was cut off there; by decree of February 5, 1685, executions were ordered to continue to be carried out at Lobnoye Mesto, but it became a witness to executions only in 1698 during the suppression of the Streltsy revolt. For executions, a special wooden scaffold was erected next to the stone platform. However, in figurative meaning the phrase “place of execution” (with a small letter, since it does not mean a proper name) is still sometimes used as a synonym for the place of execution, without geographical reference to any city.

Story

Tradition connects the construction of Lobnoye Mesto with the deliverance of Moscow from the Tatar invasion in 1521. It was first mentioned in the chronicle in 1549, when twenty-year-old Tsar Ivan the Terrible made a speech to the people from the Execution Ground, calling for reconciliation of the warring boyars.

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Notes

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Libson V. Ya., Domshlak M. I., Arenkova Yu. I. et al. Kremlin. China town. Central squares // Architectural monuments of Moscow. - M.: Art, 1983. - P. 403. - 504 p. - 25,000 copies.

Coordinates: 55°45′12″ n. w. 37°37′21″ E. d. /  55.75333° N. w. 37.62250° E. d. / 55.75333; 37.62250(G) (I)

An excerpt characterizing the Execution Place

- Sonya? are you sleeping? Mother? – she whispered. No one answered. Natasha slowly and carefully stood up, crossed herself and stepped carefully with her narrow and flexible bare foot onto the dirty, cold floor. The floorboard creaked. She, quickly moving her feet, ran a few steps like a kitten and grabbed the cold door bracket.
It seemed to her that something heavy, striking evenly, was knocking on all the walls of the hut: it was her heart, frozen with fear, with horror and love, beating, bursting.
She opened the door, crossed the threshold and stepped onto the damp, cold ground of the hallway. The gripping cold refreshed her. She felt the sleeping man with her bare foot, stepped over him and opened the door to the hut where Prince Andrei lay. It was dark in this hut. In the back corner of the bed, on which something was lying, there was a tallow candle on a bench that had burned out like a large mushroom.
Natasha, in the morning, when they told her about the wound and the presence of Prince Andrei, decided that she should see him. She did not know what it was for, but she knew that the meeting would be painful, and she was even more convinced that it was necessary.
All day she lived only in the hope that at night she would see him. But now, when this moment came, the horror of what she would see came over her. How was he mutilated? What was left of him? Was he like that incessant groan of the adjutant? Yes, he was like that. He was in her imagination the personification of this terrible groan. When she saw an obscure mass in the corner and mistook his raised knees under the blanket for his shoulders, she imagined some kind of terrible body and stopped in horror. But an irresistible force pulled her forward. She carefully took one step, then another, and found herself in the middle of a small, cluttered hut. In the hut, under the icons, another person was lying on the benches (it was Timokhin), and two more people were lying on the floor (these were the doctor and the valet).
The valet stood up and whispered something. Timokhin, suffering from pain in his wounded leg, did not sleep and looked with all his eyes at the strange appearance of a girl in a poor shirt, jacket and eternal cap. The sleepy and frightened words of the valet; “What do you need, why?” - they only forced Natasha to quickly approach what was lying in the corner. No matter how scary or unlike a human this body was, she had to see it. She passed the valet: the burnt mushroom of the candle fell off, and she clearly saw Prince Andrei lying with his arms outstretched on the blanket, just as she had always seen him.
He was the same as always; but the inflamed color of his face, his sparkling eyes, fixed enthusiastically on her, and especially the tender child’s neck protruding from the folded collar of his shirt, gave him a special, innocent, childish appearance, which, however, she had never seen in Prince Andrei. She walked up to him and with a quick, flexible, youthful movement knelt down.
He smiled and extended his hand to her.

For Prince Andrei, seven days have passed since he woke up at the dressing station of the Borodino field. All this time he was in almost constant unconsciousness. The fever and inflammation of the intestines, which were damaged, in the opinion of the doctor traveling with the wounded man, should have carried him away. But on the seventh day he happily ate a slice of bread with tea, and the doctor noticed that the general fever had decreased. Prince Andrei regained consciousness in the morning. The first night after leaving Moscow it was quite warm, and Prince Andrei was left to spend the night in a carriage; but in Mytishchi the wounded man himself demanded to be carried out and to be given tea. The pain caused to him by being carried into the hut made Prince Andrei moan loudly and lose consciousness again. When they laid him on the camp bed, he lay for a long time with eyes closed motionless. Then he opened them and quietly whispered: “What should I have for tea?” This memory for the small details of life amazed the doctor. He felt the pulse and, to his surprise and displeasure, noticed that the pulse was better. To his displeasure, the doctor noticed this because, from his experience, he was convinced that Prince Andrei could not live and that if he did not die now, he would only die with great suffering some time later. With Prince Andrei they were carrying the major of his regiment, Timokhin, who had joined them in Moscow with a red nose and was wounded in the leg in the same Battle of Borodino. With them rode a doctor, the prince's valet, his coachman and two orderlies.
Prince Andrey was given tea. He drank greedily, looking ahead at the door with feverish eyes, as if trying to understand and remember something.
- I don’t want anymore. Is Timokhin here? - he asked. Timokhin crawled towards him along the bench.
- I'm here, your Excellency.
- How's the wound?
- Mine then? Nothing. Is that you? “Prince Andrei began to think again, as if remembering something.
-Can I get a book? - he said.
- Which book?
- Gospel! I have no.
The doctor promised to get it and began asking the prince about how he felt. Prince Andrei reluctantly, but wisely answered all the doctor’s questions and then said that he needed to put a cushion on him, otherwise it would be awkward and very painful. The doctor and the valet lifted the greatcoat with which he was covered and, wincing at the heavy smell of rotten meat spreading from the wound, began to examine this terrible place. The doctor was very dissatisfied with something, changed something differently, turned the wounded man over so that he groaned again and, from the pain while turning, again lost consciousness and began to rave. He kept talking about getting this book for him as soon as possible and putting it there.
- And what does it cost you! - he said. “I don’t have it, please take it out and put it in for a minute,” he said in a pitiful voice.
The doctor went out into the hallway to wash his hands.
“Ah, shameless, really,” the doctor said to the valet, who was pouring water onto his hands. “I just didn’t watch it for a minute.” After all, you put it directly on the wound. It’s such a pain that I’m surprised how he endures it.
“It seems like we planted it, Lord Jesus Christ,” said the valet.
For the first time, Prince Andrei understood where he was and what had happened to him, and remembered that he had been wounded and how at that moment when the carriage stopped in Mytishchi, he asked to go to the hut. Confused again from pain, he came to his senses another time in the hut, when he was drinking tea, and then again, repeating in his memory everything that had happened to him, he most vividly imagined that moment at the dressing station when, at the sight of the suffering of a person he did not love, , these new thoughts came to him, promising him happiness. And these thoughts, although unclear and indefinite, now again took possession of his soul. He remembered that he now had new happiness and that this happiness had something in common with the Gospel. That's why he asked for the Gospel. But the bad situation that his wound had given him, the new upheaval, again confused his thoughts, and for the third time he woke up to life in the complete silence of the night. Everyone was sleeping around him. A cricket screamed through the entryway, someone was shouting and singing on the street, cockroaches rustled on the table and icons, in the autumn a thick fly beat on his headboard and near the tallow candle, which had burned like a large mushroom and stood next to him.

Moscow is the capital of our Motherland. Many people have been to this city. Some people love him, some hate him. But one cannot help but admit that Moscow is architecturally beautiful and historically rich, especially its center. Agree, among Russian cities only St. Petersburg can compete in the number of significant memorial sites, buildings, museums, and the like. Where does a tourist first go when he arrives in Moscow? Think correctly. There are riches on Red Square: Lobnoye Mesto, the famous monument to Minin and Pozharsky, the tomb of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, also known as the mausoleum. The neighbors of Red Square are GUM, the Historical Museum and the Kazan Cathedral, St. Basil's Cathedral.

Execution Place is not "Dom-2"

It's not something where people just sit. In fact, it is very sad that the modern generation, when they hear the phrase “frontal place,” first thinks about not the most intellectual program on Russian television. But we will hope for the best in the future. In the meantime, only a very small part remembers what it is historical place on the Red Square. The history of Lobnoye Mesto includes many different events, which we will talk about later. Now let's forget about the 21st century generation. So, returning to an educated society, let us recall that Lobnoye Mesto is an architectural monument Ancient Rus', which is a raised platform surrounded by a stone fence.

Where the name comes from: version one

The etymology and history of Lobnoye Mesto causes a lot of controversy among historians and linguists. Disagreements and conflicts continue to this day. One of the existing versions of where the name came from is that the “frontal place” appeared due to the fact that it was here that foreheads were chopped/folded. But this is a wrong theory.

Many believe that this is where public executions took place in the 14th century. -XIX centuries. As history says, Lobnoye Place on Red Square was intended to publicize the decrees of the tsars and a variety of solemn public events. Executions, as a rule, took place on Bolotnaya Square. In 1682, for the first time a person was deprived of life at Lobnoye Mesto. It was the schismatic Nikita Pustosvyat. In 1685, a decree was issued that ordered executions to be carried out at Lobnoye Mesto from now on. But a new reprisal against people disliked by the authorities took place here only in 1698, this happened during the suppression of the Streltsy revolt.

Where does the name come from: version two

There are sources that claim that the phrase “place of forehead” is translated as Kranievo place (from Greek) or Golgotha ​​(from Hebrew). Another option associates the name only with the location. The point is located at the very beginning, which in the Middle Ages was called the forehead. This is where the name of the place supposedly came from.

The beginning of the story

Urban Moscow legends say that Lobnoye Mesto appeared in the year of the expulsion of the Tatars from Moscow; the events took place in 1521. On the pages of chronicles it was first mentioned in 1549, when Ivan the Terrible gave a speech to the people calling for peace among the warring boyars. At that time he was only 20 years old. According to the Moscow drawing from the time of Godunov, it is clear that Lobnoye Mesto was a brick platform, which was rebuilt in stone in 1597-1598. In addition, from historical information It is also clear that the platform had a wooden lattice and a tent or canopy attached to poles.

Renovation of Lobnoye Mesto in the 18th century

The beginning of the century was marked by plans for a major remodel. The first restoration of Lobnoye Mesto in 1753 was carried out by Dmitry Vladimirovich Ukhtomsky, who was the main Moscow architect during the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. In 1768 it was moved east of its original location. To the elevated circular platform a stone railing and entrance (iron grille and door) are added around the circumference. The path to the upper platform consisted of eleven steps.

Historical meaning

The Execution Place had the greatest significance in history during the reign of Peter I. From ancient times until the October Revolution, solemn church processions with a large cross, icons and banners around the temple or from one temple to another made a stop next to it, from where the bishop overshadowed the common people a sign. Since 1550, this place takes on a different meaning and becomes royal. It is called the royal tribunal or department. Before the beginning of the reign of Peter I, important state decrees were announced to the people at Lobnoye Mesto. Sometimes ceremonial events took place. According to the Polish ambassadors, in 1671, the reigning tsar appeared to the people at Lobnoye Place once a year. If his heir had already reached 16 years of age by that time, then he revealed him to people. A variety of issues were covered at Lobnoye Mesto: the election of a new patriarch, the beginning or end of a war, and the like.

History of the 20th century

With Vladimir Ilyich Lenin coming to power, he develops a plan for monumental propaganda. In accordance with it, in 1919, a monument “Stepan Razin with the gang”, wooden and painted to resemble a folk toy, was erected on Execution Place. But weather conditions played a role, so the ensemble was moved to the indoor museum. In 1928, a new sculpture was installed on Execution Ground - “International Solidarity”, which was part of the complex design of Red Square for the holiday of November 7. Until 1940, the sculpture was installed in different variations every year for the holiday. IN

In 1945, for the June Victory Parade, a grandiose fountain was built at Lobnoye Mesto, on top of which there was a statue with greenery and fresh flowers. It looked impressive. Photos of Lobnoye Mesto from that time show all the architectural richness of the Soviet period.

What now? Today, Lobnoye Mesto is one of the constituent parts of the architectural ensemble of Red Square and is under state protection. Until recently, tourists followed an interesting and widespread tradition in many countries - throwing a coin inside the structure in order to return to this place again. However, now they throw them near the sign “Kilometer Zero of Russia.” You can get to the part of the city where Lobnoye Mesto is located by metro; the nearest stations to it are “Revolution Square”, “Teatralnaya”, “Okhotny Ryad”. All you need to do is use the map and plan your route wisely.

Why is it considered that when visiting Red Square you must see the Execution Ground? Story. That's the answer, simple and straightforward. Just think about it, these stones store more than four centuries of history, remember many different events: from brutal executions before ceremonial national events. If you ever stand near the Place of Execution, think about the fact that four hundred years ago people also stood here and listened to the king or his envoys, who announced such news that could radically change the lives of ordinary people. History must not be forgotten. As you know, those people who do not remember their past have no future.

There are a lot of architectural monuments concentrated on Red Square in Moscow, a special place among which is occupied by Lobnoye Mesto - a small rounded elevation with a stone fence. In the distant past, this structure was used by kings and other high-ranking officials during festive events for the announcement of decrees or the proclamation of solemn speeches.

Initially, the building was a low brick platform fenced with a wooden lattice. After repeated reconstructions, Lobnoe Mesto became an elevated structure surrounded by low stone railings with a pedestal in the very center of the structure. In the western part of the Execution Ground there is a door with an iron grate, through which eleven steps lead to the upper platform.

The origin of the name “frontal” itself is still not 100% clear. One of the assumptions is that this name is associated with executions that were previously carried out here, which in ancient times were called “folding foreheads” or “cutting foreheads.”

Another possible explanation is that this is a common translation of the Hebrew word "Golgotha", which itself is associated with stacked skulls at the execution site in ancient Jerusalem (if you look at the plan of the Place of Execution, you can see that its contours resemble a skull) .

The most acceptable version is considered to be the following: Lobnoye Place is located where Vasilyevsky Descent begins, which descends steeply to the Moscow River. Places with such differences in elevation in Rus' were called “Foreheads”.

The history of the appearance of Lobnoye Mesto on Red Square

Following the interpretation of ancient documents, a number of researchers believe that Lobnoye Mesto was built in 1521 in honor of the city’s deliverance from the Tatar invasion. It was first mentioned in a certain manuscript from 1549, when twenty-year-old Ivan the Terrible gave a speech to the townspeople at Lobnoye Mesto, calling on the warring boyars to reconcile. Since then, the place was often called “Tsarev”, like the royal see or the royal tribunal.

The Execution Place on Red Square is also mentioned in the “Piskarevsky Chronicler” from 1599 and “Peter’s Drawing” during the reign of Boris Godunov from 1600. According to descriptions of that time, the building was fenced with a wooden lattice, had a tent or canopy on poles and was located opposite Frolovsky (today - Spassky) gates of the Kremlin.

All subsequent time, right up to the transfer of the capital of the Russian state to St. Petersburg, the building was the main city platform, on which the most important decrees of the tsar were announced to the people; here twice a year the sovereign presented the heir to his people (until the latter reached adulthood); here the election of the patriarch, the beginning of the war and the signing of a peace agreement were announced; near the Execution Place the rebellious archers of Peter I were executed, and at its steps lay the disfigured body of False Dmitry I.

In 1753, Lobnoye Mesto was restored by the architect D.V. Ukhtomsky, and in 1786, according to the design of the Russian architect Matvey Kazakov, the building was shifted to the east and partially rebuilt.

From ancient times until the October Revolution, religious processions stopped near the Execution Ground, and from its top the bishop made the sign of the cross over the townspeople. When the “Entry into Jerusalem” was celebrated, the patriarch ascended to the Place of Execution and from there distributed consecrated willow to the tsar, boyars and clergy, and at the end of the ceremony, he left the square on a donkey, led by the tsar himself!

In 1919, a wooden monument “Stepan Razin with his gang” was erected at Lobnoye Mesto, which, in order to preserve it from the destructive influence environment, it was decided to dismantle and move to the Proletarian Museum (now the Museum of the Revolution).

In 1936, the Sculpture of Workers was installed on Lobnoye Mesto, which stood there for several years (it was no longer there in the photographs of 1941).

Near Lobnoye Mesto in 1942, deserter S. Dmitriev, mistaking A. Mikoyan’s car for I. Stalin’s car, fired at it with a rifle. He was subsequently sentenced to death.

In 1968, a sit-in took place near Lobnoye Mesto against the entry of USSR troops into the territory of Czechoslovakia, which rebelled against the socialist system.

Today, Lobnoye Mesto is an integral part of the architectural complex of Red Square and is protected by the state.

Famous interesting fact: Until recently, there was a tradition among tourists to throw coins inside the structure so that they would return here again someday. Now the “Zero Kilometer of Russia” sign has become such a place.

In Moscow on Red Square there is an interesting podium surrounded by a stone fence - this is a unique monument of ancient Russian architecture, known as Lobnoye Mesto

Today there is no single idea of ​​where such a strange name came from: some say that foreheads were simply chopped off at this place, others believe that Execution Place is a Slavic translation from Greek - Kranievo Place or from Hebrew - Golgotha. Although, most likely, the name Lobnoye Mesto is dictated only by its location, because Vasilievsky Descent, at the beginning of which Lobnoye Mesto is located, was called forehead in the Middle Ages, like other steep descents to rivers

By the way, the widespread opinion that public executions were carried out here from the 14th to the 19th centuries is erroneous, because Execution Place, on the contrary, was considered holy. In fact, royal decrees were announced here and various celebrations were held. Although on July 11, 1682, the head of the schismatic Nikita Pustosvyat was cut off here, and by the royal decree of February 5, 1685, executions were ordered to continue to be carried out at Execution Place, but it witnessed executions only in 1698, during the suppression of the Streltsy revolt. In the photo - Execution Place against the backdrop of the Intercession Cathedral

According to legend, Lobnoye Mesto was erected in honor of the deliverance of Moscow from the Tatar invasion in 1521. The first mention of this place dates back to 1549, when the twenty-year-old Tsar Ivan the Terrible called here on the warring boyars for reconciliation.

Initially, Lobnoye Mesto was a brick platform with a wooden lattice and a canopy, but in 1786, after a slight shift to the east, it was rebuilt from hewn stone and surrounded by stone railings. In the west they made an entrance with an iron grating and a door, from which 11 steps lead to the upper platform. For a long time, and right up to the revolution, all religious processions stopped near Lobnoye. Many more events are connected with this place: wars and peace agreements were declared here, in 1606 the disfigured body of False Dmitry I lay in front of the Execution Ground, etc.

Execution place

In the 30s of the 16th century, a platform was built on Red Square opposite the Spasskaya Tower, called Lobnoye Mesto. This place was first mentioned in chronicles in 1549. Symbolizes Mount Golgotha, literal translation - “Place of Execution”. The platform served as a platform for the announcement of the most important government decrees and ceremonies.

Here the royal decrees were read, here the relics of saints and miraculous icons were exhibited for veneration, so that everyone could venerate them. In 1812, a prayer service was served here and all of Moscow was symbolically consecrated after the expulsion of Napoleon. Contrary to popular misconception, no one was ever executed at Lobnoye Mesto. Executions were sometimes carried out on log platforms near Lobnoye Mesto.

In this form, in which Lobnoye Mesto is now located, it has existed since 1786, after it was reconstructed according to the design of the architect M. F. Kazakov. It is a round white stone elevation with a platform, a cast-iron fence and a staircase.

In ancient times, on the site of the cathedrals and walls of the Kremlin, there was a pine forest called Borovitsky Hill. The first mention in chronicles under the name Moscow dates back to 1147.

This place and the associated belief about the fulfillment of desires are known to any Muscovite and most tourists coming to the capital.

Much later, the wooden pedestal was replaced with a stone one, and Lobnoye Mesto acquired its current appearance at the end of the 18th century. From this place, state decrees were announced, wars or truces were declared. It was also here that the heir to the throne, who was sixteen years old, was shown to the people, and on Palm Sunday it was here that the patriarch presented the sovereign with consecrated willow branches.

In ancient times, the Place of Execution was called “Tsarev” and was considered sacred. Today it is famous for the fact that, according to the existing belief, it is enough to hit the center of the circle with a coin and your cherished wish will come true. You can get an idea of ​​the popularity of this place and the tradition associated with it by taking a closer look at the coins scattered there from the most different countries peace.

There are three main versions of the origin of the name of the place. One tells that the Execution Place, translated into Slavic from Hebrew, means “Golgotha” - a small rock, a place of execution, where many skulls were piled up in ancient Jerusalem. The structure of the Execution Place resembles in its contours the shape of a skull. Another version says that executions were often carried out here - “foreheads were chopped off” or “foreheads were folded.” Although in fact only two executions took place at Lobnoye Mesto: Nikita Pustosvyat and Stepan Razin were publicly deprived of their lives. The most common version says that Lobnoye Place owes its name only to its location: Vasilyevsky Spusk, on which the monument is located, was called “forehead” in the 15th-16th centuries.

Story

There are also some difficulties in determining the date of creation of the Place of Execution. According to legend, it was erected in 1521 in honor of the deliverance of Moscow from the Tatar invasion. According to some ancient documents, it was believed for a time that it originated in Moscow in the 1540s. More precisely, there is a manuscript with a speech by the still young Ivan the Terrible, which he allegedly delivered from Lobnoye Mesto in 1549. Upon further study of the document, this version was called into question - it was compiled at the beginning of the 17th century and was not a historical fact, but a political pamphlet. The very first official mention of Lobnoye Mesto dates back to 1599. It is described in the Piskarevsky Chronicler.

For more than a century, Lobnoye Mesto was the main platform in Moscow, where state decrees were announced and public events were held. Twice a year the king was required to present his heir to the people. This event continued until the heir reached adulthood. Here, the relics of revered saints were often presented for public viewing. Here religious processions began and here the patriarchs blessed the kings with a willow branch. After the capital was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg, Lobnoye Mesto lost its significance in the life of the city and the state.

In 1751, by decree of the Senate, Lobnoe Mesto was restored under the supervision of the chief architect of Moscow D.V. Ukhtomsky. The second restoration, or rather perestroika, took place in 1786, during which Lobnoye Mesto was moved slightly east of its original location, taking its modern look. Previously, it was a brick platform with a wooden lattice and a tent on poles.

Currently, Lobnoye Mesto is an element of Red Square, and tourists have a tradition of throwing coins on it in order to return here again.

Sources: www.liveinternet.ru, www.booking-airport-taxi.ru, kudago.com, www.kakprosto.ru, www.votpusk.ru

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