Folk art. Art: the origins of art. Types of art When and why did folk art appear?
synthetic in nature, originally associated with labor activity human and representing both material and spiritual culture. N. and. goes back to the syncretism of primitive culture, retains at its core a mythical and poetic sense of the world. Develops as a collective creativity based on continuity and tradition; is predominantly epic in nature (Epic), which is determined by the type of creativity itself, the collective method of working on an image based on detail, repetition and variation. The figurative structure of N. preserves the original image, which is included in the synthesis with its variations and new elements into a single artistic image. integrity of production Synthesis is inherent in the very imagery of N. and.. in the principles of shape formation, where the generic essence and function are decisive. Syntheticity is also manifested in the combination in one product. plastic, pictorial, graphic, architectonic principles. Based on synthesis in N. and. an image-type is formed, image systems are determined, ensembles arise, and an aesthetic criterion is formed. Bourgeois science does not study folk art as a special kind of art, that is, in the aspect of its artistic expression. specificity and visual expressive means. Considered exclusively in the light of the concepts of Freudianism, ethnopsychologism, structuralism, it is defined as “impersonal”, “unconscious” creativity and only as a product of urban culture, supposedly descending into the peasant masses, although it has nourished urban art in all eras. Thus, the Canadian sociologist M. McLuhan sees in folk art a type of “collective dream”. Sometimes folk art is interpreted in the West so broadly that even advertising is included in it. Soviet aesthetics and art history affirm a meaningful approach to the study of art. It is considered as a living phenomenon of art. culture, as a special type of artist. creativity, interacting with another type - individualized creativity. If the specificity of N. and. as an independent phenomenon of culture and it was equated either to the artistic industry or to amateur creativity, now it has received an independent, generic status, which opens up new prospects not only in its study, but also in solving the problems of art. practices. In modern stage N. and. has four forms of existence and development. The first form is N. and., not isolated from its ethnographic environment, associated with the national, social way of life that gave birth to it. This is N. and. remote areas of the USSR, closed due to special geographical conditions. Responding to aesthetic needs, N. and. It also serves the practical needs of the population (mats, pottery, etc.). Represented by this form of N. and. lives as an element of the national consciousness of people. The second form is the creativity of individual masters, based on collective experience, preserving and developing the artist. tradition. Basic its stimulus is the need for creativity itself. Each Soviet republic has its own craftsmen - carvers, potters, weaving and embroidery masters. The third form is artistic. craft (artistic crafts), growing spontaneously on the basis of local cultural tradition, supported by demand from outside. The fourth form is artist. fishing on the basis of workshops with the necessary equipment. Existing in the indicated four forms, N. and. preserves the general creative structure of development, oriented towards canonical systems, towards tradition living in oral-visual transmission. It reflects the cultural and psychological structures associated with ethnic self-awareness and is based on a culture of mastery and collective experience.
Understanding reality, expressing thoughts and feelings in symbolic form - these are all descriptions that can be used to characterize art. The origin of art lies behind centuries of mystery. While some activities can be traced through archaeological finds, others simply leave no trace.
Origin theories
For many thousands of years, people have been fascinated by art. The origins of art are taught in various educational institutions. Researchers develop hypotheses and try to confirm them.
Today, there are various theories about the origin of art. The most popular are five options, which we will discuss below.
So, the religious theory will be announced first. According to her, beauty is one of the names and manifestations of the Lord on earth, in our world. Art is the material expression of this idea. Consequently, all the fruits of human creativity owe their appearance to the Creator.
The next hypothesis speaks about the sensory nature of the phenomenon. The origin in particular comes down to the game. It is this type of activity and recreation that appeared before labor. We can observe it in representatives of the animal kingdom. Among the supporters of the version are Spencer, Schiller, Fritzsche and Bucher.
The third theory sees art as a manifestation of eroticism. In particular, Freud, Lange and Nardau believe that this phenomenon arose as a consequence of the need of the sexes to attract each other. An example from the animal world would be mating games.
Ancient Greek thinkers believed that art owes its appearance to the human ability to imitate. Aristotle and Democritus say that by imitating nature and developing within society, people were gradually able to symbolically convey sensations.
The youngest is the Marxist theory. She talks about art as a consequence of human production activity.
Theater
Theater as an art form originated quite a long time ago. Researchers believe that this idea arose from shamanic rituals. In the ancient world, people were heavily dependent on nature, worshiped various phenomena, and asked spirits for help with hunting.
For this purpose, various masks and costumes were used, plots were worked out separately for each occasion.
However, those rituals cannot be called theatrical performances. These were just rituals. In order for a certain game to be classified as entertainment art, there must be, in addition to the actor, also a spectator.
Therefore, in fact, the birth of theater begins in the era of antiquity. Before this, different actions were inextricably linked - dance, music, singing, etc. Subsequently, a separation occurred, and three main directions were gradually formed: ballet, drama and opera.
Fans of the game theory of the origin of art argue that it appeared as fun, amusement. Basically, this statement is based on ancient mysteries, where people dressed up in the costumes of satyrs and bacchantes. During this era, masquerades and crowded and cheerful holidays were held several times a year.
Subsequently, they begin to form into a separate direction - theater. Works by playwrights appear, for example, Euripides, Aeschylus, Sophocles. There are two genres: tragedy and comedy.
Afterwards the art of theater was forgotten. In fact, in Western Europe it was born anew - again from folk holidays and festivities.
Painting
The history goes back to ancient times. New drawings are still being found on the walls of caves in different parts Sveta. For example, in Spain, Niah Caves in Malaysia and others.
Usually, dyes were mixed with binders, for example, coal or ocher with resin. The plots were not very diverse. These were mainly images of animals, hunting scenes, and handprints. This art dates back to the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods.
Later, petroglyphs appear. In fact, this is the same rock painting, but with a more dynamic plot. An increasing number of hunting scenes are already appearing here.
However, some researchers attribute the origin of fine art to the era Ancient Egypt. This is where strict canons of different genres appear. In particular, fine art here resulted in sculpture and monumental painting.
If we study ancient drawings, we will see that this direction of creative thought emerged from human attempts to copy and record the surrounding reality.
Later painting is represented by monuments of the Cretan-Mycenaean period and ancient Greek vase painting. The development of this art begins to accelerate. Frescoes, icons, first portraits. All this arises during the first centuries BC.
If frescoes were especially popular in antiquity, then in the Middle Ages most artists worked on creating the faces of saints. Only during the Renaissance did modern genres gradually begin to emerge.
This gave impetus to the development of all Western European painting. Caravaggism, for example, significantly influenced Flemish artists. Later Baroque, classicism, sentimentalism and other genres developed.
Music
Music is no less an ancient art. The origin of art is attributed to the first rituals of our ancestors, when dance developed and theater was born. At the same time, music appeared.
Researchers are confident that fifty thousand years ago in Africa, people conveyed their emotions through music. This is confirmed by the flutes that archaeologists find next to the sculptures in the area. The age of the figurines is about forty thousand years.
Hypotheses about the origin of art, among others, do not discount the divine influence on the first creative people. It's hard to imagine that a bored shepherd or hunter creates an elaborate system of holes in the pipe to play a cheerful melody.
Nevertheless, already the first Cro-Magnons used percussion and wind instruments in rituals.
Later comes the era of ancient music. The first recorded melody dates back to 2000 BC. A clay tablet with cuneiform text was found during excavations in Nippur. After decoding, it became known that the music was recorded in thirds.
This type of art is widely known in India, Persia, Mesopotamia, and Egypt. During this period, wind, percussion and plucked instruments are used.
Ancient music is replacing it. This is art dating from the fall of the Roman Empire to the mid-eighteenth century. During this period, the church direction developed especially powerfully. The secular version is represented by the creativity of troubadours, buffoons and minstrels.
Literature
The history of art and culture becomes more understandable and well-reasoned when it comes to written sources. It is literature that allows you to convey information most fully. If other types of art are focused mainly on the sensory-emotional sphere, then the latter also operates with categories of reason.
The most ancient texts have been found in countries such as India, China, Persia, Egypt and Mesopotamia. Mostly they were carved on the walls of temples, stones, and carved on clay tablets.
Among the genres of this period it is worth mentioning hymns, funeral texts, letters, and autobiographies. Later, stories, teachings, and prophecies appear.
However, ancient literature became more extensive and developed. Thinkers and playwrights, poets and prose writers of Ancient Greece and Rome left to their descendants an inexhaustible treasure of wisdom. The foundations of modern Western European and world literature were laid here. In fact, Aristotle proposed the division into lyric, epic and drama.
Dance
One of the most difficult art forms to document. No one doubts that the dance originated a very long time ago, but it is unlikely that it will be possible to determine even an approximate framework.
The earliest images were found in caves in India. There are drawn human silhouettes in dancing poses. According to theories, the origin of art, in short, is the need to express emotions and attract the opposite sex. It is dance that most fully confirms this hypothesis.
To this day, dervishes use dancing to enter a trance. We know the name of the most famous dancer in Ancient Egypt. It was Salome, originally from Idoma (an ancient state in the north of the Sinai Peninsula).
Civilizations Far East Dance and theater are still not separated. Both of these art forms have always gone together. Pantomime, Japanese performances by actors, Indian dancers, Chinese carnivals and processions. These are all activities that allow you to express emotions and preserve tradition without using words.
Sculpture
It turns out that the history of fine art is inextricably linked with other manifestations of creativity. For example, the sculpture became a stopped moment of dance. This is confirmed by many statues of ancient Greek and Roman masters.
Researchers reveal the problem of the origin of art ambiguously. Sculpting, for example, on the one hand, arose as an attempt to personify the ancient gods. On the other hand, the masters were able to stop the moments of ordinary life.
It was sculpture that allowed artists to convey feelings, emotions, internal tension or, conversely, peace in plastic. The frozen manifestations of the spiritual world of man actually became an ancient photograph, which preserved for many millennia the ideas and appearance of the people of that time.
Like many other forms of art, sculpture originates from Ancient Egypt. Probably the most famous monument is the Sphinx. At first, craftsmen created jewelry exclusively for royal palaces and temples. Much later, in antiquity, statues reached the popular level. These words mean that from that era, anyone who had enough money to order could decorate their home with sculpture.
Thus, this type of art ceases to be the prerogative of kings and temples.
Like many other manifestations of creativity, sculpture was in decline in the Middle Ages. Revival begins only with the advent of the Renaissance.
Today this type of art is moving into a new orbit. In combination with computer graphics, 3D printers make it possible to simplify the process of creating three-dimensional images.
Architecture
The art of architecture is probably the most practical type of activity of all possible ways of expressing creative thought. After all, it is architecture that combines the organization of space for a person’s comfortable life, the expression of ideas and thoughts, as well as the preservation of certain elements of tradition.
Certain elements of this type of art arose when society was divided into layers and castes. The desire of rulers and priests to decorate their own homes so that they stood out from other buildings subsequently led to the emergence of the profession of architect.
Man-made reality, orderliness environment, walls - all this creates a feeling of security. And the decor allows the artist to convey the mood and atmosphere that he puts into the building.
Circus
The concept of “people of art” is rarely associated with the circus. This type of spectacle is often perceived as entertainment. its main venue was fairs and other celebrations.
The word "circus" itself comes from the Latin term for "round". An open building of this shape served as a place for entertainment for the Romans. In fact, it was a hippodrome. Later, after the collapse of the empire, in Western Europe they tried to continue the tradition, but such activities did not gain popularity. In the Middle Ages, the place of the circus was taken by minstrels among the people and mystery plays among the nobility.
At that time, people in the arts focused more on pleasing the rulers. The circus was perceived as a fairground entertainment, that is, it was low-grade.
Only in the Renaissance did the first attempts to create a prototype of the modern circus appear. Unusual skills, people with birth defects, animal trainers, jugglers and clowns entertained audiences at the time.
The situation has not changed much today. This type of art requires remarkable endurance, the ability to improvise and the ability to live a “wandering” life.
Cinema
Scientists say that man comprehends reality through science and art. The origin of art, according to theories, is associated with the need for self-expression and interaction in society.
Traditional types of creative activity, fine and performing arts gradually developed. However, with the development of progress, a stage of completely unprecedented ways of transmitting thoughts, emotions, and information began.
New types of art are emerging. One of them was cinema.
For the first time, people managed to project a picture onto a surface using a “magic lantern.” It was based on the principle of the “camera obscura”, which Leonardo da Vinci worked on. Later cameras appear. Only at the end of the nineteenth century was it possible to invent a device that made it possible to project moving images.
At the beginning of the twentieth century they said that theater as an art form had become obsolete. And with the advent of television, this was perceived as an indisputable fact. However, we see that each type of creativity has its admirers; the audience is simply being redistributed.
Thus, we have figured out the theories of the origin of art, and also talked about various types creativity.
Collective artistic creative activity, reflecting the life of the ethnos, its ideals, its views, has absorbed the folk art of Russia. The people created and circulated from generation to generation epics, fairy tales, legends - this is a genre of poetry, original music sounded - plays, tunes, songs, the favorite festive spectacle was theatrical performances - mainly it was a puppet theater. But dramas and satirical plays were staged there. Russian folk art also penetrated deeply into dance, fine arts, and arts and crafts. Russian dances also originated in ancient times. Russian folk art has built a historical foundation for modern artistic culture, become a source of artistic traditions, and an exponent of the self-awareness of the people.
Orally and in writing
Written literary works appeared much later than those oral gems that filled the precious box of folklore since pagan times. Those same proverbs, sayings, riddles, songs and round dances, spells and conspiracies, epics and fairy tales that Russian folk art has cut to a brilliant shine. The ancient Russian epic reflected the spirituality of our people, traditions, real events, features of everyday life, revealed and preserved exploits historical characters. So, for example, Vladimir the Red Sun, everyone’s favorite prince, was based on a real prince - Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, the hero Dobrynya Nikitich - the uncle of Vladimir the First, boyar Dobrynya. Types of oral folk art extremely diverse.
With the advent of Christianity in the tenth century, great Russian literature and its history began. Gradually, with its help, the Old Russian language took shape and became unified. The first books were handwritten, decorated with gold and other precious metals, gems, and enamel. They were very expensive, so people didn’t know them for a long time. However, with the strengthening of religion, books penetrated into the most remote corners of the Russian land, since the people needed to know the works of Ephraim the Syrian, John Chrysostom and other religious translated literature. The original Russian one is now represented by chronicles, biographies of saints (lives), rhetorical teachings ("Words", one of them - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"), walks (or walks, travel notes) and many other genres that are not so well known . The fourteenth century produced a number of exceptionally significant folklore monuments. Some types of oral folk art, such as epics, became written. This is how “Sadko” and “Vasily Buslaev” appeared, recorded by the storytellers.
Examples of folk art
Oral creativity served as a treasure trove people's memory. The heroic resistance to the Tatar-Mongol yoke and other invaders was sung from mouth to mouth. It was on the basis of such songs that stories were created that have survived to this day: about the battle on Kalka, where “seventy great and brave” gain our freedom, about Evpatiy Kolovrat, who defended Ryazan from Batu, about Mercury, who defended Smolensk. Russia preserved the facts against the Baskak Shevkal, about Shchelkan Dudentievich, and these songs were sung far beyond the borders of the Tver principality. Compilers of epics conveyed the events of the Kulikovo Field to distant descendants, and old images of Russian heroes were still used by the people for folk works dedicated to the fight against the Golden Horde.
Until the end of the tenth century, the inhabitants of Kievo-Novgorod Rus' did not yet know writing. However, this pre-literary period brought to this day golden literary works passed on from mouth to mouth and from generation to generation. And now Russian folk art festivals are held, where the same songs, tales and epics of a thousand years ago are heard. Ancient genres that still resonate today include epics, songs, fairy tales, legends, riddles, sayings, and proverbs. Most of folklore works that have come down to us - poetry. The poetic form makes it easy to memorize texts, and therefore, over the course of many centuries, folklore works have been passed down through generations, changing towards expediency, polishing from one talented storyteller to another.
Small genres
Small-sized works belong to small genres of folklore. These are parables: puns, tongue twisters, proverbs, jokes, riddles, signs, sayings, proverbs, what oral folk art gave us. Riddles are one such artistic manifestation of folk poetry that originated orally. Hint or allegory, circumlocution, roundabout speech - allegorical description in in brief any object - that’s what a riddle is according to V.I. Dahl. In other words, an allegorical image of phenomena of reality or an object that has to be guessed. Even here, oral folk art provided for multivariance. Riddles can be descriptions, allegories, questions, tasks. Most often they consist of two parts - a question and an answer, a riddle and a guess, interconnected. They are diverse in topic and are closely related to work and everyday life: animals and vegetable world, nature, tools and activities.
Proverbs and sayings that have survived to this day from the most ancient times are apt expressions and wise thoughts. Most often they are also two-part, where the parts are proportional and often rhyme. The meaning of sayings and proverbs is usually direct and figurative, containing morality. We often see diversity in proverbs and sayings, that is, many versions of a proverb with the same moral. a generalizing meaning that is higher. The oldest of them date back to the twelfth century. The history of Russian folk art notes that many proverbs have survived to this day shortened, sometimes having lost even their original meaning. So, they say: “He ate the dog on this matter,” implying high professionalism, but the Russian people in the old days continued: “Yes, he choked on his tail.” I mean, no, not that tall.
Music
Ancient types of folk music in Russia are based primarily on the song genre. A song is a musical and verbal genre at the same time, either a lyrical or narrative work, which is intended purely for singing. songs can be lyrical, dance, ritual, historical, and they all express both the aspirations of an individual person and the feelings of many people; they are always in tune with the social internal state.
Are there love experiences, thoughts about fate, a description of social or family life- this should always be interesting to listeners, and without introducing a state of mind into the song, as much as possible more people will not listen to the singer. People are very fond of the technique of parallelism when the mood lyrical hero transferred to nature. “Why are you standing, swaying, “The night has no bright moon,” for example. And it is almost rare to come across a folk song in which this parallelism is absent. Even in historical songs - “Ermak”, “Stepan Razin” and others - it constantly appears. From This makes the emotional sound of the song much stronger, and the song itself is perceived much brighter.
Epic and fairy tale
The genre of folk art took shape much earlier than the ninth century, and the term “epic” appeared only in the nineteenth century and denoted a heroic song of an epic nature. We know epics sung in the ninth century, although they were probably not the first, they simply did not reach us, having been lost through the centuries. Every child knows well the epic heroes - heroes who embodied the ideal of people's patriotism, courage and strength: the merchant Sadko and Ilya Muromets, the giant Svyatogor and Mikula Selyaninovich. The plot of the epic is most often filled with real-life situations, but it is also significantly enriched with fantastic fictions: they have a teleport (they can instantly cover distances from Murom to Kiev), they can defeat an army alone (“if you wave to the right, there will be a street, if you wave to the left, there will be an alley.” ), and, of course, monsters: three-headed dragons - Gorynychi Snakes. The types of Russian folk art in oral genres are not limited to this. There are also fairy tales and legends.
Epics differ from fairy tales in that in the latter the events are completely fictitious. There are two types of fairy tales: everyday and magical. In everyday life they are depicted in a variety of ways, but ordinary people- princes and princesses, kings and kings, soldiers and workers, peasants and priests in the most ordinary setting. A fairy tales They always attract fantastic forces, obtain artifacts with wonderful properties, and so on. The fairy tale is usually optimistic, which is why it differs from the plot of other genre works. In fairy tales, only good usually wins; evil forces are always defeated and ridiculed in every possible way. A legend, in contrast to a fairy tale, is an oral story about a miracle, a fantastic image, an incredible event, which should be perceived as authentic by the narrator and listeners. Pagan legends have reached us about the creation of the world, the origin of countries, seas, peoples, and the exploits of both fictional and real heroes.
Today
Contemporary folk art in Russia cannot represent precisely ethnic culture, since this culture is pre-industrial. Any modern settlement - from the smallest village to a metropolis - is a fusion of various ethnic groups, and the natural development of each without the slightest mixing and borrowing is simply impossible. What is now called folk art is rather a deliberate stylization, folklorization, behind which stands professional art, which is inspired by ethnic motives.
Sometimes this is amateur creativity, like mass culture, and the work of artisans. In fairness, it should be noted that only folk crafts - decorative and applied arts - can be considered the purest and still developing. There is also, in addition to professional, ethnic creativity, although production has long been put on an assembly line and the opportunities for improvisation are scanty.
People and creativity
What do people mean by the word people? The population of the country, the nation. But, for example, dozens of distinctive ethnic groups live in Russia, and folk art has common features that are present in the sum of all ethnic groups. Chuvash, Tatars, Mari, even the Chukchi - don’t musicians, artists, architects borrow from each other in modern creativity? But their common features are interpreted by elite culture. And therefore, in addition to the nesting doll, we have a certain export product, which is our joint calling card. A minimum of opposition, a maximum of general unification within the nation, this is the direction of modern creativity of the peoples of Russia. Today it is:
- ethnic (folklorized) creativity,
- amateur creativity,
- creativity of the common people,
- amateur creativity.
The craving for aesthetic activity will be alive as long as a person lives. And that is why art flourishes today.
Art, creativity hobby
Art is practiced by the elite, where extraordinary talent is required, and works are an indicator of the level of aesthetic development of humanity. It has very little to do with folk art, except for inspiration: all composers, for example, wrote symphonies using the melodies of folk songs. But this is by no means a folk song. Property traditional culture- creativity as an indicator of the development of a team or an individual. Such a culture can develop successfully and in many ways. And the result of mass culture, like a master’s pattern, presented to the people for feasible repetition, is a hobby, an aesthetics of this kind, which is designed to relieve tension from mechanicalness modern life.
Here you can notice some signs of the original beginning, which draws themes and means of expression from artistic folk art. These are quite common technological processes: weaving, embroidery, carving, forging and casting, decorative painting, embossing, and so on. True folk art did not know the contrasts of changes in artistic styles for a whole millennium. Now this has been significantly enriched in modern folk art. The degree of stylization changes as well as the nature of the interpretation of all the old borrowed motifs.
Applied arts
Russian folk arts and crafts have been known since ancient times. This is perhaps the only species that has not undergone fundamental changes to this day. These items have been used to decorate and improve home and public life since ancient times. Rural crafts mastered even quite complex designs that were quite suitable in modern life.
Although now all these items carry not so much a practical, but an aesthetic load. This includes jewelry, whistle toys, and interior decorations. Different areas and regions had their own types of art, crafts and handicrafts. The most famous and striking are the following.
Shawls and samovars
The Orenburg shawl includes shawls, warm and heavy, and weightless scarves and web scarves. Knitting patterns that came from afar are unique; they identify eternal truths in the understanding of harmony, beauty, and order. The goats of the Orenburg region are also special, they produce unusual fluff, it can be spun thinly and firmly. Tula masters are a match for the eternal knitters of Orenburg. They were not discoverers: the first copper samovar was found in excavations in the Volga region city of Dubovka, the find dates back to the beginning of the Middle Ages.
Tea took root in Russia in the seventeenth century. But the first samovar workshops appeared in Tula. This unit is still in honor, and drinking tea from a samovar is pine cones- quite an ordinary phenomenon in dachas. They are extremely varied in shape and decoration - barrels, vases, with painted ligature, embossing, decorations on handles and taps, genuine works of art, and also extremely convenient in everyday life. Already at the beginning of the nineteenth century, up to 1200 samovars were produced in Tula per year! They were sold by weight. Brass ones cost sixty-four rubles per pood, and red copper ones cost ninety. This is a lot of money.
In a broad sense folk art (folklore) - these are poetry (legends, fairy tales, epics), music (songs, tunes, plays), theater (drama, puppet theater, satirical plays) created by the people on the basis of collective creative experience, national traditions, dance, architecture, fine and decorative - applied art. Works of folk art have spiritual and material value, are distinguished by their beauty and usefulness. Masters of folk arts and crafts create their works from a variety of materials. The most common are: artistic ceramics, lace weaving, embroidery, painting, wood or stone carving, engraving, chasing, etc. We can use painted dishes, lace napkins, carved wooden boards, embroidered towels in everyday life.
17. Types of folk art. There are two directions: urban art craft And folk arts and crafts. As an example of traditional artistic crafts, we can name: painting on wood Khokhloma, Gorodets, Northern Dvina) and on porcelain (Gzhel), clay toys (Dymka, Kargopol, Filimonovo), nesting dolls (Sergiev Posad, Polkhov - Maidan), trays (Zhostovo) , lacquer miniatures (Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholuy), scarves (Pavlovsky Posad), carved wooden toys (Sergiev Posad, Bogorodskoye), jewelry (Kubachi).
18. Decorative. Decoration in folk and decorative arts is the main means of expressing beauty, and at the same time it is a feature of works of other types of art. The decorative image expresses not the individual, but the general - “species” (leaf, flower, tree, bird, horse, etc.). A decorative image requires artistic and imaginative thinking. Therefore, in folk art it is customary to highlight image-types of products of traditional artistic crafts, which reflect the mythological and aesthetic ideas of the people. For example, the image of a bird, a horse, the tree of life, a woman, signs-symbols of the earth, water, the sun can be seen in various artistic materials: embroidery, weaving, lace, wood and metal painting, wood carving, ceramics, etc. Sustainability and the traditional nature of these images and their archetypal nature largely determine the high artistic and aesthetic value of works of folk art. At the same time, the universality of image-types in the art of different peoples of the world shows their unity, associated with the commonality of approaches to the process of aesthetic cognition of natural and social phenomena. Images in professional decorative art also reflect the ideas of a particular people about beauty. They are also often created based on natural or geometric motifs, but here great freedom is allowed in the interpretation of images. Historical subjects or themes of modern life are actively used in works of applied art.
19. Folk artistic traditions. The authors of modern studies in the field of art history consider traditions as a dialectical phenomenon associated not only with the past, but also with the present and future. In S.B. Rozhdestvenskaya’s understanding, tradition is a treasury of everything aesthetically perfect that has been passed down from generation to generation, a complex visual arts, stable and changing at the same time. The formation and development of folk artistic traditions of a particular area took place under the influence of natural-geographical, cultural and socio-economic factors. M. Nekrasova considers folk art as a creative, cultural, historical system that asserts itself through the continuity of traditions and functions as a special type of artistic creativity in the collective activities of the people. And each nation carries its own culture of poetic, figurative and craft traditions. They took centuries to develop and were polished by many generations of people. With traditions in folk art, not only skill is transmitted, but also images, motifs beloved by the people, artistic principles and techniques. Traditions form the main layers of folk artistic culture - schools and at the same time determine the special vitality of folk art. It is impossible to underestimate the power of tradition for the development of folk art. M.A. Nekrasova quite rightly substantiates the artistic richness of images, forms, means and techniques on this very basis. She believes that only especially peculiar in national systems, in regional systems, in systems of folk art schools, the life of folk art as a cultural center can be determined; only a living tradition provides the way for its development. Law of tradition turns out the main force in development.
20. National character. In folk art national temperament and national character are expressed. They largely determine the variety of forms of folk art. The integrity of folk art as an artistic structure is the key to its understanding. Tradition in this case - creative method. The traditional appears in folk art in the form of a system for which the following aspects are important: the connection between man and nature, the expression of the national, schools of folk art (national, regional, regional, school of individual crafts). In folk art, artistic skill, technical dexterity, working methods, and motives are passed on from master to student. The artistic system is developed collectively. After mastering them, students have the opportunity to vary their favorite painting motifs. And only on the basis of the acquired experience do they move on to improvising based on painting and composing their own compositions. If everyone goes through the stage of repetition and variation without fail, then only the most talented students who can become real masters of their craft get to work at the level of improvisation.
21 . Composition how a significant relationship between the parts of a work of art in folk and decorative arts can be built according to various schemes. Conventionally, the following active elements of a decorative composition are distinguished: color, ornament, plot (theme), planar or volumetric plastic solution. To comprehend compositional patterns, it is necessary to perceive the image of an artistic object or a spatial-volumetric composition as a whole.
22. Color- one of the expressive means in folk and decorative arts - is considered as the most important component of a decorative image. It is not associated with specific features of the depicted object or phenomenon. Each center of folk art creates its own coloristic solutions for artistic objects, associated with traditional technology for processing materials, preservation of archetypes and other conditions of collective creativity. Achieving expressiveness in decorative work associated with tonal and color contrasts. In decorative work, artists also take care of the harmonious relationship of colors, and the real colors of objects can be replaced by symbolic ones. The coloristic unity of all elements of the ornaments is achieved with the help of color contrasts or nuances. When selecting color relationships in decorative work, the size of the parts of the design, their rhythmic arrangement, the purpose of the item and the material from which it is made are taken into account.
23. Topic. In decorative sculpture or on ceramic vessels, theme and subject matter can be expressed in a variety of ways. For example, in Gzhel ceramics, a tea party scene is depicted on dishes or sculpted in small plastic. And the vessel is easily transformed into either an animal or a bird. A thematic decorative composition has its own patterns, its own artistic language. It, like any work of fine art, tells about people, things or events. But at the same time, the pictorial story is subordinated to decorative purposes, as a rule, it serves to decorate the object. Therefore, decorative composition is also related to ornament. Its options are innumerable depending on specific tasks, and artistic possibilities can be expanded by using a variety of materials and techniques, changing the purpose and scale of the image. The theme of a decorative composition can be expressed in ways that fundamentally distinguish it from the composition of a painting. The spatial relationships of real nature may be completely absent. The image of a landscape can unfold not in depth, but upward; in this case, distant plans are placed above the near ones.
The origins of art go back to ancient times. The problem of the origin of art has worried the best philosophical minds for many centuries, but the artistic activity of mankind remains unclear. early stages Not much is known about its development. Numerous works of fine art (cave paintings, sculptures made of stone and bone) appeared much earlier than a person’s conscious idea of artistic creativity was formed. The origin of art dates back to the primitive era, when man first tried to reflect his ideas about the world around him in art, which contributed to the consolidation and transfer of knowledge and skills, and the emergence of another form of communication between people. According to archaeologists, already in the Paleolithic era (Old Stone Age) around 35-10 thousand BC. The main types of fine art (sculpture, painting, graphics) appeared.
It should be noted that in primitive society, human artistic activity was inextricably linked with all existing forms of spiritual and material culture: mythology, religion, and everyday life. Artistic and spiritual culture exists in close unity with material culture, forming a primitive syncretic, i.e. a single cultural complex, which only centuries later will disintegrate into independent spheres of culture: religion, art (in all its diversity of forms), sports, science. Images reproduced by the hand of primitive man are a link in a single chain of artistic, religious and theatrical magic performance, reflecting the synthesis of the material and spiritual culture of man of that distant era. Early drawings are primitive; this is a contour image of animal heads, imprints of a human hand, wavy lines squeezed into damp clay with the fingers of the hand (the so-called “pasta”). Later images of the Paleolithic era are drawings of animals of that time (deer, horses, bison, mammoths) made on the walls and ceilings of caves. The oldest figurines of animals are distinguished by their accurate depiction; life forced the human hunter to study in detail the character of the animal and its habits. This knowledge was of practical value. Man has not yet known himself, therefore sculptural images of man are very schematic and conventional.
The Neolithic (New Stone Age), 6-2 thousand BC, enriched the fine arts with the creation of works of monumental anthropomorphic (humanoid) sculpture (for example, the so-called “stone women” of the Northern Black Sea region).
During the Bronze Age, about 2 thousand years BC. architecture called megalithic (that is, the architecture of large stones: from the Greek roots “meg” - large and “lit” - stone) receives predominant importance. Megalithic structures include: menhirs, dolmens, cromlechs. Their emergence is associated with the development of religious ideas. Stone pillars - menhirs - up to 20 m high (located in Brittany, France; Transcaucasia, Armenia) bear the features of architecture and sculpture R. Yu. Vipper "History" ancient world", M.: "Res-Publica", 1994 - 169 p..
Folk art is a complex and multi-layered art. And if today its samples in many countries are made in factories and local industrial complexes as souvenirs, then once upon a time these were the most necessary and necessary things in everyday life - bowls, shirts, benches, tools. People tried to make them the most convenient according to the concepts of their time and in them they expressed their artistic tastes and desire for beauty. For example, what is a conveniently shaped pot for cooking in the oven? The bottom is small but stable. The convex sides seem to follow the shape of flames. The fire covers the pot from all sides, and the food is cooked in it in the best possible way. At the same time, the pot is also adapted to be removed from the oven using a grip. An excellent example of the same ancient folk design There are also Greek ceramic vases. They were of several types, and each had its own functions, its own purpose: the amphora was used to store wine in the ground, the hydria was used to carry water on the shoulder, the lekythus was used to store oil, the kylix was used to drink from it, etc. History of foreign art; ed. Kuzmina M.T., Maltseva N.L., M.: " art", 2002 - 379 p.. These useful, convenient things began to be decorated with ornaments, drawings, colored stripes. And thus: from objects simply necessary in everyday life, they turned into works of folk art, and at the same time applied art. We today we admire the spiritual beauty of painted ceramics, the lovingly decorated bottom of spinning wheels, woven and embroidered women's dresses, wooden dishes with red and gold painting, the center of production of which in the 18th-19th centuries was the village of Khokhloma, Gorky region.All these are works of folk craftsmen, talented original masters Series "Small History of Arts", M.: "Art" 2004 - 63 pp..
Folk art was closely connected with everyday life and architecture. The stoves were covered with intricate multi-colored tiles or painted over whitewash. Wooden huts were decorated with carved roof ridges, porches and window frames with beautiful and complex carvings. The chimneys were equipped with elegant chimneys made of milled iron. You can still see such houses in our villages.
Each locality, each nation is characterized by its own traditional patterns, its own ornaments, its own special objects - its own original artistic creativity. Therefore, by looking at household items and architecture, one can determine which people made them and the time when they were created. Looking at small figures of animals carved from bone, drawings on birch bark or rugs made of fur, we can determine that they were made by the peoples of the North. From the drawings on walrus tusks made by Chukchi folk craftsmen, we learn about the life of the Chukchi people. The peoples of the North of the European part of Russia have always been famous for wood carving - decorations on huts, household items and furniture; residents of the Caucasus - patterned carpets made of sheep wool; Kirghiz, Turkmens, Tajiks - white felt felt with blue or red patterns Alekseeva V.V. "What is art?" , M.: "Soviet Artist", 1991 - 221 p..
With the development of technology and the rise in the standard of living of society, industrial applied art began to gradually displace examples of folk applied art from everyday life. Cheap printed calicoes, earthenware and pressed glassware were all available and easily competed with the works of local artisans. However, folk art has already acquired the force of tradition; it is filled with spiritual content. And this content becomes more pronounced the further we move in time from the origins of folk art. For example, for a person who himself did not walk in bast shoes, but whose grandfather or great-grandfather walked in bast shoes, these bast shoes are full of symbols, associations and spiritual content. He admires their complex weave, edge sealing, and ribbon ties woven from birch bark or bast. He hangs the bast shoes on the wall as decoration and a decorative item. And the local industry begins to produce small wicker shoes as souvenirs. This piece of peasant clothing, comfortable, useful and beautiful for its time and its consumer, has now turned into a decorative item, along with glaciers (krinkas), kumans, wooden spoons, and painted spinning wheels. And these are no longer items of peasant everyday life, but things intended to decorate apartments. Literature and art. Universal encyclopedia for schoolchildren. Comp. Vorotnikov A. A., Minsk: "Valev", 1995 - 441 p.
