How to indicate a journal in a footnote. Rules for formatting bibliographic references and references. Quoting may be

As a rule, teachers require references to literature in the abstract.

A reference is a source of bibliographic information (GOST R7.0.5 2008), which indicates a specific author, possibly citing excerpts from his work. It is customary to formulate references using footnotes. Links can be made in several ways:

1. Inside the text.
2. Interlinearly.
3. At the end of the abstract.

How to format inline footnotes

Sample design

"Today everyone thinking person I have to ask myself the question: “Am I so alone that I won’t become part of the crowd?” .

The first digit indicates the source number in the bibliography, the second digit indicates the page number.

For ease of reference, it is necessary to create a list of references in advance: this will eliminate confusion with source numbers.

How to insert links to sources interlinearly

The Word functions will help you make a footnote correctly in your abstract. Footnotes look like the following:

We see that the footnote text is at the bottom of the page, and the phrase it refers to is marked with a number. The numbering can be either on each page or continuous (so-called end-to-end). The most common type is on every page.

Such footnotes are inserted using Word: Link – Insert footnote.

The footnote indicates: full name, name of the source, place of publishing house (city) (the name of the publishing house itself is not indicated), year, page number. You can also indicate in the footnote the Internet resource from which the phrase or information was borrowed.

Footnotes at the end of the abstract

The teacher must check it in accordance with all the rules for writing it. However, the question often arises about how to properly format footnotes in course work. I would like to talk about this now.

Documentation

First of all, it must be said that if a certain question arises regarding the work, it is best to refer to the GOST 7.1-2003 standard. It outlines all the requirements for the design of various scientific works, including information that such documents must have footnotes. However, unfortunately for the majority, GOST has absolutely no explanation of how to do everything correctly. This document is intended more for library use.

But what should a student who wants to figure out his coursework on his own do? Everything is simple here, you need to ask for help from the staff of your department or take the requirements directly from the assigned teacher. Since there is no complete information about the design of footnotes in GOST, each specialist has the right to independently establish his own requirements for design various parts scientific works of their students.

Why is this necessary?

Many people may be interested in information about why footnotes are needed in coursework and how they help. So, it is worth recalling that each should be unique in its content. Of course, you can use various literature, but the essence of writing a coursework is the analysis of the information received, its interpretation and individual presentation. If you need to use a quote or insert a passage of text from other literature, a link to the source must be provided. If this is not done, the student can easily be accused of plagiarism and the work considered written off. And this is much worse than getting a D for your coursework (at least the grade can be corrected).

Types of footnotes

It is worth saying that there are two types of footnotes in coursework:

1. Interlinear (information about the source from which the quote is taken is located at the bottom of the page, under the text itself).

2. Inline (source information is given immediately after the quotation in square brackets). They have two numbers. The first: the serial number of the source in the list of references, the second: the page of the source in which the quotation is located.

If there are no special requirements, footnotes are formatted in any of these ways. However, more often than not, educational institutions prefer the more convenient inline footnotes.

Option 1. Interlinear

Everyone has probably seen what footnotes look like in the finished version. Near the last word in the quotation there is a small number before the quotation marks (for example, 1). Further, at the very end of this sheet, under a line in small letters, a full explanation will be given of which source the quote was taken from (full name of the author, title of the book, publisher, year), and also the page number (or numbers) is indicated. In order to make such footnotes yourself, you just need to competently use the capabilities of MS Word. The algorithm of actions will be as follows:

On the toolbar (located at the top of the working window) you need to find the “Insert” tab;

Set the footnote format yourself: select numbering on each page (in this option, footnotes will be placed at the end of each page on which they are located).

However, it is worth saying that for latest versions The Word algorithm will be slightly different:

Still on the same toolbar you need to find the “Links” tab;

Click on the “Insert footnote” item and enter information about the source manually.

Important nuances

It is worth remembering that footnotes are placed in coursework only when the quotation is completely taken from the source verbatim. If it is written in a free quotation, but the essence of the words is still borrowed, the design of the footnotes in this version will be somewhat different. Before indicating the source, you will need to write the following phrase: “See. about it". Those. the author points out that more detailed information about this can be found in a specific source.

Example: "See about this: Ivanov I.I. General theory of the development of life on the planet. M.: BioLit, 2000. p. 19".

Several references will be formatted in a similar way, from which the information presented in the course work will be taken and interpreted in the same way. They will be submitted after the same phrase, in one line, separated by a semicolon.

Option 2. Inline

So, let’s look further at the design of footnotes in coursework. It was said above that there are two options. It is worth saying that displaying inline footnotes is much easier than footnotes, because for this you do not need to use any additional functions, everything is done manually. You just need to know that they must be placed immediately after the quote is written (before the period at the end of the line). It is important to remember two nuances here:

1. First comes the number of the source from which the quotation is taken (according to the list of references), followed by a semicolon.

Examples of inline links

It is also very important to provide examples of footnotes in your coursework. So what they might look like:

All of these options are inherently correct. However, again, I would like to remind you that it is better to clarify all the nuances of the design of footnotes with the teacher or department staff, so that there are no questions or complaints later.

Difficulties in creating inline footnotes

When figuring out how to format footnotes in coursework, it is worth remembering that certain difficulties may arise. The first of them appears when, in the process of preparing footnotes, the list of references is not yet fully prepared. When you change the last number, some sources will automatically change. Therefore, it is important to remember that you also need to change the numbers in the footnotes, otherwise the information will not correspond to reality. Therefore, when writing a draft (or a working version of a coursework) and before the list of references is fully prepared, it is best to indicate in square brackets not the source number, but the author’s last name (this will be much easier to correct later).

Special rules

After reading all the above information, it is worth remembering a few simple ones, however important rules how to make footnotes in coursework:

1. When preparing footnotes, you need to take into account the nature of the citation (complete borrowing of the text or its interpretation).

2. It is important to remember internal requirements educational institution to the design of footnotes.

3. When making footnotes, it is important to remember the rules for formatting literature: they are somewhat different for an article, monograph and primary source.

4. Footnotes are easier to change (after all, they are inserted automatically) than inline footnotes. However, when it comes to design, the second option is easier, because it does not require special knowledge of MS Word functions.

We have described in detail the design of footnotes in the coursework, as you can see, nothing complicated or supernatural. You only have to try to do everything yourself once, and you can make sure that there are no difficulties in compiling them.

Dear teachers, graduate students, applicants and students! In the scientific and technical library of the university you can get advice on compiling bibliographic lists for scientific works in accordance with GOST 7.1-2003. Contact the NTB auditorium. 153 a.

Registration of bibliographic references (citations)
(according to GOST R 7.0.5 - 2008 “Bibliographic reference”)

• citation;
• borrowing provisions, formulas, tables, illustrations;
• the need to refer to another publication where the issue is more fully presented;
• analysis of published works.

If the text is cited not from the original source, but from another publication or from another document, then the link should begin with the words “Quoted from”; "Quoted from the book"; "Quoted according to art."

If necessary, it is necessary to emphasize that the source to which reference is made is only one of many, where the position of the main text is confirmed (expressed, illustrated), then in such cases the words “See, for example”, “See, in particular” are used. .

Additional literature that needs to be shown is provided by the "See also" link. The reference given for comparison is explained by the abbreviation “Avg.” If the work indicated in the link covers the subject touched upon in the main text in more detail, write “For more details, see.”

for the entire source, for example:
A. Powell’s article “Falling into the Gap” (Powell A Falling for the Gap // Reason. 1999. N. 11, Nov. P. 36-47.) aroused great interest among Americans, in which he outlined in sufficient detail the essence of the problem of information inequalities.

a link to the source number in the list of references and the page number from which the quotation was taken, for example:
The most successful, from the author’s point of view, is the definition of the scientific team of the Institute for the Development of the Information Society, in which the “digital divide” is understood as “ the new kind social differentiation arising from different possibilities for using the latest information and telecommunication technologies" (5, p. 43).

Subscript links- these are links located at the bottom of the page, under the lines of the main text in the drawn footer. To connect subscript links with the text of the document, use a footnote sign, which is given in the form of numbers (ordinal numbers), asterisks, letters, and other characters, and is placed on the top line of the font.

When numbering interlinear letters, a uniform order is used for the entire document: continuous numbering throughout the entire text, within each chapter, section or given page of the document.

Only the aesthetic dimension, according to Marcuse, still retains freedom of expression, allowing the writer and artist to call people and things by their proper names, that is, to give a name to something that cannot be called in any other way. “The protest against the unclear, hidden, metaphysical nature of the universals of the technogenic world, the insistent demand for the familiar and safe reliability of common and scientific sense still reveal something of that primitive anxiety, which precisely guided the philosophical thought recorded in written sources in its evolution from religion to mythology and from mythology to logic, and security and safety still form the most important part of the intellectual baggage of mankind.”

Beyond text links- this is an indication of the sources of quotes with a reference to the numbered list of references placed at the end of the work. The set of extra-text bibliographic references (b/c) (references) is drawn up as a list of bibliographic records placed after the text of the document or its component part. An off-text link is visually separated from the document text. The serial number of a bibliographic record in a post-text reference is indicated in the callout sign on the top line of the font or in the reference, which is given in square brackets in the line with the text of the document.

For example: in the text.

“Scientists such as A.I. Prigozhin, L.Ya. Kols, Yu.N. Frolov and many others have studied this issue”

25. Prigozhin, A. I. Innovators as a social category // Methods for activating innovation processes. M., 1998. P. 4-12.

26. Kols, L. Ya. Social mechanism of innovation processes. Novosibirsk, 1989. 215 p.

For example: in the text:

10. Berdyaev, N. A. The meaning of history. M.: Mysl, 1990. 175 p.

in the text:

[Bakhtin, 2003, p. 18]

Bakhtin, M. M. Formal method in literary criticism: a critical introduction to social poetics. M.: Labyrinth, 2003. 192 p.

You need to know that the set of extra-text bibliographic references is not a bibliographic list of references, usually placed after the text of the document. The bibliography is an independent reference apparatus. The list of extra-text links is compiled separately.

As can be seen from research recent years(12; 34; 52. P. 14-19; 64. P. 21-23).

If there is a need to refer to an opinion shared by a number of authors, or argued in several works by the same author, then you should note all the serial numbers of the sources, which are separated by a semicolon. For example:

1. The text of the quotation is enclosed in quotation marks and is given in that grammatical form, as it is given in the source, preserving the features of the author's writing.

2. Quoting must be complete, without arbitrary abbreviation of the quoted text and without distortion of the author’s thoughts. Omission of words, sentences, paragraphs when quoting is allowed without distortion of the quoted text and is indicated by an ellipsis. It is placed anywhere in the quotation (at the beginning, in the middle, at the end). If there is a punctuation mark before or after the omitted text, it is not saved.

3. When quoting, each quotation must be accompanied by a link to the source.

4. When quoting indirectly (when paraphrasing, when presenting the thoughts of other authors in your own words), which provides significant savings in the text, you should be extremely accurate in presenting the author’s thoughts and correct when assessing what is being stated, and provide appropriate references to the source. However, such citations should not be abused.

5. Citation should be neither excessive nor insufficient, since both reduce the level of scientific work.

7. If the author of a scientific work, giving a quotation, highlights some words in it, he must specifically stipulate this, i.e., after the explanatory text, a dot is placed, then the initials of the author of the scientific work are indicated, and the entire text is enclosed in parentheses.

The options for such clauses are the following: (our discharge - A. A.); (underlined by me. - A. A.); (our italics - A.A.).

When formatting quotations, you should know the rules associated with writing capital and lowercase letters, as well as the use of punctuation marks in quoted texts.

If a quotation reproduces the entire sentence of the quoted text, then it begins with a capital letter in all cases except one - when the quotation is part of a sentence by the author of the work.

If the quotation reproduces only part of the sentence of the quoted text, then after the opening quotation marks they are placed. There are two options for formatting quotes here. First option: the quotation begins with a capital letter if the quoted text comes after a period, for example:

Serge Tubiana noted: “Deleuze was a true cinephile. In the strict sense of the word... He understood earlier and better than us that in a sense, society itself is cinema.”

Second option: the quotation begins with a lowercase letter if the quotation is not completely inserted into the middle of the author’s sentence (the first words are omitted), for example:

When visiting the Presidential Library, Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev demanded “... the speed of entry to the library website should be adjusted so that even a reader from Kamchatka can instantly gain access, and not wait for hours.”

A lowercase letter is also used when the quotation is organically part of the sentence, regardless of how it began in the source, for example:

Deleuze attributed an unusually high theoretical status to cinema, saying that “since philosophy, after its death, is scattered throughout the entire space of culture, why not find it in cinema?”

References in the text to the number of a figure, table, page, chapter are written abbreviated and without the “No” sign, for example: fig. 3, table. 1, p. 34, ch. 2. If the specified words are not accompanied by a serial number, then they should be written in full in the text, without abbreviations, for example: “from the figure it is clear that...”, “the table shows that...”, etc.

The link sign, if the note refers to a single word, should appear directly at this word, but if it refers to a sentence (or group of sentences), then at the end. In relation to punctuation marks, a footnote mark is placed before them (with the exception of question and exclamation marks and ellipses).

Registration of the results of educational and scientific work

Registration of the results of educational and scientific work (abstract, course work, thesis, scientific article, report, dissertation) is one of the most important stages of scientific research and creative work. This stage of work (preparation of the bibliographic part of the manuscript) includes:

use of quotations and references;

preparation of a list of references;

bibliographic description of the documents in this list.

Work with the manuscript is based on normative and regulatory documents (GOSTs), which determine the formal requirements for a scientific manuscript and technical document. The system of standards for information, library and publishing (SIBID) is a system of general technical, organizational and methodological documents. All standards developed in the field of information, librarianship, bibliographic activities and publishing are united under the general heading “System of standards for information, library and publishing”.

To prepare primary documents, the following are used:

GOST 7.32-2001. Research report. Structure and design rules.

In addition to the general requirements for scientific manuscripts, there are special requirements for certain types of documents. These standard documents are combined into series - the Unified Series of Design Documentation (ESKD) and the Unified Series of Technological Documentation (ESTD).

ESKD is represented (including) by the following standards:

GOST 2.104-68 ESKD. Basic signatures.

GOST 2.105-95 ESKD. General requirements for text documents.

GOST 2.106-96 ESKD. Text documents.

GOST 2.109-73 ESKD. Basic requirements for drawings.

GOST 2.702-75 ESKD. Rules for the execution of electrical circuits.

GOST 2.721-74 ESKD. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Designations for general use.

ESTD includes:

GOST 3.1001-81 (Art. SEV 875-78) ESTD. General provisions.

GOST 3.1102-81 (Article CMEA 1799-79) ESTD. Stages of development and types of documents.

The preparation of secondary documents is based on:

GOST 7.9-95 (ISO 214-76). Abstract and annotation. General requirements.

GOST 7.1-2003. Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and drafting rules.

GOST 7.82-2001. Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description of electronic resources: General requirements and rules of compilation.

GOST R 7.0.12-2011. Bibliographic record. Abbreviation of words and phrases in Russian. General requirements and rules.

Registration of the list of references

The bibliography is an organic part of any scientific work. The list includes works cited in this work, reviewed works, and archival material related to the topic. Options for placing literature in the list:

• alphabetical;
• by document type;
• systematic;
• as used (by chapters and sections);
• chronological, etc.

The arrangement of material in the lists is either determined by the author, or the author coordinates it with the rules adopted in a given organization, journal, dissertation defense council, etc. In any case, within sections, information about sources is located in the alphabet of the bibliographic description (author or title).

The alphabetical arrangement of sources means that a strict verbal alphabet of headings of the bibliographic description (authors or titles) is maintained. This method of arranging records is similar to the arrangement of cards in the alphabetical catalog of libraries. Separately, an alphabetical series is built in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.) and a series in languages ​​with Latin letters (English, French, German, etc.).

When arranged by document type, the material in the bibliography is arranged first by publication type: books, articles, official documents, standards, etc.

Systematic arrangement means dividing the list into sections according to the system of science or branch. In this case, well-known classification systems, for example library ones, can be taken as a basis. In this case, the list resembles sections of a systematic library catalog.

Arrangement as used (by chapters and sections). The simple structure of such a list is inconvenient due to the fact that it is difficult to navigate and search for the desired source. This method is most often used in small articles (reports), where the list of sources used is small. If the structure of such a list is complicated by the fact that separate sublists are allocated to sections or chapters, then it is easier to search for the desired publication in the list. Most often, this method is used in large scientific publications - monographs. However, there is a certain inconvenience, which is that the same source used in several sections will be included in the list several times.

The chronological arrangement of material is used most often in works of a historical nature, where it is important to show periods and pay attention to at what time a particular source was published.

The arrangement of the material is dictated by the types of publications, the descriptions of which are included in the bibliography (for example, if the list contains standard documents, then it is more convenient to arrange them in ascending numbers - in numerical order, etc.). The basis of the list of sources (literature) is the bibliographic description of the publication, which allows you to build the list in one logic or another.

Abbreviation of words and phrases

On September 1, 2012, GOST R 7.0.12-2011 “Bibliographic record” came into force. Abbreviation of words and phrases in Russian. General requirements and rules." It was developed to replace GOST 7.12 - 93 with the same name. This standard regulates the use of abbreviations in records for all types of documents and defines new conditions for the use of word abbreviations in elements of a bibliographic description.

This standard was developed to establish the basic rules for abbreviating words in Russian in bibliographic records for all types of documents. It defines the rules for abbreviating words frequently found in bibliographic records and establishes a unified way of abbreviating words for different readings of its abbreviation. New options for abbreviations of individual words and phrases in Russian have been developed in accordance with modern practice leading libraries in the country.

The standard applies to bibliographic records and bibliographic references prepared by libraries, state bibliography centers, scientific and technical information bodies, publishers and bookselling organizations.

One of the innovations of GOST is the restriction on the use of abbreviations:

1. do not abbreviate words or phrases if, when decoding the abbreviation, a different understanding of the text of the bibliographic record is possible

2. do not abbreviate words and phrases included in the main, parallel, other and alternative titles

3.do not abbreviate the words and phrases included in the information related to the title, indicating the name of the publisher when preparing bibliographic records for publications of the state bibliography, catalogs and card files, and the layout of an annotated card.

For example:

Ikonnikova, G. I. History of philosophy of the 19th - early 20th centuries: tutorial for universities of non-philosophical specialties / G. I. Ikonnikova, N. I. Ikonnikova. - Moscow: University textbook: INFRA-M, 2011. -303, ; 22 cm. - Bibliography. at the end of ch. —1000 copies —ISBN 978-59558-0201-5 (University studies) (in translation). —ISBN 978-5-16-004820-8 (INFRA-M).

An exception to this rule is that it is permitted to abbreviate words and phrases in information related to the title when compiling a bibliographic entry for reference lists, in bibliographic manuals that are not related to state bibliographic indexes, for bibliographic references.

New in GOST is the abbreviation of the place of publication, which is now recommended to be abbreviated only for bibliographic references (Moscow - M.; St. Petersburg - St. Petersburg, etc.).

EXAMPLES OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION

Novikova, A. M. Universal economic dictionary/ A. M. Novikova, N. E. Novikov, K. A. Pogosov. - Moscow: Economics, 1995. - 135 p.

Religions of the world: a manual for teachers / Ya. N. Shapov [and others]. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 1996. - 496 p.

Collection of problems in physics: textbook. manual for universities / ed. S. M. Pavlova. - 2nd ed., additional - Moscow: graduate School, 1995. - 347 p.

Multi-volume editions.

The publication as a whole.

Book of books: bibliographic manual: in 3 volumes - Moscow: Book, 1990.

Separate volume.

A book about books: bibliographical guide: in 3 volumes - Moscow: Book, 1990. - T. 1. - 407 p.

Educational and methodological manual

Water supply and sanitation of residential and public buildings: example of calculation: educational method. manual for issue well. project for students specialist. 290700 / G. F. Bogatov. - Kaliningrad: Publishing house KSTU, 1997. - 40 s.

Network resources

Researched in Russia [ Electronic resource]: multi-subject. scientific magazine / Moscow Phys.-Techn. int. - Access mode: http: // zhurnal.mipt.rssi.ru.

DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENT PART OF THE DOCUMENT.

Article from the book.

Tkach, M. M. Technological preparation of flexible production systems / M. M. Tkach // Flexible automated production systems / ed. L. S. Yampolsky. - Kyiv, 1995. - P. 42-78.

Article from a magazine.

Volberg, D. B. Main trends in the development of the world energy industry / D. B. Volberg // Thermal power engineering. - 1996. - No. 5. - P. 5-12.

Newspaper article.

Budilovsky, G. Human health is the basis of policy / G. Budilovsky // Kaliningradskaya Pravda. - 1997. - January 28. - P. 8.

Article from a collection of works.

Minko, A. A. Methodology for determining the sealing force in the end precision connectors of fuel injection pumps / A. A. Minko // Operation of ship power plants, systems and equipment for agricultural production: collection. scientific tr. / KSTU. - Kaliningrad: Publishing house KSTU, 1994. - P. 57-61.

IN different types Scientific research works (reports, abstracts, essays, dissertations, etc.) resort to citation. Therefore, the correct formatting of footnotes (according to GOST 2017 we analyze an example in this material) always remains a pressing issue.

This is a painstaking task, takes a lot of time and requires certain knowledge. Entrust its implementation to our experienced authors if you are not sure about something. With us - quickly and to the required standards!

Formatting footnotes according to GOST 2017 - example in diploma dissertations

The text of the dissertation may include:

• footnotes, marked with quotation marks and a reference index to the source with the exact imprint;
• footnotes, retold in your own words (without quotes), but indexed, with an exact indication of the source.

In this type of work, footnotes are most often placed in square brackets. If the bibliographic list is compiled as references to sources appear in the text block, then the surname and initials of the author and other output data are indicated in brackets. For example: “...in the work on the psychology of color it was noted...”. If information is used from sources with big amount pages, then in the inline footnote (aka link) you must accurately indicate the numbers of pages, tables, formulas, etc. from the source to which the link was given.

Formatting footnotes according to GOST 2017 - an example in dissertations

There are some differences in the formatting of references in an abstract and a dissertation. Thus, bibliographic references in the abstract are given in round brackets, indicating the author’s name and the year of publication. For example: (Kononov, 2013).

In dissertations, footnotes are formatted in square brackets indicating the serial number of the source in the list of references and the corresponding page. For example: .

Dissertation papers often use footnotes at the bottom of the same page where the cited information is provided. In this case, in footnotes to books or scientific articles published in collections of scientific works, periodicals, etc., the name of the author and the title of the work, place, name of the publication, year, issue number of the scientific collection or journal, page, page must be indicated. which the information provided is posted.

In the text of the work, a footnote is indicated by a superscript footnote (Word has this option). The footnotes themselves are located at the bottom of the page with a paragraph, separated to the left of the main text by a thin line, they use Times New Roman, font 10, single spacing, Arabic numerals. For each page there is a separate numbering of footnotes.

It is recommended to make footnotes in the main text to your own scientific publications (if any). When referring to sections, subsections, etc. indicate their numbers. In this case, you should write: “in section 2...”, “see 3.2”.

Formatting footnotes according to GOST 2017 - example text

Let's look at a few examples of footnote design.

Example #1:

• Yalbulganova D.S. Financial control: legal regulation. M., 2013. P. 83.
• Yalbulganova D.S. Decree. op. P. 90.
• Yalbulganova D.S. Right there. P. 90.

Thus, if the same work is cited in a row, use the words “Ibid.” (in the foreign version - “Ibid.”), “Decree. Op." (“Op. cit.” in foreign), which means “the said work.”

Each scientific work is prepared on the basis of a unified Interstate Standard (GOST). This design standard applies to every element of the work. Let's look at the official rules for creating links, giving template examples for ease of interpretation of the information presented below.

Footnote or bibliographic reference?

When considering the rules for formatting footnotes to literature sources, one should take into account the nuance that lies in the similarity of two concepts: “footnote” and “bibliographic reference”. Finding an answer to the question about leads to the rules for inserting bibliographic references into a course work or diploma. The very essence of the footnote assumes that the author of the course/thesis refers to a specific bibliographic source. The reader will find the answer to his question about the design of footnotes in this article.

The Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language says that a “footnote” is additional text that is placed at the bottom of the page and separated from the main block by a line. A footnote may contain the following information:

• bibliographic reference;
• translation of text from foreign language;
• a note or comment from the author of the scientific work;
• other interesting information, useful for the reader.

Registration of references to literature according to GOST-2017, 2018

The teacher supervising the scientific work usually provides methodological recommendations for design. In the absence of these, it is necessary to follow the rules presented in GOST 7.1-2003. Do not be guided by personal subjective knowledge, but rely on the rules of the unified Interstate Standard, if, as mentioned above, methodological recommendations from the university (department, curator) are not provided for this purpose.

Types of links and nuances of their insertion into scientific work

Citation, in any form, must be marked with a footnote to the literary source where it was taken for or abstract. The lack of links is a direct reason for accusing the author of . Insufficient accuracy and completeness of the reference will indicate its non-compliance with the standard form. Note that, in contrast to the interpretation from the Bolshoi explanatory dictionary, references in modern scientific works are presented in interlinear and interlinear forms. Let's consider the nuances of the design of each type.

Rules for linking

Formatting subscript links to sources

At the end of a sentence with borrowed text (or after the end of the quotation and closing quotation marks), the serial number of the reference (footnote) must be left before the period sign. This number is presented in the form of a superscript. You can install this sign using the resources of the standard Word text editor in the following ways:

1. By using the “Superscript” button on the taskbar or the “Ctrl+Shift++” key combination.

2. Using the standard “Insert footnote” function.

These serial numbers will indicate fully formed links located in the sublinear block (footer). For each page that contains footnotes, their numbering starts from the beginning (from number 1).

After arranging the serial numbers of the footnotes, you can arrange their text in the footer of the page. References to literature are written and placed in footnotes, similar to the design of sources in the final bibliographic list. The difference is that at the end it is not the size of the published source that is presented, but the exact page number(s) where the borrowed information is located. In the footer, the set of standard links should look like this:
... Text1 ... text2 ... text3 ... text4 ... “quote”5.
____________


1. “Footnote No. 1.”
2. “Footnote No. 2.”
3. "Footnote No. 3"
4. "Footnote No. 4"
5. "Footnote #5"

• font – Times New Roman;
• font size – 12 pt;
• text alignment – ​​width;
• first line indent – ​​5 mm;
• line spacing – 1.

Design of inline references to literature

Design example:

"Main text" .

"Quote" .

In-text links are much easier to insert, but their processing takes more time. The simplicity lies in the fact that fully-formatted references to literature are not placed at the end of each page, but are compiled into a single bibliography. The literature for which footnotes are made under or is placed in a single list at the end of the scientific work. The footnote numbers will correspond to the source number in this list. In this case, it will be easier to mention one source several times per text (the information will not have to be rewritten each time you quote):

• "citation #1" ;
• "citation #2" ;
• "quote #3".

The difficulty with insertion lies in what happens after the research paper is written. It is impossible to create inline links as you write your work without constant adjustments, because The bibliography should be organized in alphabetical order. Experienced specialists use the following “life hack”:

1. In the draft version of the work, it is not the serial number of the source that is inserted, but the surname of its author (can be abbreviated).

2. After completing your coursework, you will be able to refer to the list of references so that, using “Text Search,” you can put numbers and pages in place of the names left.

By maintaining the structure of the bibliography, you can add links without violating design standards.

When adding references to literature in a scientific work, be guided by methodological recommendations from the curator, and only then clarify the uncertainties using the rules of GOST 7.1-2003. For an accurate understanding of the nuances, abstracts and other scientific works, study other points of the Interstate Standard relating to bibliographic lists, text formatting, its structure, etc. To pass, remember that borrowed information marked with links to bibliographic sources is not “stolen.” We wish you success!