Download Karpenkov's workshop on the concept of modern natural science. Karpenkov S. Concepts of modern natural science: Textbook for universities. Rational and irrational principles of knowledge
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Concepts modern natural science
Year: 2000, 2003, 2009
Author: Karpenkov S.Kh.
Genre: Educational edition
Publishing house: KNORUS
ISBN: 978-5-390-00316-9
Language: Russian
Format: 2000 - DOC, 2003-PDF, 2009 - DjVu
Quality: Scanned pages
Number of pages: 672
Description: The textbook is written in accordance with State educational standards. It outlines issues of natural science knowledge of the surrounding world, fundamental concepts, principles and laws of nature, considers current problems of modern natural science related to the study of natural processes and properties of matter in molecular level, reflects the natural scientific aspects of energy, ecology and highlights the most important achievements of natural science that underlie modern high-tech technologies.
For higher education students educational institutions. May be interesting and useful to a wide range of readers.
Examples of pages of the 11th edition
Click to close spoiler: Examples of pages from the 11th edition
Preface to the Eleventh Edition...................................3
From the Preface to the Tenth Edition...................................3
From the Preface to the Seventh Edition...................................4
From the preface to the first edition...................................5
Introduction........................................................ ........................6
Part 1
NATURAL SCIENCE AND THE MODERN WORLD
Chapter 1.
NATURAL SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
1.1. Natural science knowledge
and modern education................... 11
1.2. Structure and development of natural science.......... 20
1.3. Sustainable development and science education.................................................... 25
1.4. The role of natural science in the formation of professional knowledge.................................. 35
1.5. Natural scientific knowledge and the sphere of management.................................... 38
1.6. Fundamental and applied problems of natural science.................................... 43
1.7. Science and mathematics...................49
1.8. Development of natural science and pseudoscientific trends.................................................. 55
1.9. Natural science and morality............... 62
1.10. Rational and irrational principles of knowledge.................................... 68
Control questions........................... 81
Chapter 2.
NATURAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE AROUND WORLD
2.1. The process of natural scientific knowledge........ 84
2.2. Forms of natural scientific knowledge.........96
2.3. Methods and techniques of natural science research.................................................105
2.4. Scientific discovery and proof............113
2.5. Experiment is the basis of natural science..........119
2.6. Modern means of natural science research...................................121
2.7. The most important achievements of modern natural science............................................126
Test questions...........................131
Part II
FUNDAMENTAL LAWS AND CONCEPTS OF NATURAL SCIENCE
Chapter 3.
FUNDAMENTAL LAWS AND PRINCIPLES
3.1. Physics is a fundamental branch of natural science....................................135
3.2. Matter and motion, time and space.....144
3.3. Atomism concept. Discreteness
and continuity of matter...................149
3.4. Fundamental interactions.........................151
3.5. The principle of relativity.........................159
3.6. Properties of space, time
and conservation laws........................161
3.7. Newton's fundamental laws............165
3.8. Statistical and thermodynamic
properties of macrosystems.........................169
3.9. Thermodynamic laws...................173
3.10. Electromagnetic concept................178
3.11. Corpuscular-wave properties of light........183
Test questions...........................189
Chapter 4.
ATOMIC AND NUCLEON LEVELS OF THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER
4.1. Atomic structure........................192
4.2. Particle-wave properties of microparticles.195
4.3. Probabilistic nature of microprocesses......198
4.4. Modern nuclear systems................203
4.5. Nuclear processes......................................206
4.6. Elementary particles......................215
4.7. Prospects for the development of microworld physics......217
Test questions...........................221
Part III NATURAL SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT Chapter 5.
CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE
5.1. The essence of the development concept................225
5.2. Evolution of the Universe........................229
5.3. Structure of the Universe. .......................236
5.4. Means of observing objects of the Universe......239
5.5. The problem of searching for extraterrestrial civilizations......242
5.6. The solar system is part of the Universe.........245
5.7. Planet Earth solar system...........252
Test questions...........................260
Chapter 6.
NATURAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MATTER
6.1. Development of chemical knowledge...................262
6.2. Synthesis chemical substances..................267
6.3. Modern catalysis.............................272
6.4. Formation of terrestrial and extraterrestrial substances......279
6.5. Natural reserves of raw materials...................282
6.6. Organic raw materials........................290
6.7. New chemical elements..................299
6.8. Promising chemical processes..........304
6.9. Modern materials.........................310
6.10. Advanced materials...................321
Test questions...............................331
Chapter 7.
BIOSPHERE LEVEL OF MATTER ORGANIZATION
7.1. The origin of living matter...................334
7.2. Carrier of genetic information...........337
7.3. Structure and function of proteins...................342
7.4. Structure and types of cells...................345
7.5. Origin of life.........................350
7.6. Prerequisites for the evolutionary idea...............360
7.7. Evolution of life........................366
7.8. Flora and fauna................382
7.9. Man is a phenomenon of nature...................393
7.10. Human life support...................402
7.11. Extending the life of the body...................415
7.12. Formation of the noosphere......421
Test questions...........................423
Part IV
NATURAL SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY, ENERGY AND ECOLOGY
Chapter 8.
NATURAL SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY
8.1. Development of information technology tools..427
8.2. Modern means of storing information. .434
8.3. Alternative computers...................440
8.4. Multimedia systems and virtual world. . .447
8.5. Microelectronic technologies......450
8.6. Nanotechnology........................456
8.7. Laser technologies........................462
8.8. Rocket and space technologies......470
8.9. Modern biotechnologies...................473
8.10. Gene technologies........................476
8.11. The problem of cloning......479
Test questions...........................481
Chapter 9
NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS OF MODERN ENERGY ENGINEERING
9.1. Energy is a source of well-being............484
9.2. Energy conversion......487
9.3. Production efficiency
and energy consumption......................492
9.4. Thermal power plants......493
9.5. Increasing the efficiency of energy systems......495
9.6. Hydro sources and geothermal
energy sources........................503
9.7. Solar energy............................510
9.8. Wind energy........................513
9.9. Nuclear energy........................516
9.10. Features of domestic energy.........524
Test questions...........................527
Chapter 10.
NATURAL SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF ECOLOGY
10.1. Global disasters and the evolution of life.....529
10.2. Preventing an environmental disaster.....533
10.3. Natural disasters and climate...............536
10.4. Greenhouse effect and acid precipitation......544
10.5. Preservation of the ozone layer...................550
10.6. Water resources and their preservation.........................554
10.7. Energy consumption and our environment. . .557
10.8. Impact of radiation on the biosphere.........560
10.9. Natural-scientific aspects of environmental protection........................570
Test questions...........................575
Chapter 11.
HARMONY OF NATURE AND HUMAN
11.1. Limits of the biosphere........................577
11.2. Conservation of natural resources......584
11.3. Saving energy resources...................588
11.4. Saving resources in transport......595
11.5. Cities and nature........................600
11.6. Solving recycling problems...................604
11.7. Globalization of biosphere processes..........610
11.8. Toward development through education..............614
Test questions...........................623
Conclusion...................................625
Glossary of Special Terms...................................628
Index of names...................................649
References................................665
MODERN NATURAL SCIENCE
Second edition,
corrected and expanded
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
as a textbook
For university students
publishing house
"Academic Project" 2000
REVIEWERS:
Department of Philosophy of the Financial Academy
under the Government of the Russian Federation
(head of department prof. M.V. Vagliano)
and laureate of the USSR State Prize
in Science and Technology, Doctor of Engineering. sciences,
prof. V.A. Shakhnov
Karpenkov S.Kh.
K26 Concepts of modern natural science: Textbook for universities. – M.: Academic Project, 2000. Ed. 2nd, rev. and additional – 639 p.
ISBN 5-8291-0085-1
The textbook is written in accordance with the State educational standard. It sets out the fundamental principles, laws, concepts and most important achievements of natural science, and also highlights the natural scientific foundations modern technologies, energy and ecology.
For university students. May be interesting and useful to a wide range of readers.
UDC50
BBK 20
ISBN 5-8291-0085-1
© Karpenkov S.Kh, 2000
© Academic Project, original-
layout, design, 2000
Dedicated to all those who
I would like to tell secrets,
power and beauty
nature
Preface
IN modern society Much attention is paid not only to various branches of natural science, but also to rapidly developing science-intensive technologies, energy and ecology. This textbook is devoted to the fundamental concepts of natural science and the natural scientific foundations of modern technologies, energy and ecology.
The textbook consists of four parts. Part I substantiates the practical significance of natural science in modern society and examines the basic principles of natural scientific knowledge of the surrounding world. Part II outlines the fundamental laws and concepts of natural science. Part III is devoted to natural scientific concepts of the development of processes in nature. Part IV examines the natural scientific foundations of modern technologies, energy and ecology.
The textbook material is presented at the conceptual level, i.e. taking into account the fundamental ideas and systems of views on the natural scientific issues under consideration. When presenting the material, simple mathematical expressions, formulas and terms known to schoolchildren are used. The natural scientific essence of the issues under consideration is presented in a clear and accessible way for the graduate high school form.
The textbook is written according to the content teaching aids author: “Basic concepts of modern natural science” (UNITY, 1998) and “Concepts of modern natural science: Workshop” (UNITY, 1998), as well as taking into account corrections, changes and additions to the material presented in the author’s previously published textbook “Concepts of modern natural science” (UNITY, 1997).
When studying the concepts of modern natural science, it is useful to remember the wise admonition of the Russian publicist Dmitry Pisarev (1840–1868): “You need to learn in school, but you need to learn even more after leaving school.”
The book is intended for students of higher educational institutions, daytime, evening and correspondence forms training in economic, legal, philosophical, as well as specialties and specializations of management, sociology, technology, management, marketing, commodity science, tourism, business, finance, entrepreneurship, etc.
All books by the author: Karpenkov S. (2)
Karpenkov S. Concepts of modern natural science: Textbook for universities
Introduction... 4
PART I. NATURAL SCIENCE AND THE MODERN WORLD.. 6
Chapter I. NATURAL SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 6
1.1. The role of natural science in the formation of professional knowledge 6
1.2. Natural science in a changing world... 10
1.3. Fundamental and applied problems of natural science... 12
1.4. Science and mathematics... 14
1.5. Development of natural science and anti-scientific tendencies 16
1.6. Natural science and morality... 19
1.7. Rational and real picture of the world.. 22
1.8. Natural scientific and religious knowledge. 24
Control questions . 28
Chapter II. NATURAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE AROUND WORLD 29
2.1. Natural scientific knowledge is the process of comprehending the truth... 29
2.2. Forms of natural scientific knowledge. 32
2.4. Scientific discovery and proof 41
2.5. Experiment - the basis of natural science 44
2.6. Modern means of natural science research... 49
2.7. The most important achievements of modern natural science 52
Control questions . 55
PART II. FUNDAMENTAL LAWS AND CONCEPTS OF NATURAL SCIENCE. 56
Chapter 3. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND LAWS... 56
3.1. Physics is a fundamental branch of natural science.. 56
3.2. The concept of atomism and the universality of physical laws. 61
3.3. Fundamental interactions. 63
3.4. Concepts of matter, motion, space and time... 66
3.5. The principle of relativity and invariance... 69
3.6. Properties of space, time and conservation laws 71
3.7. Newton's fundamental laws 73
3.8. Statistical and thermodynamic properties of macrosystems 75
3.9. Thermodynamic laws. 78
3.10. Electromagnetic concept 80
3.11. Particle-wave properties of light. 83
Control questions . 87
Chapter 4. ATOMIC AND NUCLEON LEVELS OF MATTER ORGANIZATION... 87
4.1. The evolution of ideas about the structure of atoms... 87
4.2. Bohr's postulates... 89
4.3. Corpuscular-wave properties of microparticles. 90
4.4. Probabilistic nature of microprocesses... 92
4.5. Elementary particles 93
4.6. Structure atomic nucleus... 95
4.7. Nuclear processes 97
4.8. Prospects for the development of microworld physics... 100
Test questions ... 103
PART III. NATURAL SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT 103
Chapter 5. CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE. 103
5.1. The essence of the development concept.. 103
5.2. Evolution of the Universe.. 106
5.3. Structure of the Universe... 109
5.4. Means of observing objects of the Universe.. 111
5.5. The problem of searching for extraterrestrial civilizations... 113
5.6. The solar system is part of the Universe.. 114
5.7. Earth - planet of the solar system 118
Test questions .. 123
Chapter 6. EVOLUTION OF NATURAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MATTER 123
6.1. Development of chemical knowledge. 123
6.2. Control of chemical processes. 127
6.3. Synthesis of chemicals... 128
6.4. Modern catalysis. 131
6.5. Formation of terrestrial and extraterrestrial substances... 135
6.6. Natural reserves of raw materials 136
6.7. Organic raw materials 141
6.8. New chemical elements and isotopes... 146
6.9. Promising chemical processes.. 149
6.10. Synthetic materials 153
6.11. Traditional materials with new properties 158
6.12. Advanced materials... 162
Test questions ... 171
Chapter 7. BIOSPHERE LEVEL OF MATTER ORGANIZATION 172
7.1. Fundamental life systems. 172
7.2. Balance of biochemical processes. 173
7.3. Carrier of genetic information. 174
7.4. Genetic properties 176
7.5. Proteins are the basis of living systems. 179
7.6. Structure and types of cells. 181
7.7. Modern idea of the origin of life ... 183
7.8. Prerequisites for the evolutionary idea 187
7.9. The Evolution of Life. 189
7.10. Flora and fauna... 197
7.11. Man is a phenomenon of nature. 203
7.12. Human life support 206
7.13. Extending the life of the body 213
7.14. Formation of the noosphere. 217
Test questions ... 218
PART IV. NATURAL SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY, ENERGY AND ECOLOGY. 219
Chapter 8. CONCEPTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES AND ENERGY. 219
1.1. Development of technical means of information technology 219
8.2. Modern means of information storage 223
8.3. Multimedia systems and virtual world... 228
8.4. Micro- and nanoelectronic technologies 230
8.5. Laser technologies.. 236
8. 6. Modern biotechnologies 241
8.7. Gene technologies.. 242
8. 8. Problems of cloning... 244
Test questions ... 245
Chapter 9. NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS OF ENERGY.. 246
9.1. Modern idea of energy.. 246
9. 2. Energy conversion and consumption... 248
9.3. Efficiency of production and energy consumption 250
9.4. Thermal power plants .. 251
9.5. ... 255
9.7 Solar energy... 258
9.8 Wind energy 260
9.9. Nuclear power. 262
9.10. Features of the development of domestic energy 266
9.11. Energy of the World Ocean 267
9.12. Energy of the future. 269
Test questions ... 269
Chapter 10. NATURAL SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF ECOLOGY.. 270
10.1. Global disasters and the evolution of life... 270
10.2. Biosphere and prevention of environmental disaster.. 272
10.Z. Natural disasters and climate. 275
10.4. Greenhouse effect and acid precipitation 279
10.5. Preservation of the ozone layer... 281
10.6. Water resources and problems of their conservation.. 283
10.7. Energy consumption and our habitat. 285
10.8. Radioactive impact on the biosphere 286
10.9. Natural scientific problems of environmental protection.. 291
Test questions ... 292
Chapter 11. HARMONY OF WORK ACTIVITY OF PEOPLE AND NATURE.. 293
11.1. Energy System Upgrade 293
11.2. Industry, motor transport and environment 294
11.3. Cities and nature... 297
11.4. Solving recycling problems.. 300
11.5. Advanced materials, technologies and the environment.. 304
Test questions ... 306
Conclusion.. 307
Dictionary of special terms... 307
Index of names ... 317
CONCEPTS MODERN NATURAL SCIENCE
Second edition,
corrected and expanded
publishing house
"Academic Project" 2000
UDC50
BBK 20
K 26
REVIEWERS:
Department of Philosophy of the Financial Academy
under the Government of the Russian Federation
(head of department prof. M.V. Vagliano)
and laureate of the USSR State Prize
in Science and Technology, Doctor of Engineering. sciences,
prof. V.A. Shakhnov
Karpenkov S.Kh.
K26 Concepts of modern natural science: Textbook for universities. - M.: Academic Project, 2000. Ed. 2nd, rev. and additional - 639 p.
ISBN 5-8291-0085-1
The textbook is written in accordance with the State educational standard. It outlines the fundamental principles, laws, concepts and most important achievements of natural science, and also highlights the natural scientific foundations of modern technologies, energy and ecology.
For university students. May be interesting and useful to a wide range of readers.
UDC50
BBK 20
ISBN 5-8291-0085-1
Karpenkov S.Kh, 2000
Academic Project, original
layout, design, 2000
Dedicated to all those who
I would like to tell secrets,
power and beautynature
Preface
In modern society, much attention is paid not only to various branches of natural science, but also to rapidly developing science-intensive technologies, energy and ecology. This textbook is devoted to the fundamental concepts of natural science and the natural scientific foundations of modern technologies, energy and ecology.
The textbook consists of four parts. Part I substantiates the practical significance of natural science in modern society and examines the basic principles of natural scientific knowledge of the surrounding world. Part II outlines the fundamental laws and concepts of natural science. Part III is devoted to natural scientific concepts of the development of processes in nature. Part IV examines the natural scientific foundations of modern technologies, energy and ecology.
The textbook material is presented at the conceptual level, i.e. taking into account the fundamental ideas and systems of views on the natural scientific issues under consideration. When presenting the material, simple mathematical expressions, formulas and terms known to schoolchildren are used. The natural scientific essence of the issues under consideration is presented in a visual and accessible form for a high school graduate.
The textbook is written in accordance with the content of the author’s textbooks: “Basic concepts of modern natural science” (UNITY, 1998) and “Concepts of modern natural science: Workshop” (UNITY, 1998), as well as taking into account corrections, changes and additions to the material presented in earlier published textbook by the author “Concepts of modern natural science” (UNITY, 1997).
The author expresses gratitude to colleagues and reviewers, whose comments and suggestions contributed to improving the quality of the book.
When studying the concepts of modern natural science, it is useful to remember the wise admonition of the Russian publicist Dmitry Pisarev (1840-1868): “You need to learn at school, but you need to learn even more after leaving school.”
The book is intended for students of higher educational institutions of full-time, evening and correspondence forms of study in economics, law, philosophy, as well as specialties and specializations of management, sociology, technology, management, marketing, commodity science, tourism, business, finance, entrepreneurship, etc.
CONCEPTS OF MODERN NATURAL SCIENCE
Finally, I am giving my hand to truly useful science.
Horace
Introduction
Any person, even at a very early age, develops curiosity - a natural desire to know. the world. “Curiosity is akin to man, both the enlightened and the wild,” said the outstanding Russian historian and writer Nikolai Karamzin (1766-1826). With age, the unconscious desire to understand the world around us gradually develops into a conscious form of curiosity - the desire to know the laws that govern nature and the ways of their application, allowing a person to foresee possible consequences of your actions. Laws about nature and methods of their application are the concentrated experience of mankind, constituting the support of practical human activity, capable of protecting him from possible errors and failures and help achieve desired goals. The concentrated experience of humanity is the fundamental and necessary basis of any educational process: a person must know how the most complex system functions - the nature of the Earth - his only home, to which he owes his birth and of which he himself is a part.
Natural science is the science of the phenomena and laws of nature. Modern natural science includes many branches of natural science: physics, chemistry, biology, as well as numerous related fields, such as physical chemistry, biophysics, biochemistry and many others. Natural science touches upon a wide range of questions about the numerous and multifaceted manifestations of the properties of natural objects, which can be considered as a single whole.
If we present in detail all the scientific material accumulated over a long period of time in all branches of natural science, we will get a huge tome, perhaps necessary, but of little use even for narrow specialists in the natural sciences, not to mention specialists in the humanities. The task of presenting natural science material is further complicated by the fact that its form must be accessible to future specialists for whom natural science is not a discipline that forms professional knowledge.
To solve this problem, a generalizing philosophical approach is needed, taking into account advanced didactic methods based on the laws of mastering knowledge and acquiring skills. The essence of this approach lies in the presentation of natural scientific material at the level of concepts - fundamental ideas and belief systems. Conceptual systems approach useful not only for understanding the development of natural science itself and the phenomena and laws of nature it studies, but also for getting acquainted with the most important achievements of natural science, on the basis of which modern high-tech technologies are successfully developing, helping to improve the quality of products and respect for nature.
Many achievements of modern natural science, which form the basis for high-tech technologies, are associated with a comprehensive study of natural objects and phenomena. With the use of modern experimental technical means, it was precisely this kind of study that made it possible not only to create ultra-strong, superconducting and many other materials with unusual properties, but also to take a fresh look at the biological processes occurring inside a cell and even inside a molecule. Most branches of modern natural science are in one way or another connected with the molecular study of certain objects, which unites many natural scientists dealing with highly specialized problems. The results of this kind of research are the development and production of new high-quality products, and above all, consumer goods. In order to know at what price such products are given - the most important component of the economy, what are the prospects for the development of modern high-tech technologies that are closely related to economic, social, political and other problems, we need fundamental natural science knowledge, including a general conceptual understanding of molecular processes on which the most important achievements of modern natural science are based.
Modern means of natural science - the science of fundamental laws, natural phenomena and various properties of natural objects - make it possible to study many complex processes at the level of nuclei, atoms, molecules, and cells. The fruits of comprehending true knowledge about nature at such a deep level are known to every educated person. Synthetic and composite materials, artificial enzymes, artificial crystals - all these are not only real objects of development by natural scientists, but also consumer products of various industries that produce a wide range of everyday goods. In this regard, the study of natural scientific problems at the molecular level within the framework of fundamental ideas - concepts - is without a doubt relevant, useful and necessary for future highly qualified specialists in the natural sciences and technical profile, as well as for those whose professional activity has no direct relation to natural science, that is, for future economists, management specialists, commodity experts, lawyers, sociologists, psychologists, journalists, managers, etc.
IN Lately more and more often they talk not about the chemical interaction of substances and an increase in their chemical activity, but about a change in the structure of the molecule, about the breaking of a chain of molecules, about the interaction of molecular bundles, about the connection of fragments of DNA molecules, etc. In the vocabulary of specialists and scientific commentators-journalists, the words “molecule”, “molecular structure”, etc. are found. This means that modern level natural science reflects an understanding of phenomena occurring in nature, as well as processes observed in laboratories, taking into account the structure and behavior of each molecule. It is thanks to this understanding that substances that previously did not exist in nature with fundamentally new properties are synthesized, and from them new machines, devices, products, etc. are created, high-quality varieties of cultivated plants are grown, effective ways and means of treating diseases, etc.
At first glance, it may seem that this kind of knowledge is not at all needed, for example, by a future management specialist or journalist. In reality, without them, a management specialist will not be able to choose promising direction its activities, because any business is in one way or another connected with a new material base and new technologies. Consequently, a management specialist, if he is a true specialist, must have deep and comprehensive knowledge. The same can be said about a journalist: without a deep understanding of the problem being commented on, a journalist is not able to correctly and in a popular form convey the most important natural scientific achievements to a wide range of readers. Without the necessary knowledge, a journalist may misdirect public opinion and provoke a biased decision, as happened, for example, with the unfounded announcement of a temporary moratorium on genetic engineering (1975 - 1985).
It must be said that natural scientific knowledge with a conceptual understanding of the most important achievements of modern natural science is needed not only by future economists, lawyers, managers, entrepreneurs and other highly qualified specialists, but also by any educated person, regardless of his type of activity.
Knowledge does not come by itself. You need to work hard, study diligently, understanding freedom as a conscious necessity. “You must learn without being ashamed, and teach without being stingy,” the famous thinker Basil the Great (c. 330-379) said in ancient times, and only in this case can one hope for success.
Conclusion
Nature as an object of study of natural science is complex and diverse in its manifestations: it is constantly changing and in constant motion. The circle of knowledge about it is becoming wider, and the area where it connects with the boundless field of ignorance turns into a huge blurry ring, dotted with scientific ideas - the seeds of natural science. Some of them, with their sprouts, will make their way into the circle of classical knowledge and give life to new ideas, new natural scientific concepts, while others will remain only in the history of the development of science. They will then be replaced by more advanced ones. This is the dialectic of the development of natural scientific knowledge of the surrounding world.
One can speak about nature as a subject of natural science in strict scientific language. One can also say about her simple words, carrying deep meaning, as did the German thinker and naturalist Johann Goethe:
"Nature! Surrounded and engulfed by it, we can neither get out of it nor penetrate deeper into it... She captures us in the whirlwind of her dance and rushes with us until, tired, we fall out of her hands.
She always talks to us, but does not reveal her secrets. We constantly influence it, but we have no power over it.
She is the only artist: from the simplest substance she creates the most opposite works, without the slightest effort, with the greatest perfection, and puts some kind of delicate blanket over everything. She constantly thought and thinks constantly, but not as a person, but as nature. She has her own comprehensive meaning...
There is no number for her children. She is equally generous to everyone, but she has favorites, to whom she lavishes a lot and sacrifices a lot. She takes great things under her cover.
Life is her best invention; death is for her a means to greater life.
It surrounds a person with darkness and drives him towards the light. Every act of hers is good, for everything is necessary; she hesitates to be approached; she is in a hurry so that they do not get enough of her.
She has no speech or language, but she creates thousands of tongues and hearts with which she speaks and feels. Her crown is love. Love only brings one closer to it. With one touch of her lips to the cup of love she redeems a whole life of suffering.
She is stern and meek, loving and terrifying, weak and omnipotent. You can’t snatch a declaration of love from her, you can’t lure a gift out of her, unless she gives it voluntarily. The way she creates, you can create forever.”
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