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A large center of culture in the III-II millennium BC. e. was Troy. The city of Troy was located on the northwestern coast of Asia Minor, 25-30 km from the mouth of the Thracian Bosphorus.
The hill (modern Hisarlik), on which Troy (Ilion) was located, towered over the plain of the Scamander River, bounded by mountains from the south and east.
The history of Troy is closely connected with the history of the neighboring peoples of Asia Minor. Approximately in the XII century. BC e. the flourishing settlement of the Trojans was destroyed; Greek tradition considered this death the work of the Achaeans: the basilei of Mycenae and other centers of Greece of that time appear in ancient Greek legends about the Trojan campaign as leaders of the Greek army that besieged Troy. Information about this event was preserved by the Homeric poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey". In the middle of the XIX century. representatives of the so-called critical direction in the study of Homer's poems expressed doubts about the existence of Troy.
Only the excavations of the amateur archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann in Troy proved its existence. Using the instructions contained in the Homeric poems, Schliemann began to dig up the Hissarlik hill and discovered the place where Troy stood. True, Schliemann made a mistake in determining the layer related to Homeric Troy, as he conducted excavations without observing the basic requirements of archaeological methodology.
As a result, he dated the time reflected in Homer's poems, objects belonging to an earlier era, the material of settlements of different times was mixed up, and the walls of Homeric Troy were even torn down. Subsequent excavations have established the presence of many urban layers, no less than nine in number, dating from the period from the 3rd millennium BC to the 3rd millennium BC. e. up to the first centuries AD. e.
The oldest settlement on the Hissarlik hill dates back to the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. e. Its inhabitants were still at the stage of the tribal system. They were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding, which was especially facilitated by the fertility of the surrounding territory. The tools were made of stone and polished; we can only hypothetically talk about the use of copper. Around 2800 BC e. here appear vessels brought from the Cyclades.
In the second half of the 3rd millennium, over the ruins of the first settlement, which, it seems, died from a fire, a richer settlement, fortified with powerful walls, arose - Troy II. The inhabitants of this city used bronze and precious metals - silver and gold. It was the era of the decomposition of the primitive communal system. The riches of the nobility reached considerable proportions. An example is the famous treasure found in Troy, arbitrarily called by Schliemann the treasure of Priam.
It consisted of silver ingots, vessels made of copper, silver and gold, weapons made of bronze and stone, the finest work of gold jewelry (tiaras, bracelets, earrings, etc.), dishes, etc. The number of small gold items exceeded 8 thousand. Particularly noteworthy are large polished axes made of jasper and jade, very beautifully shaped, decorated with unusually elegant patterns.
And in other treasures of this era, numerous highly artistic items made of gold, silver, and bronze were found. The abundance of treasures indicates that crafts associated with metal processing have already emerged as an independent branch of production. The rapid development of metallurgy was favored by the wealth of minerals in Asia Minor (copper, tin, silver, and gold were mined there in ancient times). The development of production created conditions for a lively exchange. Trade, judging by the available data, was conducted not only with the nearest neighbors, but also with the population of the eastern part of the Aegean basin.
Single finds of Trojan items in Cyprus and Egypt allow for the assumption that Troy had relations with these countries at that time. Excavations of recent decades in Thrace, Macedonia and mainland Greece (in the Argolis) have shown that the communication of the Troad population with these areas was already quite intense. Relations were not only commercial, but also cultural - similarities were found in ceramics and in some ritual rites (for example, in the burial rite).
Materials concerning the external relations of Troy in the second half of the III millennium BC. e., decisively refute the theory of Ed. Meyer that at the end of the III millennium BC. e. Troy was the center of a single "bronze culture" that spread throughout Asia Minor. One can only speak of close, kindred cultures of the tribes living there, who were at similar stages of social development.
Numerous treasures found in Troy also testify to the dangers that Troy was exposed to in the second half of the 3rd millennium. Property stratification and the accumulation of wealth was the main reason for the intensification of intertribal wars.
For peoples who are at the stage of decomposition of the tribal system, the acquisition of wealth is already one of the most important life goals. The robbery of other people's wealth seems to them easier and more honorable than hard work.
In that era, Troy was surrounded by thick walls, reaching a height of 3 m, with several towers and gates. The entire fortification, which occupied a relatively small area (from 175 to 190 m in diameter), apparently, was the residence of the basil and the local nobility. As evidenced by the excavations, the most valuable items were stored in this very protected and fortified point, Troad.
The settlement we are describing perished in a fire at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. e. It is interesting to note that the time of the death of this rich center coincides with the period of strengthening of the Hittites, who lived in the inner part of Asia Minor.
In the period from the XXI to the XVIII century. BC e. over the ruins of the ruins of the fortress, three successive settlements successively arose and, apparently, were destroyed by the enemy. The earliest of them (Troy III) had powerful walls, reaching 12 m in width. The fourth settlement was destroyed by fire. The culture of the inhabitants of these settlements was less vibrant than the inhabitants of Troy II. However, economic ties with neighbors, in particular with the inhabitants of the Aegean islands, continued to develop gradually.
Troy, today is a huge open-air museum complex. Every year thousands of tourists come here to see the results of the archaeological excavations of this legendary city.
Troy is an open-air museum city and one of the most famous historical sights in Turkey. It is generally accepted by historians that it is he who is described in his famous works "Odyssey" and "Iliad" by the Greek poet Homer. For quite a long time, it was generally accepted that Troy was a product of the writer's imagination, and those who believed in its existence believed that its location was the area near the village of Bunarbashi. But in the seventies of the nineteenth century, the famous archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann, while excavating on the hill of Hisarlik, came across the ruins of nine cities located in different historical layers of the earth, one after another. After a thorough analysis, it was found that this is the place Homer describes, and this is where the legendary Troy is located. Since then, this city has been one of the most popular, famous and visited attractions in Turkey. This city-museum is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
History reference
Today, after much research and modern methods conducting analyzes on the dating of a particular historical find, it has been scientifically proven that the archaeological zone of the city of Troy represents nine cultural layers, the oldest of which can be attributed to the fourth millennium BC. Excavations at the location of the city continue to this day.
From the historical period called Troy I, two stone towers have been discovered, from one of the central entrances to the city. Troy II prepared a surprise for the heirs in the form of a ramp, which was lined with huge slabs that hid under them the innumerable treasures of one of the Trojan kings - Priam. III, IV and V of Troy did not bring significant discoveries to archaeologists, except for a few dilapidated houses and streets. The period of Troy IV was the apogee of the development of this city. The area of the city in this historical layer is 200 meters in diameter. It had powerful walls protecting the population from external enemies. The inhabitants were actively engaged in trade with other cities, until one of the powerful earthquakes, in about 1300 BC, destroyed Troy to the ground.
Troy VII, according to scientists, this is the very city, a contemporary of which Homer was. In 1184 BC, the Greeks attacked the city, and once again it was completely destroyed. The times of Troy VIII refer to the revival of the city by the Greek colonists, who erect here the temple of Athena. In subsequent years, the settlement alternately passes under the dominion of first the Persians, then the Romans. It was at the time of the entry of these territories into the Roman Empire that Troy IX flourished. At one time, Christianity was actively preached here, and even an episcopal see was established. But after the capture Ottoman Empire, the Turks consign the city to oblivion. This is the scientifically proven version historical development cities. But there is also a mythical component, closely intertwined with the thousand-year existence of Troy. The famous Trojan War, the ten-year siege, the legendary Trojan horse, unearthly beauty Helena of Troy, regardless of whether they really existed, or is it just fiction, they are also an essential part of the historical heritage of both the city of Troy in particular and the whole Turkey in general.
The historical significance of Troy
The significance of the city in world history today is quite difficult to define, because of the too long time period between modernity and those millennia BC, when it existed, too little reliable information relating to that time is available to scientists. More and more, any data is taken from the works of Homer, Plato, Aristotle, and it is rather problematic to distinguish from them what really happened, and what is just a beautiful fairy tale, designed to brighten up readers' leisure. But the main points can be distinguished. First, Troy is an active participant in the ethnogenesis of most European peoples of those days. Secondly, due to its location, at the entrance to the Dardanelles Strait, Troy single-handedly controlled the sea routes from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean for two thousand years.
The current state of Troy
Today, the area where modern Troy is located is strikingly different from that described by Homer. The silty deposits of the Kara Menderes and Dumrek-Su rivers pushed back year after year, day after day coastline, and now the city lies on a completely dry hill. The city-museum certainly has something to see, some ruins belonging to different historical periods are worth something. Tourist visits are allowed here from May to September from 8.00 to 19.00, and from September to April from 8.00 to 17.00. The entrance ticket costs 15 lire. The optimal solution for a more complete acquaintance with all the exhibits will hire a guide.
One of the most popular and favorite places in the city is the famous Trojan horse, or to be precise, its wooden copy. Everyone can climb inside the horse and feel like cunning and dexterous supporters of Odysseus. True, most often there are so many tourists that most of them not only cannot stand the queue to get inside the Trojan horse, they simply cannot even come closer than a few hundred meters to it. It can also be interesting to visit the Museum of Excavations, with numerous photographs, models and many other exhibits describing the stages of work to discover the city. Numerous inquisitive tourists can visit the temple of Athena, impressive in its size and majesty, the mysterious and gloomy sanctuary of the ancient gods, the Odeon concert hall, and the houses of celebrities and the rich of Troy that have survived to this day.
Location of Troy and attractions near it
Troy is located thirty kilometers south of the Turkish city of Canakkale.
South of Troy are the ruins of another city, Alexandria-Troas, which was founded in the 4th century BC. It was later captured by Alexander the Great and renamed in his honor. Near Alexandria-Troas is the ancient city of Assos or Behramkale. It is picturesquely located on a hill surrounded by dilapidated walls. In Asse, during the time of Plato and Aristotle, a rather well-known philosophical school was founded at that time, and many famous philosophers visited it. The sights of Ass include the Murad Mosque, which was built on the remains of a Byzantine church, numerous tombs, and caravanserais, which today have been converted into hotels.
Everyone who wants to get acquainted with the sights of Troy and its environs can use one of the bus routes that regularly depart from the city of Channakale, or get on their own from Bursa, Istanbul or Izmir using fixed-route taxis. By the way, visiting this historical place will not make a hole in the budget of even the poorest tourist. Except for the entrance ticket, and travel, there is nowhere to spend money, no shops, shops, restaurants and cafes.
Instead of a conclusion
Turkey is a wonderful country. With its original history and rather specific local population, which, on the one hand, is trying with all its might to make money on numerous tourists, on the other hand, they secretly despise the life and culture of the country's guests. Troy is one of the most significant historical and cultural monuments in Turkey. Its thousand-year history, mostly fanned by numerous myths and legends, annually attracts crowds of tourists from all over. the globe. Today one can only guess which of what is described by the Greek poet Homer in his imperishable masterpieces is true and which is false. Although most historians claim that the Trojan War took place. True, the reasons for which it flared up are shrouded in mystery, and it may be that, after all, it was Elena the Beautiful who served as the impetus for bloody strife and the subsequent destruction of the city. Which, however, over and over again, like a Phoenix bird, rose from the fire and sands of oblivion, as evidenced by the numerous historical layers discovered during excavations.
Thanks to Homer, Troy is without a doubt the most popular and perhaps the most famous archaeological site in Turkey. The remains of the ancient city, known by the Turkish name Truva, are located 20 kilometers south of Canakkale, west of the main highway. They are a rather pathetic sight, but if you lower your expectations and call upon your imagination, it can still make the right impression on you.
Today, the ruins are not as run down as they used to be. With the help of modern scientific methods, fragments lost during previous excavations have been restored. The work that was carried out under the direction of Dr. Manfred Korfman helped to understand the plan of the area to such an extent that, at least, its general scheme became clear and an understanding appeared of which settlements were located here at different historical times.
Until 1871, it was believed that Troy existed only in legend. The Troad plain, on which the ruins lay, was associated with Troy described by Homer in the Iliad, but all traces of the city had already completely disappeared by that time. In 1868, the German businessman Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890), who had grown rich in America, received permission from the government of the Ottoman Empire to begin excavation of a hill known as Hisarlik, where the remains of a classical temple and signs of even more ancient structures had already been found.
Schliemann was born into a poor Mecklenburg family and at an early age began to get involved in the legends and myths of the Ancient One. Not being able to deal with history professionally (although in addition to a few modern languages he taught himself ancient Greek), he amassed a serious fortune during the California gold rush of 1849, at the age of 46 he abandoned commerce and became the most famous and celebrated amateur archaeologist in the world.
Schliemann's inaccurate work led to significant damage to the excavation site, which was somewhat smoothed out by the first professional archaeologist working in Troy, Carl William Blegen, who arrived in Troy in 1932. Schliemann found the so-called treasure of Priam, a large cache of fine jewelry, which was taken to and exhibited there until 1941, when it was hidden for safekeeping somewhere under the Zoo metro station.
In May 1945, after the Red Army captured Berlin, the treasure disappeared. For a long time it was suspected that it had been taken to the USSR, and in August 1993 it magically appeared in Moscow. Today between and Russian Federation there is a struggle for the legal recognition of the treasure as belonging to one country or another. Simultaneously with the trial, a thorough examination of the jewelry is taking place to determine whether it was fraudulently collected by Schliemann from various excavations in Asia Minor.
Whatever the shortcomings of Schliemann's work, his first haphazard excavations unearthed nine layers that clearly demonstrated the successive growth of the city over four millennia. The very first layer, Troy I, dates back to 3600 BC. It is followed by four more layers of similar settlements. It is believed that Homer described Troy IV or Troy VII: the first was destroyed by an earthquake around 1275 BC, the second was badly damaged by a fire about a quarter of a century later. It is to this time that historians usually attribute the events of the Trojan War. Troy VIII, which reached its peak between 700 and 300 BC, was Greek, and most of the structures of Troy IX (300 BC - 300 AD) were built during the glory days of the Roman Empire.
While it is impossible to say with certainty whether the Trojan War really took place, there are enough signs that the city did become the scene of some kind of military conflict, even if it was not the ten-year confrontation between the two armies described by Homer in the Iliad. It is possible that the epic of Homer is based on the fact of the many years of struggle between the Mycenaean Greeks and the inhabitants of Troy, who were either trading partners or commercial rivals. Homeric version of events turned this shaky world into a full-scale heroic drama, in which even the ancient Greek gods took part.
Excavation site of Troy
The excavation site (in May-September it is open to the public, 8.00-19.00, in October-April - 8.00-17.00) is marked with the final stop of the dolmush and the ticket office with the inscription "Gise". In the little shop at the entrance, it's a good idea to buy two small books with Dr. Manfred Korfmann's A Tour of Troia map, which will help you navigate the area and offer information marked with numbers corresponding to one or another of the objects depicted in the pictures.
From the ticket office, a long, straight road leads to a giant wooden horse (which would have delighted Aunt Dot in Rose Macaulay's novel) and the excavation house, which features a scale model of the area and a great video that tells the history of Troy and the archaeological work that is going on here. Further there is the ruined city itself, which stretches to the sea for 8 kilometers. A circular path runs along it with twelve diagrams to help you navigate the terrain.
The excavation is a rather pale sight, and you leave it convinced that there is really little left in Troy. Nevertheless, when you stand on the ramparts and look at the plain stretching at your feet, it is not at all difficult to imagine the camp of the legendary Greek army besieging the city below. The most impressive surviving remnants of the city are the eastern wall and gates of Troy VI (1700-1275 BC), 330 meters of which surround the city from the east and south. Inwardly inclined walls 6 meters high and more than 4 meters wide had to be lined with an additional top layer of brick.
The ramparts are lined with flat stone slabs of Troy II (2500-2300 BC), which used to pave the road to the entrance to the citadel. Somewhere nearby, Schliemann found the treasure of Priam, which he used as evidence that he had found precisely Homeric Troy. In fact, this statement was erroneous, and Troy II, who died in a fire, had nothing to do with Homer. Inside the fortress there is an impressive building of the House with columns from the times of Troy VI.
The most important monument of Roman Troy IX, or Ilion, is the temple, restored by Alexander the Great according to the promise he made to his commander Lysimachus after he visited the sanctuary and left his weapons as a gift to the gods. The remains of the temple found by Schliemann confirmed that it had a Doric order.
Fragments of its ceiling can still be seen here, but the most famous relief of the temple, which depicts Apollo pacifying four stallions beating their hooves, is today in Berlin. The remains of two more sanctuaries located in the west of the excavation indicate that Troy was an important religious center during the time of the Greeks and Romans. These temples were also restored after Alexander the Great visited the city. Since the layout of the sanctuaries is similar to that of the temple in Pergamon, it is believed that the goddesses Cybele and Demeter were worshiped here.
It is best to visit the excavations of Troy from Canakkale. A couple of local tour companies organize it with guides for about 30 lire. In their offices they may tell you that no dolmush go to Troy. In fact, they go there from Canakkale every twenty minutes. Their final stops are near the minibus garage, opposite the market on Atatürk Street, and in the village of Tefvikiye, right at the entrance to the excavation site. The trip takes only half an hour.
If you are traveling further south, it is best to take the Troy minibus to the intersection with the main road, and from there change to any bus heading south. In Tefvikia, there is an overpriced Hisarlik Inn with a restaurant and bar located in front of the ticket office on the road leading to the excavation site.
Alexandria Troad
At Ezine, 20 kilometers south of Troy, a highway departs from the main road, which heads towards the coast and after 15 kilometers leads to another grand excavation site, the ancient city of Troad. From Canakkale, from the garage of minibuses to the small town of Ezine, dolmush go once an hour. From Ezine to the village, which is located right next to the ruins, you need to continue on another minibus. More rare transport runs from Gulpınar, but it can be used to get to Alexandria Troad without transfers.
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Troy (tur. Truva), the second name is Ilion, an ancient city in the north-west of Asia Minor, off the coast of the Aegean Sea. It was known thanks to the ancient Greek epics, discovered in 1870. during the excavations by G. Schliemann of the Hisarlyk hill. The city gained particular fame thanks to the myths about the Trojan War and the events described in Homer's poem "The Iliad", according to which the 10-year war of the coalition of Achaean kings led by Agamemnon - the king of Mycenae against Troy ended with the fall of the city - fortress. The people who inhabited Troy are called Tevkras in ancient Greek sources.
Troy is a mythical city. For many centuries, the reality of the existence of Troy was questioned - it existed like a city from a legend. But there have always been people looking for reflection in the events of the Iliad. real history. However, serious attempts to search for the ancient city were made only in the 19th century. In 1870, Heinrich Schliemann, during excavations of the mountain village of Gissrlyk on the Turkish coast, stumbled upon the ruins of an ancient city. Continuing to excavate to a depth of 15 meters, he unearthed treasures belonging to an ancient and highly developed civilization. These were the ruins of the famous Homeric Troy. It is worth noting that Schliemann unearthed a city that was built earlier (1000 years before the Trojan War), further research showed that he simply went through Troy, since it was erected on the ruins of the ancient city he found.
Troy and Atlantis are one and the same. In 1992, Eberhard Zangger suggested that Troy and Atlantis are the same city. He built a theory on the similarity of the description of cities in ancient legends. However, there was no distribution and scientific basis for this assumption. This hypothesis has not received wide support.
The Trojan War broke out because of a woman. According to Greek legend, the Trojan War broke out because one of the 50 sons of King Priam, Paris, kidnapped the beautiful Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus. The Greeks sent troops precisely to take Helen. However, according to some historians, this is most likely only the pinnacle of the conflict, that is, the last straw that gave rise to the war. Prior to this, presumably, there were many trade wars between the Greeks and the Trojans, who controlled trade along the entire coast in the area of the Dardanelles.
Troy held out for 10 years thanks to outside help. According to available sources, the army of Agamemnon encamped in front of the city on the seashore, without besieging the fortress from all sides. The king of Troy, Priam, took advantage of this, establishing close ties with Caria, Lydia and other regions of Asia Minor, which during the war provided him with assistance. As a result, the war turned out to be very protracted.
The Trojan horse really existed. This is one of the few episodes of that war that has not found its archaeological and historical confirmation. Moreover, there is not a word about the horse in the Iliad, but Homer describes it in detail in his Odyssey. And all the events associated with the Trojan horse and their details were described by the Roman poet Virgil in the Aeneid, 1st century BC. BC, i.e. almost 1200 years later. Some historians suggest that the Trojan horse meant some kind of weapon, such as a battering ram. Others claim that this is how Homer called the Greek sea vessels. It is possible that there was no horse at all, and Homer used it in his poem as a symbol of the death of gullible Trojans.
The Trojan horse got into the city thanks to a cunning trick of the Greeks. According to legend, the Greeks spread a rumor that there was a prophecy that if a wooden horse would stand within the walls of Troy, he would be able to protect the city from Greek raids forever. Most of the inhabitants of the city were inclined to believe that the horse should be brought into the city. However, there were also opponents. The priest Laocoön offered to burn the horse or throw it off a cliff. He even threw a spear at the horse, and everyone heard that the horse was empty inside. Soon a Greek named Sinon was captured, telling Priam that the Greeks built a horse in honor of the goddess Athena in order to atone for many years of bloodshed. This was followed by tragic events: during the sacrifice to the god of the sea Poseidon, two huge snakes swam out of the water, which strangled the priest and his sons. Seeing this as an omen from above, the Trojans decided to roll the horse into the city. It was so huge that it did not fit through the gate and had to dismantle part of the wall.
The Trojan horse caused the fall of Troy. According to legend, on the night after the horse entered the city, Sinon released from its womb the warriors hiding inside, who quickly killed the guards and flung open the city gates. The city, which fell asleep after violent festivities, did not even put up strong resistance. Several Trojan warriors, led by Aeneas, tried to save the palace and the king. According to ancient Greek myths, the palace fell thanks to the giant Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, who broke the front door with his ax and killed King Priam.
Heinrich Schliemann, who found Troy and accumulated a huge fortune during his life, was born into a poor family. He was born in 1822 in the family of a country pastor. His homeland is a small German village near the Polish border. His mother died when he was 9 years old. The father was a harsh, unpredictable and self-centered man who loved women very much (for which he lost his position). At the age of 14, Heinrich was separated from his first love, the girl Minna. When Heinrich was 25 years old and already becoming a famous businessman, he finally asked in a letter for Minna's hand in marriage with her father. The answer was that Minna had married a farmer. This message completely broke his heart. Passion to Ancient Greece appeared in the boy’s soul thanks to his father, who read the Iliad to children in the evenings, and then gave his son a book on world history with illustrations. In 1840, after a long and exhausting job in a grocery store that nearly cost him his life, Heinrich boards a ship bound for Venezuela. On December 12, 1841, the ship fell into a storm and Schliemann was thrown into the icy sea, a barrel saved him from death, by which he held on until he was rescued. During his life, he learned 17 languages and made a large fortune. However, the peak of his career was the excavation of the great Troy.
Heinrich Schliemann undertook the excavations of Troy because of the disorder in his personal life. This is not out of the question. In 1852, Heinrich Schliemann, who had a lot of business in St. Petersburg, married Ekaterina Lyzhina. This marriage lasted 17 years and turned out to be absolutely empty for him. Being a passionate man by nature, he married a sensible woman who was cold to him. As a result, he was almost on the verge of insanity. The unhappy couple had three children, but this did not bring happiness to Schliemann. Out of desperation, he made another fortune selling indigo paint. In addition, he was closely involved Greek. He had an inexorable desire for travel. In 1668 he decided to go to Ithaca and organize his first expedition. Then he went towards Constantinople, to those places where Troy was located according to the Iliad and began excavations on the hill of Gissarlik. This was his first step on the way to the great Troy.
Schliemann tried on the jewelry of Helen of Troy for his second wife. He introduced him to Henry's second wife old friend, it was 17-year-old Greek Sophia Engastromenos. According to some sources, when in 1873 Schliemann found the famous treasures of Troy (10,000 gold items), he brought them upstairs with the help of his second wife, whom he loved immensely. Among them were two luxurious diadems. Putting one of them on Sophia's head, Heinrich said: "The jewel worn by Helen of Troy now adorns my wife." In one of the photographs, she is indeed depicted in magnificent ancient jewelry.
Trojan treasures were lost. There is a deal of truth in it. The Schliemanns donated 12,000 items to the Berlin Museum. During World War II, this priceless treasure was moved to a bunker from which it disappeared in 1945. Part of the treasury unexpectedly showed up in 1993 in Moscow. There is still no answer to the question: "Was it really the gold of Troy?".
During excavations at Hissarlik, several layers-cities of different times were discovered. Archaeologists have identified 9 layers that refer to different years. They are all called Troy.
Only two towers remain from Troy I. Troy II was explored by Schliemann, considering it to be the true Troy of King Priam. Troy VI was the highest point of the development of the city, its inhabitants traded profitably with the Greeks, but this city seems to have been badly damaged by an earthquake. Modern scientists believe that the found Troy VII is the true city of Homer's Iliad. According to historians, the city fell in 1184 BC, being burned by the Greeks. Troy VIII was restored by the Greek colonists, who also erected the Temple of Athena here. Troy IX belongs to the Roman Empire. I would like to note that the excavations have shown that Homeric descriptions very accurately describe the city.
Popular myths.
Popular facts.
Troy, Turkey: description, photo, where it is on the map, how to get
Troy- an ancient settlement in Turkey near the coast of the Aegean Sea. This landmark was sung in his "Iliad" by Homer. Troy was most famous for the Trojan War. This ancient Greek city is included in 1000 the best places world according to our site.
Many tourists are interested in this archaeological site of modern Turkey. In order to get to Troy, you must first get to Chanakalle. Buses to Troy leave every hour from there. The journey will take about half an hour. In turn, you can come to Canakalle by bus from Izmir or Istanbul. In both cases, the distance is about 320 km.
The German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann was the first to become interested in the excavations of Troy in the second half of the 19th century. It was under his leadership that the ruins of nine cities around the Hissarlik hill were found. Moreover, many ancient artifacts and one very ancient fortress were found. Schliemann's many years of work was continued by one of his colleagues, who excavated a vast area dating back to the Mycenaean era.
Excavations are still ongoing at this site.
Today in Troy, there is little that can attract the traveler's eye. However, the atmosphere of the greatest fairy tale in the world invariably hovers in this city. At the moment, the restoration of the famous Trojan horse is fully completed. This attraction is located on a panoramic platform.
Photo attraction: Troy
Troy on the map:
Where is Troy located? - monument on the map
Troy is located in present-day Turkey, on the east coast of the Aegean Sea, southwest of Istanbul. In ancient times, Troy, apparently, was a powerful fortified city, the inhabitants of which became most famous for letting into their city a wooden horse left by the Greeks. Inside the souvenir, according to legend, Greek soldiers were hiding, who killed the guards of the Trojans and opened the gates of the city for the Greek army.
Coordinates:
39.9573326
northern latitude
26.2387447
east longitude
Troy on the interactive map which can be controlled:
Troy is in the lists: cities, monuments
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Troy
Troy is an ancient Greek city on the western tip of Asia Minor. In the 8th century BC, Homer spoke about him in his poems. It was a blind wandering singer. He sang the Trojan War, which took place in the XIII century BC. e. That is, this event happened 500 years before Homer.
For a long time it was believed that both Troy and the Trojan War were invented by the singer. Until now, it is not even known whether the ancient poet actually existed or whether it was a collective image. Therefore, many historians were skeptical about the events sung in the Iliad.
Troy on the map of Turkey, marked with a blue circle
In 1865, the English archaeologist Frank Calvert began excavations on the Hissarlik hill, located 7 km from the Dardanelles. In 1868, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann also began excavations at the other end of the same hill, after a chance meeting with Calvert at Canakkale.
Lucky for the German. He unearthed several fortified cities that were built in different eras. To date, 9 main settlements located one above the other have been excavated. They were built in a time period that covers 3.5 thousand years.
Model of the city of Troy on the eve of the Trojan War
The excavations are located in northwestern Anatolia at the southwestern tip of the Dardanelles (in ancient times the Hellespont) northwest of Mount Ida. It is about 30 km southwest of the city of Canakkale (the capital of the province of the same name).
Not far from the ruins is a small village that supports the tourism business. This property was listed in 1998 world heritage UNESCO. It should be noted that during the Roman Empire, Troy was called Ilion. The city prospered until it was eclipsed by Constantinople. During the Byzantine era, it fell into disrepair.
The famous Trojan horse. Hiding in such a horse,
treacherous Achaeans got into the city
The main archaeological layers of Troy
1 layer- a settlement dating back to the Neolithic period. This is the 7th-5th century BC. e.
2 layer- covers the period 3-2.6 thousand years BC. e. It is from this settlement that Troy begins. It had a diameter of no more than 150 meters. The houses were built with mud bricks. All houses were destroyed by fire.
3 layer- covers the period 2.6-2.25 thousand years BC. e. More developed settlement. Precious jewelry, golden vessels, weapons, gravestones were found on its territory. All this indicated a highly developed culture. The settlement was destroyed as a result of a natural disaster.
4 and 5 layers- covers the period 2.25-1.95 thousand years BC. e. Characterized by the decline of culture and material wealth.
6 layer- 1.95-1.3 thousand years BC e. The city grew in size and grew rich. It was destroyed around 1250 BC. e. strong earthquake. However, it was quickly restored.
7 layer- 1.3-1.2 thousand years BC e. It is this archaeological layer that belongs to the period of the Trojan War. The area of the city at that time occupied 200 thousand square meters. meters. At the same time, the area of \u200b\u200bthe fortress was 23 thousand square meters. meters. The urban population reached 10 thousand people. The city fortress was a powerful wall with towers. Their height reached 9 meters. The siege and destruction of the city falls approximately in 1184 BC. e.
8 layer- 1.2-0.9 thousand years BC e. The settlement was taken over by wild tribes. No cultural development was observed during this period.
9 layer- 900-350 years BC. e. Troy became an ancient Greek city-state - a polis. This had a beneficial effect on the culture and well-being of citizens. The period is characterized by good relations with the Achaemenid state. Persian king Xerxes in 480 BC. e. visited the city and sacrificed 1000 bulls in the sanctuary of Athena.
10 layer- 350 BC e. - 400 AD e. characterized by the era of the Hellenistic states and Roman rule. In 85 BC. e. Ilion was destroyed by the Roman general Fimbria.
Sulla then helped rebuild the settlement.
In 20 a.d. e. Emperor Augustus visited Troy and allocated money for the restoration of the sanctuary of Athena. The city prospered for a long time, but then, as already mentioned, fell into decay, thanks to the flourishing of Constantinople.
Archaeological excavations
After Schliemann, excavations were carried out in 1893-1894 by Wilhelm Dörpfeld, and then in 1932-1938 by Karl Blegen. These excavations showed that there were 9 cities built one on top of the other. At the same time, 9 levels were divided into 46 sublevels.
Archaeological excavations resumed in 1988 under the direction of professors Manfred Korfmann and Brian Rose. During this period, the ruins of late Greek and Roman cities were discovered. In 2006, the excavations were led by Ernst Pernik.
In March 2014, it was announced that further research would be sponsored by a private Turkish company, with Associate Professor Rustem Aslan in charge of the work. It was stated that Troy will boost tourism in Çanakkale and maybe become one of the most visited historical places in Turkey.
