Completion of the formation of a unified Russian state. Ivan III and Vasily II. The final stage of the formation of the Russian state Account replenishment and withdrawal of funds

Completion of the unification of Russian lands around Moscow at the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries. Formation of the Russian state.

The process of completing the formation of the Russian state chronologically coincides with the formation of Western European countries and occurs during the reign of Ivan III (1462-1505) and Vasily III (1505-1533).

After the death of Vasily II the Dark, the Moscow throne was taken by his eldest son Ivan Vasilyevich, who became his father’s co-ruler during his lifetime. It was Ivan III who completed the two-century process of unifying Russian lands and overthrowing the Golden Horde yoke. Distinguished by his great intelligence and willpower, this great Moscow sovereign:

Finished collecting lands under the rule of Moscow; laid the foundations of the Russian autocracy;

Strengthened the state apparatus; increased the international prestige of Moscow.

Ivan III was the actual creator of the Moscow state. During his reign, the Grand Duchy of Yaroslavl was annexed to Moscow (1463), Perm region(1472), the Grand Duchy of Rostov (1474), Novgorod and its possessions (1478), the Grand Duchy of Tver (1485), Vyatka Land (1489). The great and appanage princes renounced their supreme rights in their domains and came under the political patronage of the Moscow prince.

As an independent sovereign, Ivan III began to behave towards the Tatars. In 1476, he refused to pay them an annual tribute and entered into an alliance with the Crimean Khan, an enemy of the Golden Horde. “Standing on the Ugra” (1480) put an end to the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The Russian state acquired formal sovereignty.

In 1472, Ivan III married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Zoya (Sophia) Paleologus, which increased the importance of monarchical power in Russia. At the Moscow court, a magnificent, strict and complex ceremony was established according to the Byzantine model. From the end of the 15th century. The seals of Ivan III depicted not only the Moscow coat of arms with St. George the Victorious, but also the coat of arms of Byzantium with a double-headed eagle.

The change in the socio-political status of the Grand Duke of Moscow was also reflected in his title; now he was called: “John, by the grace of God, Sovereign of All Rus' and Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow and Novgorod and Pskov and Tver and others.” In international relations, Ivan III began to call himself tsar, as previously only the Byzantine emperor and the Tatar khan were called.

In 1493, Ivan III formally accepted the title of “Sovereign of All Rus'.” The titles adopted by Ivan III - “tsar” and “autocrat” - emphasized the independence of the sovereign of all Russia.

Finally, at the end of the 15th century, the existence of the Moscow State (Muscovy) became known in the countries Western Europe. Under Ivan III, diplomatic relations were established with Germany, Venice, Denmark, Hungary and Turkey.

The son of Ivan III, Vasily III, annexed Pskov (1510), a grand duchy, to Moscow

Ryazan (1517), the principalities of Starodub and Novgorod-Seversk (1517-1523) and Smolensk (1514), actually completed the unification of Great Russia and turned the Moscow principality into a national state.

The princes in the annexed lands became boyars of the Moscow sovereign. These principalities were now called districts and were governed by governors from Moscow. The governors were also called “feeder boyars”, since for the management of the districts they received food - part of the tax, the amount of which was determined by the previous payment for service in the troops. Localism is the right to occupy a particular position in the state, depending on the nobility and official position of the ancestors, their services to the Moscow Grand Duke. Fragmentation gradually gave way to centralization. The control apparatus began to take shape.

The Boyar Duma consisted of 5-12 boyars and no more than 12 okolnichy (boyars and okolnichy are the two highest ranks in the state). The Boyar Duma had advisory functions on the “affairs of the land.”

The future order system grew out of two national departments: the Palace and the Treasury. The palace controlled the lands of the Grand Duke, the Treasury was in charge of finances, the state seal, and the archive.

In 1497, a new set of laws of a single state was adopted - the Code of Laws of Ivan III. The Code of Law included 68 articles and reflected the strengthening role of the central government in the state structure and legal proceedings of the country. Article 57 limited the right of peasant transition from one feudal lord to another to a certain period for the entire country: a week before and a week after the autumn St. George's Day (November 26). For leaving, the peasant had to pay “elderly” - payment for the years lived in the old place. Limiting the peasant transition was the first step towards the establishment of serfdom in the country. However, until the end of the 16th century. peasants retained the right to move from one landowner to another.

In general, unlike the advanced countries of Western Europe, the formation of a single state in Russia took place under complete domination traditional way the economy of Russia is on a feudal basis. This allows us to understand why a bourgeois, democratic, civil society began to form in Europe, while in Russia serfdom, class, and inequality of citizens before the law will dominate for a long time.

Thus, the process of uniting northeastern and northwestern Russia into one state was completed. The largest power in Europe was formed, which from the end of the 15th century. began to be called Russia.

Questions for self-control:

1. Name the prerequisites for the unification of Russian lands. Compare the reasons for the unification process in Rus' and in Western European countries.

2. What determined the victory of Moscow in its competition with Tver for the great reign. Describe the activities of I. Kalita.

3. What was the significance of the victory on the Kulikovo field.

4. Expand the meaning of the expression “standing on the Ugra River.” When did it take place?

5. What changes in the position of peasants were reflected in the Code of Laws of 1497?

Literature:

1. Georgieva N.G. Russian culture: history and modernity: Tutorial/ N.G. Georgieva. – M., 1998.

2. Zuev M.N. History of Russia: Textbook for universities / M.N. Zuev. – M., 2005.

3. History of Russia from the 9th century to the present day. – Voronezh, 1996. Materials on the history of peasants in Russia in the 11th – 12th centuries. – L., 1958.

4. History of Russia. XX century. – M., 1997.

5. History of Russia: IX-XXI centuries. From Rurik to Putin: Textbook / Rep. ed. Ya.A.Perekhov. –M., Rostov-on-Don, 2005.

6. History of Russia: In 2 volumes / A.N. Sakharov, L.E. Morozova, M.A. Rakhmatullin. – M., 2003.

7. World and Russia: main trends in history. – Voronezh, 1999.

8. Orlov A.S. History of Russia from ancient times to the present day. Textbook / A.S.Orlov, V.A.Georgiev, N.G.Georgieva, T.A. Sivokhina. – M., 2003.

9. Ryabtsev Yu.S. History of Russian culture. Artistic life and life of the XI-XVII centuries: Textbook / Yu.S. Ryabtsev. – M., 1997.

10. Semennikova L.I. Russia in the world community of civilizations / L.I. Semennikova. – Bryansk, 1995.

11. Strukov A.V. Domestic history from ancient times to the present: Textbook / A.V. Strukov. – Voronezh, 2005.

12. Shapovalov V.M. Origins and meaning of Russian civilization: Textbook / V.M. Shapovalov. – M. 2003.

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

Course of lectures on the discipline Domestic history Lecture No. 1 Topic: Education and development of the Old Russian state. Kievan Rus in the 9th-12th centuries

Voronezh Institute of High Technologies.. Faculty distance learning.. A V Strukov N V Bozhko..

If you need additional material on this topic, or you did not find what you were looking for, we recommend using the search in our database of works:

What will we do with the received material:

If this material was useful to you, you can save it to your page on social networks:

All topics in this section:

The problem of origin, settlement, economic activity and social structure of the Eastern Slavs
Origin problem Eastern Slavs is still debatable: there are different versions as to where the ancestral homeland of the Slavic peoples was located. But the basis of most theories

Formation of the Old Russian state. "Norman theory"
The emergence of a state is a natural stage in the development of society. It is influenced by many factors that interact in complex interactions with each other. We should probably talk about more than just a few

Kievan Rus in the X-XII centuries
The process of formation of the Old Russian state lasted for about a century and a half.

The first Kyiv princes Oleg (882-912), Igor (912-945), Olga (945-964), Svyatoslav (964-972), Yaropol
Culture of Ancient Rus'. The meaning of accepting Christianity Conversion to Christianity is one of the most important milestones in the history of the Russian people. Traditionally in national historiography

the significance of the adoption of Christianity was reduced to the development of writing and cult
Causes and nature of feudal fragmentation

Features of the political and socio-economic development of the Vladimir-Suzdal and Galician-Valyn principalities, Novgorod land
The largest state centers into which Kievan Rus broke up, not inferior in territory to large European states, were Vladimir-Suzdal, Galicia-Volyn

Mongol invasion of Rus'. Rus' and the Horde: problems of mutual influence
Feudal fragmentation, accompanied by clashes between princes and the destruction of cities and villages, led to the weakening of Russia. Foreigners did not fail to take advantage of this circumstance.

Prerequisites for the unification of Russian lands
The process of formation of the Russian centralized state began in the second half of the 13th century. and ended at the beginning of the 16th century. At this time, the political independence of a number of

Main stages of the merger process
1. The end of the 13th - 1st half of the 14th century: the strengthening of the Moscow principality and the beginning of the unification of Russian lands led by Moscow.

The founder of the dynasty of Moscow princes was the youngest son of Alexander
Russia in the middle of the 16th century

At the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century. on the site of many independent principalities and lands, the Moscow state was formed. There was a sharp reduction in feudal immunities, the former grand dukes
Reforms of Ivan the Terrible. Oprichnina: its essence, goals and results

After the death of Vasily III in 1533, his three-year-old son Ivan IV ascended the grand-ducal throne. In fact, the state was ruled by his mother Elena, the daughter of Prince Glinsky, a native of Lithuania. In the years
Foreign policy

The main objectives of Russian foreign policy in the 16th century. were: in the west - the struggle for access to the Baltic Sea, in the southeast and east - the struggle with the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates and the beginning of development
Russian culture of the 16th century Russian culture XVI

century, although it was not alien to borrowings from the West and East, it mainly developed its own traditions of the previous period. It developed mainly within the framework of the
The crisis of Russian statehood. "Time of Troubles" IN historical literature

events of the late 16th and early 17th centuries. usually called the Troubles. This is a period of deep socio-economic, political and spiritual crisis in Russian society.
Last

Popular movements
The country's economic and political development was accompanied by major social movements. It is no coincidence that the 17th century is called the “rebellious century.” It was during this period that two peasant revolutions took place.

Church schism
Changes in the socio-economic and political life of the country in the 17th century. also affected the church, confronting it with the need for transformation. The reform began with the correction and unification of the divine

Transformations of Peter I
The general pattern of world development in the eighteenth century is the close interweaving of the characteristic features of the “old” and “new” world, the Middle Ages and the consequences of the English

Features of the development of Russia in the era of palace coups
In January 1725, Peter I dies. Back in 1722, he issued a decree according to which the throne was inherited by the person named in the emperor's will. However, he did not have time to name his heir. From now on

Domestic and foreign policy of Catherine II
July 28, 1762 to the Russian throne as a result of the next palace coup Catherine II ascended, reigning for 34 years. She was highly educated, intelligent, businesslike, energetic, ambitious and personable.

Alexander I: attempts to liberalize the existing regime
As a result of the coup in March 1801, Emperor Alexander I (1801-1825) ascended the Russian throne; a characteristic feature of Alexander’s reign became the struggle between two currents - liberal and

Domestic policy of Nicholas I
Peculiarities domestic policy Nicholas I (1825-1855) were determined, on the one hand, by the impressions of the Decembrist conspiracy, which forced him to think about strengthening his own power, about the fight against

Ideological trends and socio-political movements of the first half of the 19th century
In the social movement of the second quarter of the 19th century. the demarcation of three ideological directions began: radical, liberal and conservative. Conservatism in Russia was based on theories that proved

Foreign policy of Russia in the first half of the 19th century
Russia's international position at the beginning of the century was very difficult. On the one hand, active actions were necessary in the struggle to strengthen positions in the Black Sea, the Balkans and the Transcaucasus, where int

Bourgeois reforms of the 1860-70s. and their meaning
On February 19, 1855, after the death of Nicholas I, Alexander II ascended the throne. His reign (1855-1881) was a period of radical change Russian society, the main one of which was

Industrial revolution and the formation of industrial society in Russia
Economic and social development Russia directly depended on the conditions for the implementation of the peasant reform. From the second half of the 19th century. capitalism began to establish itself as the dominant social economy

Counter-reform policy of Alexander III
When considering the government course of Alexander III (1881-1894), it should be borne in mind that it went down in history as a period of “counter-reforms”.

Alexander III's inner circle consisted of the most
Features of the social movement in the post-reform period. Populism

Second half of the 19th century. in the spiritual sphere is characterized by contradictory trends. On the one hand, in the second half of the 50s of the XIX century. (period of preparation for peasant reform) in public
Foreign policy of Russia in the second half of the 19th century

In the foreign policy of Russia in the second half of the 19th century. Three main directions can be distinguished: 1) Russian European policy: the struggle to revise the results of the Crimean War, strengthening the position of Russia
Russian culture of the 19th century

The main distinguishing feature of the development of Russian culture in the 19th century was that it developed rapidly, managed to reach the world level, and in certain areas even surpassed
Socio-economic and political situation Characteristic feature

beginning of the 20th century was the process of establishing monopoly capitalism. This was facilitated by the development of the productive forces of society. Advances in natural science
Revolution of 1905-1907: prerequisites, main stages and results

The beginning of the revolution was the events of January 9, 1905. In Petersburg. Priest G. A. Gapon, associated with Zubatov since 1902 and since 1904. headed the Assembly of Factory Workers of St. Petersburg,
Reforms P.A. Stolypin

The implementation of reforms is associated with the name of P.A. Stolypin, who proclaimed the principle: “first calm, and then reforms.” The government program published on August 24 was carried out in this spirit.
Russian participation in the First World War

Back in 1882, the Triple Alliance was concluded consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. He was opposed by the alliance between England, France and Russia that arose just before the start of the war, created in
February Revolution 1917

By the beginning of 1917 A critical situation has developed in Russia. The economy overcame the difficulties of the first months of the war and provided the armed forces with everything they needed relatively well. However, under the influence
Alternatives for the development of Russia and socio-political practice in the spring-summer of 1917 The February Revolution and the overthrow of the autocracy forced Russia to choose a path. The situation in the country had changed radically, but the prospects were still unclear. In Russia there was to be

Political situation in the fall of 1917. The Bolsheviks came to power
The failure of the “Kornilovism” at the end of August 1917 opened the way for the Bolsheviks to come to power. The Bolshevization of the Soviets began in some places. From September 1917, the leadership of the Soviets passed to them and their rubbish

Civil war in Russia: causes, course, results
Proclamation Soviet power as a result of the October Revolution, open confrontation in society intensified. Already in next year

the intensity of political passions in Russia has kindled mercilessly
Transition to a new economic policy. Transformations based on the New Economic Policy

20 - 30s The 20th century occupy its very definite place in world and domestic history. It was at this time that a new geopolitical and economic situation was emerging in Europe,
Internal party struggle during the NEP years

With the transition to the NEP, a certain liberalization of the political regime occurs. The armed forces were significantly reduced (by 10 times), the coercive system was weakened, and a “revival” took place.
Education USSR

A description of the country's socio-political development in the 1920s would be incomplete without an analysis of the problems of nation-state building and the country's relations with the external world.
Socio-economic development: course towards industrialization and collectivization

Industrialization - the creation of large-scale machine production, primarily heavy industry (energy, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, petrochemicals and other basic industries); P
The formation of a totalitarian system and the establishment of the regime of personal power of V.I. Stalin Modern researchers have different assessments of the nature of the changes that occurred in political system

Soviet state 30s. Most people call this time a victory.
Foreign policy of the Soviet state in the 1920-30s

The end of the First World War (the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919), the civil war and foreign intervention in Russia created new conditions in international relations.
Culture in the 1920s and 30s

The policy of the Soviet state in the field of culture in the 20-30s. was focused on transforming the education system, social sciences, literature, art into tools for “educating
The beginning of the war. Reasons for the failures of the Red Army

A turning point in the course of the war
In July 1942, German troops under the command of Field Marshal F. Paulus launched an attack on Stalingrad (now Volgograd), the former key point in the Volga region. 23 August fascist

The end of the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War. Results and price of victory
In 1944, the offensive operations of the Red Army continued. Their peculiarity was that the offensive was carried out along the entire front, from Odessa in the south to Pechenga in the north (so

Restoration and development of the national economy
During the years of the Great Patriotic War Soviet Union suffered not only the greatest human losses but also enormous material damage, which amounted to an astronomical amount of about 3 trillion

Internal political life of the country. 1945-1953
The transition to peaceful construction required reformation of government bodies. In September 1945, the State Defense Committee (GKO) was abolished, whose functions were transferred to the Sovereign

Socio-economic and political transformations of N.S. Khrushchev
In March 1953, I.V. died. Stalin. Immediately after his death, the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee was held, at which positions in government and party management were distributed. Key positions in

Foreign policy of the USSR. 1945-1964
As a result of the defeat of Germany and its allies, the geopolitical structure of the world acquired new centers of influence, and the world became increasingly bipolar. In the balance of power the main role now belonged to

Reform of 1965 and socio-economic development of the country
After the dismissal of N.S. Khrushchev at the October (1964) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, L.I. Brezhnev was elected First Secretary of the Party Central Committee.

At first, many from the party circle
Features of political and spiritual development

In 1977, a new Soviet Constitution was adopted. It was based on the concept of developed socialism. By the mid-70s, it became clear that the construction of communism, outlined by the Program
Achievements and failures of foreign policy Soviet foreign policy

was quite active during the period under review. Despite the ongoing arms race and increased international tension in the 70s, the Soviet
Searching for ways to “improve socialism”: changes in the economic, social, political spheres

After Chernenko’s death, a struggle for the post of leader of the country began in the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. M.S. won this fight. Gorbachev, who had many years of experience in party work,
The politics of “new thinking” in international relations international relationships The USSR during the period of perestroika developed the so-called new political thinking. New policy announced by Soviet

Exacerbation of national problems. Collapse of the USSR
One of the problems that caused the collapse of perestroika and the collapse of the USSR was the aggravation of interethnic relations, which was explained by numerous problems in national relations.

Socio-economic transformations
In 1992 they continued economic events on the transition of command-administrative management principles to a market system of regulation. The core of the economic reform was the “sho” program

Radical political modernization
The course towards economic liberalization, the ongoing economic crisis and the lack of social guarantees caused dissatisfaction and irritation among a significant part of the population. Dissatisfaction result

The main directions of foreign policy activity of modern Russia
After the collapse of the USSR, Russia's position in the international arena changed. Foreign policy concept Russian Federation included the following tasks: - maintaining

A mirror is a duplicate portal that almost completely reproduces the main version. A backup resource comes to the rescue if the official casino website is blocked by RKN. Since Roskomnadzor has the right to impose a ban at any time, it is impossible to do without spare mirrors. Logging into the platform may be difficult for other reasons: technical work, hacker attacks ordered by competitors, overload due to large quantity visitors. Sometimes game resources are blocked by Internet providers who consider them dubious or dangerous.

Replenishing your deposit and withdrawing your winnings in the Casino Ra mirror will also not cause any difficulties. For financial transactions, guests are offered many options to choose from. Among them - bank cards, transactions through mobile operators, payment systems Qiwi, Payeer, Yandex.Money, Alfa-Bank online service. You can deposit or withdraw money in the “Cashier” section after logging in to the site.

Another option is to subscribe to the newsletter after registering. There will be a lot of emails coming. useful information: announcements of video slots, details of new promotions, promo codes for bonuses. Sometimes the administration sends links to newly created mirrors.

Mirror of Ra Casino: login to the official website of Ra Casino when blocked

To quickly gain access to your favorite games, you should know what to do if the official casino Ra website is blocked. There are different options to circumvent the ban. For example, a client can perform an alternative quick login to the Ra Casino mirror by activating special extensions in browsers. In Opera, such a mode is “Turbo”, in Google Chrome- "Frigate".

Another way to log into the official Ra Casino website is to use an anonymizer program or a VPN server. Anonymizer allows you to hide your IP address. There are a lot of such resources on the Internet, including free ones. The only disadvantage of the programs is that they somewhat slow down the Internet speed.

VPNs are private virtual networks. The essence of use is that the gambler accesses the gambling establishment’s portal through the company’s server. True, some well-functioning VPNs provide services on a paid basis. Monthly service costs range from $3 to $7. But the visitor gets the right to easily use services that are closed to access.

When deciding how to log into a website bypassing the blocking, it is worth remembering the capabilities of the mobile application. The Ra online casino also has such an application, which operates directly through the server. You can download a mobile client or desktop program to your computer in a few minutes and completely free. The version does not contain viruses and is safe for any device.

How to find the current Ra casino mirror to log in

Finding a working mirror of the Ra casino online is not difficult. Usually the user is redirected to it automatically thanks to the “redirect” function. You can also contact the Ra club support service for spare addresses. It is also worth looking for them on social networks, on special forums for gamblers.

Casino Ra mirror is a clone official page club with a similar interface and functionality. Players do not need to install additional software, and links to current mirrors are regularly sent along with news and special offers. If the user refused the mailing list or did not complete it during registration, information can be obtained from the support service at any time.

Despite the variety of alternative entry options, the best way to deal with blocking is still to use mirrors. Both the design and structure of the main site and the duplicate resource are identical. The only difference is the domain names.

To go to the Ra casino mirror when blocked, a few seconds are enough. To enter your personal account, you will have to enter your username and password: these are normal precautions. New users can immediately fill out the registration form, confirm their account using a secret move and receive a welcome bonus. After authorization, all options will become available.

In order not to search for a duplicate portal for a long time, it is advisable to bookmark the official Ra casino mirror. If automatic transition is not possible, the client will always have links at hand. They will help you easily access the portal and start having fun.

Sometimes when trying to access a working mirror, the client doubts that it is not a fake. Indeed, scammers often try to copy the websites of well-known casinos. To avoid mistakes, you should pay attention to the structure of the resource. On fraudulent services, sections may be arranged in a different order. If the headings have changed places, this should raise suspicion. You should also be wary if problems arise when trying to log into your personal account.

Another way to check the honesty of a resource is to look at where slot machines are downloaded from. If the download occurs from the developer company’s resource, everything is in order. In the case of pirated versions, video slots may be downloaded from the website of the original casino.

To check, it is better to log into your account, since untrustworthy casinos often load licensed software for demo games. Next, you need to launch any emulator from a top manufacturer, right-click anywhere and select “Examine Element” from the menu. After opening the technical panel, you need to find the “iframe” icon and see from which server the game is loaded.

Ra casino no deposit bonus for registration

One of the advantages of the gaming club is a profitable loyalty program. Not only experienced gamers can count on gifts from the administration. Each new client receives a no deposit bonus from Ra Casino. To become its owner, just register through the Ra Casino working mirror.

To become a member of the loyalty program, you must register and activate account. The registration procedure is simple: just enter a valid e-mail, come up with a unique username and password. You can use a profile in one of the popular social networks. On the website in the “Bonuses” section, users will find both permanent and one-time offers.

No deposit is credited to the balance after registration with the bonus has been completed through the Ra casino mirror. But you won’t be able to withdraw money right away. First, you will have to win back the gift, that is, bet a certain amount. A certain time is given for this - 72 hours from the moment of activation.

The reward for creating an account is 250 rubles. Funds are kept in a separate account until final wagering. Its coefficient is x40. Any adult user has the right to receive money for registration, because becoming a member of the club is allowed only from 18 years of age.

There are two more conditions. Firstly, before sending a withdrawal request, you will have to top up your deposit by at least the minimum amount. Secondly, you are allowed to withdraw no more than 5,000 rubles.

Of course, it’s nice to receive 250 rubles for registration without making a deposit, but the gifts don’t end there. The Ra online casino loyalty program also provides other types of rewards:

Cash prize for birthday. The reward depends on the status of the visitor and reaches 20,000 rubles.
Reload bonus provided weekly. A guest who has achieved the “Experienced” status has the opportunity to double the amount transferred to his personal account.
Welcome package, which is a bonus for replenishing a deposit. For depositing 100, 500 and 1,000 rubles into the account. 150, 100 and 50% are accrued respectively. In this way you can earn up to 25,000 bonus rubles. Wager size – x18.
Cashback. Registration through the Ra casino mirror is not only a chance to hit the jackpot in the machines, but also the opportunity to return up to 50% of unsuccessful bets.

If for some reason the reward was not credited automatically, you can receive a no deposit bonus for registration at Ra Casino through support. There are several ways to contact technical support: hotline, email, online chat.

Promo codes from the establishment allow you to increase the likelihood of winning in slot machines, tournaments, and lotteries. You can also play for free in demo mode. But unused bonuses will expire because they have a limited validity period. To take advantage of this type of reward on our website, simply enter the Ra casino promo code before replenishing your account and receive additional gifts.

Licensed slot machines from casino Ra

Ra gaming club offers guests only high-quality licensed software from leaders in the gambling industry. The game catalog includes both classic slots with a minimum number of paylines and no additional options, as well as the most modern machines with special symbols and bonus rounds.

The “Slot Machines” section presents more than a hundred machines from the following developers:

Novomatic;
MegaJack;
Playtech;
Igrosoft;
Yggdrasil Gaming;
NetEnt.

Users who dream of winning a big prize should look into the “Jackpots” section. You can become the owner of a considerable amount even with minimal bets.

All video slots that gamers will find on the pages of the virtual club are beautifully designed and easy to operate. The return percentage in most machines exceeds 95%, so it will be easy for even a beginner to win.

Guests who want to gain experience without investing have the right to play slot machines in demo mode without time limits. The test version gives you the opportunity to decide on your strategy and find the most interesting emulators. Today, every user on the club’s website can try playing Ra Casino slot machines completely free of charge in order to explore the capabilities of the presented slots without risks and choose the optimal betting strategy for the game.

By the way, not only beginners come to play slots in demo mode at Ra Casino. Experienced players also often come to the site to play the free version of new slots in order to evaluate the parameters that affect the chances of winning on a particular machine. During the free game process, our club visitors discover many hidden parameters of the selected game, including the length of the game cycle, volatility and the frequency of certain combinations to win in the casino.

However, if you are determined to beat virtual slots, it is important to remember that only real games bring real money. You can receive cash winnings from slot machines on the Ra club website only while playing for money, access to which is available after registering at the casino. The establishment operates under a license, its honesty and reliability are beyond doubt. Withdrawals are made as quickly as possible: it usually takes no more than three days to process applications.

The range of slot machines is regularly updated with interesting new products. The gaming club is also working to improve its loyalty program. A multi-level bonus system allows you to quickly increase your status and gain access to special privileges (instant payments, the opportunity to win valuable prizes). The mirror of the site is visited by both users who want to play for free, and those who like risk and large bets - no one gets bored.

Account replenishment and withdrawal of funds

To play the paid version of slots, as well as participate in tournaments, you need to register and top up your gaming account. This can be done in the appropriate profile section. IN personal account players can view statistics, the status of their game and bonus accounts, and a list of active events. Here you can also find information about payment systems through which you can replenish your deposit and withdraw your winnings. Gamblers can use:

mobile payments - MTS, Megafon;
virtual electronic wallets - Yandex.Money, WebMoney, Qiwi;
cards - Visa and MasterCard, as well as VTB, Sberbank and Alfa Bank.

Before making any financial transactions, you must go through a verification procedure. To do this, fill out a form with detailed information about yourself and provide copies of identification documents.

Payment systems the casino works with	VISA/MASTERCARD, QIWI, YANDEX MONEY, WEBMONEY, MTC, MEGAFON, BEELINE, TELE2, ALPHA CLICK, RUSSIA TERMINALS, PERFECTMONEY, OKPAY, COMEPAY, PAYEER
Minimum deposit amount	1 RUB
Payment systems for withdrawal of funds	VISA/MASTERCARD, QIWI, YANDEX MONEY, WEBMONEY, MTC, MEGAFON, BEELINE, TELE2, PAYEER
Minimum withdrawal amount	300 RUB
How long does it take to withdraw?	INSTANTLY
First deposit bonus	BONUS 100% FOR FIRST DEPOSIT UP TO RUB 15,000
Cashback	CASHBACK UP TO 50%
No deposit bonus	EXCLUSIVE 250 RUB FOR REGISTRATION
Software	GAMINATOR, IGROSOFT, MEGA JACK, NOVOMATIC
Payout limit	30000 RUB PER DAY
Languages	RUSSIAN
Casino currency	RUB
Date of foundation	16.12.2013
License	GRM ENT HOLDING LTD, SPYROU KYPRIANOU AVENUE 25, 1075 NICOSIA, CYPRUS.СURACAO, BH337-28

You don’t have to worry about the safety of your data - Casino Ra uses the most modern methods of protecting information.

Security and privacy

Casino Ra guarantees the security of clients’ personal and financial data and their confidentiality. The use of SSL encryption ensures the protection of such information. Each site visitor can contact support if they receive messages about suspicious activity with their account. It is enough to note possible dubious actions in the profile security settings (login from another device, request to withdraw funds, etc.).

The establishment adheres to the principles of fair play. All the machines presented in the catalog are licensed slots based on the RNG principle.

By choosing Casino Ra, players will receive comfortable and safe conditions for gambling, and 24-hour support from technical support operators. High-quality slot machines from well-known providers, regular tournaments, promotions and bonuses, fast and transparent money transactions, uninterrupted access to the site - all this is just a small part of the advantages. Register, play and win at Ra online casino.

History test The creation of a unified Russian state and the end of Horde rule for 6th grade students with answers. The test includes 2 options, each option consists of 2 parts (part A, part B). Part A has 5 tasks, Part B has 2 tasks.

1 option

A1. The annexation of Novgorod to the Moscow state refers to

1) 1453
2) 1478
3) 1510
4) 1521

A2. Read an excerpt from a historical source and indicate what event is being discussed.

“The news came to the Grand Duke that Tsar Akhmat was coming in full force, with his horde...
It was then that the glorious miracle of the Most Pure Mother of God happened: when our people retreated from the shore, the Tatars, thinking that the Russians were giving them the shore in order to fight them, overwhelmed with fear, ran. And our people, thinking that the Tatars had crossed the river and were following them, came to Kremenets. The great prince and his son... went to Borovsk... It was then that the miracle of the Most Pure One happened: some fled from others, and no one pursued anyone... And God and the Most Pure One delivered the Russian land from the infidels...”

1) Battle of Kulikovo
2) capture of Kazan
3) standing on the Ugra River
4) Battle of Kolka

A3. Under Vasily III, it was recaptured from Lithuania

1) Polotsk
2) Smolensk
3) Kyiv
4) Brest

A4. What contributed to the success of the Moscow princes in the fight against Lithuania for the Russian lands under its rule?

1) support for Moscow from Poland
2) dissatisfaction of the population of the Russian lands of the Principality of Lithuania with the adoption of Catholicism as the state religion
3) support for Moscow from the Golden Horde
4) the defeat of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a result of an unsuccessful war with the Teutonic Order

A5.

1) Sergius of Radonezh
2) Elena Glinskaya
3) Dmitry Bobrok-Volynsky
4) Marfa Boretskaya

IN 1. Establish a correspondence between the names of the Moscow princes and the events associated with their reign: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

Moscow princes

A) Vasily III
B) Ivan III
B) Dmitry Donskoy

1) annexation of Ryazan
2) annexation of Kolomna
3) Khan Tokhtamysh’s raid on Moscow
4) battle on the Sheloni River

AT 2. Place in chronological order Horde rulers. Provide your answer as a sequence of numbers for the selected elements.

Option 2

A1. Which of the following was a consequence of the event that went down in history as “standing on the Ugra River”?

1) the fall of the Horde yoke
2) annexation of the Nizhny Novgorod principality to Moscow
3) the destruction of Moscow by the Horde army
4) seizure of the Moscow throne by Dmitry Shemyaka

A2. The annexation of Tver to the Moscow State refers to

1) 1392
2) 1425
3) 1464
4) 1485

A3. Under which prince did the unification of Russian lands end with the annexation of the Ryazan principality?

1) Vasily II
2) Ivan III
3) Ivan II
4) Vasily III

A4. Which of the listed historical figures are among the contemporaries of Ivan III?

1) Edigey
2) Khan Akhmat
3) Timur
4) Khan Tokhtamysh

A5. Read an excerpt from a historical source and indicate with what phenomenon the events described in it are connected.

“We don’t want for the Grand Duke of Moscow, we don’t want to be called his patrimony, we are free people, we don’t want to endure insults from Moscow, we want for the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir” - this is what the boyars and their supporters shouted at the assembly.”

1) the fall of the Horde yoke
2) the conclusion of a union between Lithuania and Poland
3) the struggle of Novgorod to maintain independence
4) civil strife in the Moscow principality between the descendants of Dmitry Donskoy

IN 1. Establish a correspondence between events and their dates; for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

A) standing on the Ugra River
B) Battle of Kulikovo
B) Battle of Grunwald

1) 1380
2) 1410
3) 1445
4) 1480

AT 2. Arrange the territories in chronological order of their annexation to the Moscow Principality. Provide your answer as a sequence of numbers for the selected elements.

1) Novgorod the Great
2) Mozhaisk
3) Nizhny Novgorod Principality
4) Tver

Answers to a history test The creation of a unified Russian state and the end of Horde rule
1 option
A1-2
A2-3
A3-2
A4-2
A5-4
B1-143
B2-3142
Option 2
A1-1
A2-4
A3-4
A4-2
A5-3
B1-412
B2-2314

Having won the struggle for the great reign in Rus', the Moscow princes continued their efforts to unite the lands around Moscow. The reign of Ivan III (1462-1505) accelerated this process. In 1463, pursuing a unification policy, he annexed the Yaroslavl principality.

The Tver Principality and the Novgorod Republic offered active resistance to the unification. To maintain independence, the Novgorod boyars entered into an alliance with Lithuania and found themselves under the partial authority of the Lithuanian prince Casimir IV.

In 1471, Ivan III led an army to Novgorod and achieved victory in the battle on the Sheloni River. To completely conquer Novgorod, a second campaign was needed. In 1478, Ivan III finally conquered the city (after withstanding the siege) and deprived it of independence by abolishing the organs local government and the liquidation of symbols of independence (the Novgorod veche bell was taken to Moscow). With the fall of Novgorod, all of its vast territories came into the possession of Moscow.

In 1472 the Perm region was conquered. In 1474, the Rostov Principality was redeemed. In 1485, Ivan III, at the head of a large army, approached Tver and took the city in two days without losses, taking advantage of the betrayal of the Tver boyars. Grand Duke Mikhailo Borisovich fled to Lithuania.

Having annexed Tver, Ivan III created a unified state and began to title himself the sovereign of all Rus'.

In the middle of the 15th century. Golden Horde broke up into several independent khanates. Ivan III began to behave towards them as an independent sovereign. He stopped paying the ransom and created an alliance with the enemy of the Golden Horde - the Crimean Khan.

The Golden Horde Khan Akhmat tried to restore his power over Russia. In 1480, having concluded an alliance with the Lithuanian Grand Duke and the Polish King Casimir IV, he led his troops to Moscow.

It all ended in a confrontation between Russian and Tatar troops on the Ugra River.

Without waiting for his allies, Akhmat did not dare to start a battle and in November 1480 was forced to retreat. This meant the final fall of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, which had weighed on Russia for more than two centuries.

Ivan III sought to further expand the state. In 1487, Kazan recognized its dependence on Moscow. By the end of the 15th century. The state includes territories in the northeast. Ivan III conquers a number of Belarusian and Ukrainian lands from Lithuania and Poland.

The unification policy was continued by the son of Ivan III, Vasily III. In 1503, having destroyed the Pskov feudal republic, he annexed Pskov. In 1514, he recaptured Smolensk from Lithuania. In 1517-1523 Vasily III took Chernigov and the principality of Ryazan.

The process of formation of a single state involved significant internal socio-economic and political changes. This was expressed in the formation of a regime of class-representative monarchy, in which the autocracy is supported by various classes, primarily the nobility, townspeople and the top of the capital's boyars, interested in the creation of a state and the presence of a strong central government in it.

The years of the reign of Ivan III are characterized by changes in government bodies. The Boyar Duma becomes the supreme advisory body, institutions in charge of various spheres of state life are created, the first orders are issued, governors are involved in local administration and are supported by the territories they govern.

In 1479, the Code of Laws of Grand Duke Ivan III was published - a set of laws, the first code of the Russian state, which enshrined unified system government controlled and regulated the activities of government bodies. The Code of Law set a deadline for peasant transitions (once a year, on St. George’s Day) and payment for the use of the yard. The law limited the freedom of peasants and tied them to the land.

During the reign of Ivan III and Vasily III (1505-1533), the process of unification of Russian lands was completed, and the strengthening of Russian statehood continued.

Grade 10

Option 1. Part A.

"Zadonshchina"
"The Life of Mikhail Chernigovsky"
"The Tale of the Massacre of Mamayev"
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

Mikhail Vsevolodovich Chernigovsky
Epiphanius the Wise
Safoniy Ryazanets
Victor Hugo

Metropolitan Cyprian
Stefan Novgorodets
Victor Hugo
Afanasy Nikitin

Saphrony Rezanets
Boris Alexandrovich
Epiphanius the Wise
Victor Hugo

Download:

Preview:

Final test on the history of Russia “The formation of a unified Russian state in the 14th-15th centuries”

Grade 10

Option 1. Part A.

1. The largest work about the Battle of Kulikovo:

"Zadonshchina"

"The Life of Mikhail Chernigovsky"

"The Tale of the Massacre of Mamayev"

"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

2.One and best writers early 14th to late 15th centuries

Mikhail Vsevolodovich Chernigovsky

Epiphanius the Wise

Safoniy Ryazanets

Victor Hugo

3. Initiator of the creation of the all-Russian chronicle of 1408

Metropolitan Cyprian

Stefan Novgorodets

Victor Hugo

Afanasy Nikitin

4. To which of the princes was the word of praise dedicated to “Monk Thomas, a word of praise”?

Saphrony Rezanets

Boris Alexandrovich

Epiphanius the Wise

Victor Hugo

5. Name the most famous temple in Novgorod

Assumption Cathedral

Spassky Cathedral

Trinity Cathedral

Church of Peter and Paul in Kozhevniki

6. Where the author's signature was placed on the icon in the 14th-15th centuries?

In the lower left corner

Neither was put

In the middle

On the back of the icon

7. One of the great icon painters of the 14th-15th centuries was

Prokhor

Vasily the dark

Sergius

Dionysius

8. What territories did Yuri Danilovich annex to his possessions in 1303?

Moscow

Mozhaisk

Tver

Pskov

9. Between which cities did a brutal war begin in the reign of Yuri Danilovich?

Tver and Pskov

Mozhaisk and Pskov

Moscow and Tver

Pskov and Moscow

10. In what year was Vsevolod’s first fortress, the Big Nest, built?

1182

1186

1185

1187

11. Who founded the dynasty of Tver princes?

Yaroslav

Alexander

Yuri

Dmitriy

12. Who killed Prince Yuri of Moscow in the Golden Horde?

Alexander Nevskiy

Yuri Danilovich

Mikhail Tverskoy

Dmitry Groznye Ochi

13.Who became the Prince of Moscow after the death of Yuri?

Alexander

Ivan

Dmitriy

Yaroslav

14. Which cathedral was consecrated in 1333?

Vladimirsky

Moscow

Arkhangelsk

Pskovsky

15. Under what ruler did “Rus” turn into the “Russian state”?

Dmitry Donskoy

Vladimir Monomakh

Ivan III the Great

Vasily Temny

16. The conquest of which city is the greatest success of Ivan III

Moscow

Novgorod

Vladimir

Kolomna

17. Who was Daniil Kholmsky?

Colonel

Soldier-hero

The prince's right hand

Boyarin

18. How did the siege of Novgorod by Ivan III end?

Burning of Novgorod

Kostyn Treaty

Treaty of Novgorod

Moscow Treaty

19. In what year did Ivan III carry out his second campaign against Novgorod?

1488

1460

1450

1478

20. What new class did Ivan III create?

Nobility

Boyars

Peasantry

Merchants

21.For what purpose did Ivan III send two “Germans” to Pechora into the northern forests?

Collecting tribute

Free settlement

Searches for silver and gold

Intelligence service

Part B

Q1 Match the dates of construction and the name of the cathedral

Name of the cathedral	Construction date
A. Spassky Cathedral of the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery	1. 1399
B. Church of the Deposition of the Robe of Our Lady p. Warts on Sheksna	2. 1485
V. Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary on Gorodok	3. 1292
G. Church of the Savior on Ilyin Street	4. 1427
D. Church of St. Nicholas on Lipka near Novgorod	5. 1374
E. Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra	6. 1423

Q2.Which artist are we talking about?

“In the 70s of the 14th century…….. was invited to Rus'. His first work was painting the Church of the Savior on Ilyin Street in Novgorod. Later he worked in Moscow, Kolomna, Nizhny Novgorod. Among the icons painted ..... “Our Lady of the Don” and “Transfiguration” are especially expressive.

AT 3. Match name and social status

Q4. Fill in the missing word

“Some historians were not satisfied with the traditional explanation of history “……”. They came up with their own interpretation. Prince Ivan was nicknamed “…..” not for his kindness, but for his stinginess. He collected hryvnia for every stupidity"

AT 5. Who are we talking about?

“In addition to valuable furs, Ivan III hoped to find silver and gold in the north. For this purpose, he sent “two Germans” to Pechora. On the Tsilma River, the left tributary of the Pechora, ……. We found silver and copper ore.

AT 6. Correlate the dates and stages of the formation of the serfdom system

Answers. Part A

b https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Presentation by a student of 9th grade: Nesterenko Ksenia Reform activities of Pyotr Nikolaevich Wrangel

Petr Nikolaevich Wrangel P.N. Wrangel (1878 - 1928) – baron, graduated from the Mining Institute in 1901. He served in Irkutsk as an official for special assignments under the Governor General. Graduated from Nikolaev Academy General Staff served in the guard. Participated in the Russo-Japanese War. During the First World War he commanded a regiment, brigade, and division. Since 1918, Wrangel fought in Denikin’s troops and commanded the Caucasian and Volunteer armies. Having become the head of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, he developed a set of measures aimed at creating a broad social base for his movement.

He received the nickname “Black Baron” for his traditional everyday dress - a black Cossack Circassian coat with gazyrs. Black Baron Wrangel

With the support of the head of the Government of the South of Russia, a prominent economist and reformer A.V. Krivoshein, developed a number of legislative acts on agrarian reform. The basis of his land policy was the provision that most of the land belonged to peasants. He advocated a federal structure of the future Russia. He was inclined to recognize the political independence of Ukraine. P.N. Wrangel:

Wrangel, trying to win over the Cossacks, approved a new provision of autonomy for the Cossack lands. Workers were promised new factory legislation that would protect their rights. Volunteer Army an attempt was made to rethink the ideology and politics of the white movement. This attempt was made by General Wrangel, who at the beginning of April 1920 was elected commander-in-chief and evacuated troops to Crimea.

He recognized the legal seizure of landowners' lands by peasants in the first years after the revolution. Despite all the progressive measures, the whites in the person of the commander-in-chief did not gain the trust of the population, and the material and human resources of Crimea were depleted. During six months of 1920, P. N. Wrangel, Ruler of the South of Russia and Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, tried to take into account the mistakes of his predecessors, boldly made previously unthinkable compromises, and tried to win over various segments of the population to his side. Wrangel's policy in Crimea