Forms of human influence on living nature. Negative human impact on nature. List of sources used

Despite the fact that man appeared on our planet much later than other living beings, in the shortest possible time, by the standards of evolution, he managed not only to adapt to the natural environment that surrounded him, but also began to modify the nature around him. Anthropogenic factors (ecological changes caused by the influence of human activities on the environment) are realized through various types of human impact on nature:

1. Direct impact, which consists in the fact that a person destroys the biogeocenosis by plowing virgin soil for the purpose of growing cultivated plants, occupies territory for the construction of housing, roads, etc.
2. Indirect Impact is that man influences nature not directly, but indirectly, through the products of his production activities: when burning fuel in thermal power plants (thermal power plants), a person does not directly come into contact with organisms, however, the thermal energy released when burning fuel, entering the environment, causes “thermal pollution”, which affects certain organisms.
3. Complex impact is that by influencing a certain type of organism directly, through it, without contacting another species, a person has a certain effect on it, for example, by influencing mouse-like rodents with the toxic chemical DDT, a person destroyed part of these rodents (direct effect), but DDT is poorly degraded under natural conditions, accumulates in some organisms (fungi) and can enter other organisms, including humans, with food, causing them to be poisoned (this is an indirect effect).
4. spontaneous(unconscious) influence is that a person, without setting a goal, without even wanting it, influences nature. Thus, not wanting to have a negative impact, a person, walking in a field or forest, can trample grass, step on small animals (insects), pick flowers, etc.
5. Conscious(purposeful, systematic) consists of organizing activities aimed at the formation by man of such biocenoses that will be most useful to him, for example, cultivating a field for growing cereals or vegetables, cultivating a meadow by planting alfalfa and other fodder crops on it, breeding new varieties of plants and breeds animals, etc. Such human impact on nature can be both positive (for example, the creation of nature reserves) and negative (mining, construction of hydroelectric power stations, etc.) in nature.

In this regard, the slogan proposed by I.V. Michurin is interesting: “We cannot wait for favors from nature; taking them from her is our task.” This slogan can be understood in different ways. In a vulgar understanding, this means the need to change nature at all costs, without regard to the consequences. In this interpretation, such use of nature will cause great harm and ultimately lead to the death of man himself. But it can also be understood in such a way that a person is able to influence nature in such a way that it will reveal its secrets and this will help a person live normally in changed conditions.

Man, whether he wants it or not, changes nature, but these changes must be rational not only and not so much from the standpoint of economic activity, but from the standpoint of the possibility of survival in the natural environment. Thus, when deciding on the construction of a hydroelectric power station, it is necessary to foresee all the consequences of this action and calculate how much it will cost to restore those natural and other resources that the territory used for construction possessed, and whether these costs will be recouped by the resulting electricity.

The degree of human impact on nature strongly depends on the size of the population - the larger it is, the higher the degree of influence of anthropogenic factors on the biosphere. This is due to the need to solve food, energy, housing and other problems. Since the advent of man, the population has been constantly increasing, and it is still growing. But the planet’s possibilities are not limitless, so in the future the population will stabilize and even decrease. Currently, problems of family planning have arisen, which in developed countries are trying to solve, but in developing countries the population is practically not regulated, which leads to hunger, high infant mortality and other negative phenomena.

An increase in population leads to urbanization - the sharp growth of cities. Cities create their own conditions, different from natural ones, where there is no place for natural biogeocenoses. In place of cities, natural communities are completely destroyed, specific conditions are created, and even the climate changes. Cities have a difficult environmental situation, but measures are currently being developed and implemented to improve the environmental living conditions in cities.

Brief description of areas of human activity that change the balance in natural ecosystems

Human activities are diverse and many of their types lead to dramatic changes in equilibrium ecological processes in natural ecosystems. Let's consider the most important factors of the influence of human activity on nature.

1. Organization of various industries, construction of enterprises and implementation of activities for the production of certain products.

This type of activity has direct and indirect impacts on natural ecosystems. On the territory where the enterprise is being built, the biocenosis is almost completely destroyed, including the plant community, although attempts are currently being made to preserve the vegetation cover, animals leave their habitats and may die completely, a special biocenosis arises of animals and plants capable of coexistence with person. As a rule, a populated area (working village, city) is built nearby, which has a similar impact on natural ecological processes. The indirect impact is that during the operation of an enterprise, various compounds can be formed that uncontrollably enter the natural environment, affecting both people and various organisms living in the given territory.

2. Creation of artificial biocenoses - agrocenoses in the process of implementing the tasks of agricultural production.

Agriculture is a condition for solving the food problem, which is becoming increasingly acute due to population growth. Growing cultivated plants in order to obtain large yields, creating the basis for both the production of plant foods and the effective development of livestock farming, makes it necessary to create highly effective agrocenoses.

Agrocenosis is a biocenosis created artificially by man on the basis of a cultivated plant (one or several) located on a natural substrate (soil) in contact with weeds and other organisms living in the given territory. This biocenosis is influenced by a complex of abiotic factors characteristic of a given geographical zone, as well as a number of impacts from human activity aimed at increasing the productivity of the main organisms that form it (weeding, watering, fertilizing, controlling weeds and other pests using biological and chemical methods, etc. .d.).

Agrocenoses are characterized by the following features:

1. have a strictly defined species composition of plants or animals (components that determine the type of agrocenosis);
2. have a certain type of interaction between the organisms that form a given agrocenosis;
3. realize a certain type of relationship between the organisms that form the agrocenosis and their habitat.

There are two types of agrocenoses.

1. The basis of the agrocenosis is one or several cultivated plants. Such agrocenoses include fields of wheat, rye, oats, etc.; vegetable gardens where cabbage, tomatoes and other vegetables are grown; melon fields, where watermelons, melons and other melons are grown; vineyards, fruit and berry gardens.
2. The basis of the agrocenosis is the natural plant community, which is enriched with additional species of cultivated plants. Such agrocenoses include parks, hayfields, meadows, pastures and forest plantings. For example, leguminous and cereal crops with high productivity are sown in natural meadows.

Agrocenoses change the composition of natural biocenoses, in some cases improving the living conditions of natural organisms, and sometimes leading to the death of the natural biocenosis.

Agrocenoses and natural biocenoses have a number of differences.

1. They are characterized by a difference in the balance of nutritional components: in natural biogeocenoses, the nutrient cycle occurs naturally and is replenished due to processes that occur independently of human activity, and in agrocenoses, nutritional processes are intensified by the introduction of mineral fertilizers; the fight against individual organisms undesirable for agrocenosis is carried out by mechanical, chemical and biological methods carried out by humans; measures are being implemented to artificially intensify the cycle of substances through the use of crop rotation, etc.
2. Different nature of energy use in agrocenoses and natural biocenoses. Only solar energy enters natural biocenoses and only it forms the basis of all life processes in these ecosystems. In agrocenoses, both solar energy and energy produced by human activity are “used”: lighting in greenhouses at night, mechanical energy of machines expended in processing arable land, energy expended in production, manufacturing of agricultural equipment, in obtaining mineral fertilizers and products plant protection, mechanical energy of a person processing agrocenosis, etc.
3. Different forms of selection and their orientation. In natural biocenoses, natural selection is carried out, aimed at the survival of those organisms that are most adapted to the conditions of a particular habitat. In agrocenoses, artificial selection is implemented, aimed at obtaining forms of organisms that have the greatest productivity in the desired direction (increasing productivity, increasing resistance to diseases, etc.).

Thus, the main goal of creating agrocenoses is to obtain high yields and the maximum amount of high-quality products. It is very important to rationally carry out work on the creation and exploitation of agrocenoses. A scientific system for alternating agrocenoses (multifield system) has been developed, which allows for efficient use of land to obtain sustainable and rich harvests. The crop rotation system is not universal for all areas of agricultural production. Thus, for the Non-Black Earth zone of Russia, a grass-field system is effective, in which the crops of cereals, herbs and vegetables alternate in a certain sequence.

It should be noted that a person, in pursuit of maximum benefit, violates the principle of optimality in the exploitation of agrocenoses. Thus, the principle of “monoculture” was introduced for the entire region - growing cotton in the vast territories of Uzbekistan or orchards and vineyards in Moldova. It is very important to rationally use fertilizers and chemical plant protection products, because their excessive use causes significant harm both due to the negative impact on the natural environment and due to the production of low-quality products from an environmental point of view (products may contain large amounts of nitrates, which have a negative effect on the human body ).

3. Transportation of various substances.

The movement of various objects and chemical compounds plays an important role in human activity. Fertilizers, fuels, pesticides, and other substances move from one region to another and even from one continent to another. During transportation, substances are lost due to violations of transportation conditions or accidents, which leads to pollution of the natural environment. Thus, it is possible for oil to enter the surface of reservoirs, gases to enter the atmosphere due to a violation of the integrity of pipelines, dispersion of dusty cement, etc. Violation of transportation technology contributes to the destruction of natural biogeocenoses, disrupts the ecological balance in the regions, and causes great economic damage to the national economy, therefore it is necessary to strictly observe the safety regulations for work in transport and exclude, to the maximum possible extent, violation of transportation technology.

4. Extraction of minerals as raw materials for various industries.

For the successful functioning of production activities, raw materials and energy resources are needed, which are extracted from the bowels of the Earth. Mining can be carried out using open or closed (mine) methods. With any method of extraction, natural biocenoses and landscapes are disrupted and plant communities are destroyed. Mountains of waste dumps arise that require reclamation, i.e. work to restore (at least partially) plantings and fauna elements. Mining is also associated with the release to the surface of gases that have a negative impact on the natural environment (methane, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon oxides). Oil reaching the surface has a disastrous effect on both plants and animals. Piles of garbage and various wastes generated during the extraction of solid minerals lead to pollution of the habitat of organisms and humans.

During the operation of mines, flammable gases can accumulate in them, which form explosive mixtures, which contributes to the occurrence of explosions, fires and other negative phenomena. Mining by mining is one of the causes of man-made earthquakes.

So, when developing and extracting mineral resources (gaseous, liquid, solid), it is necessary to organize work in such a way as to cause minimal harm to the environment, which is still in the field of scientific development and little used in practice.

5. Introduction of chemical compounds into the environment that have a negative effect on it.

To facilitate certain activities, humans use substances that can harm the natural environment. Thus, in cities, to facilitate snow removal and combat icing of roads, sodium and calcium chlorides are used, and these salts cause salinization of soil and groundwater, which in turn worsens the quality of natural waters, changes the salinity of freshwater bodies of water and negatively affects the fauna of water bodies. etc.

It was shown above that the use of excess mineral fertilizers and the irrational use of chemical plant protection products in agrocenoses also leads to environmental pollution and a deterioration in the quality of agricultural products.

To protect metal products from corrosion, inhibitors are used, which (for example, potassium dichromate) are poisons for many organisms.

To improve the performance of car engines, anti-knock agents are used, in particular diethyl lead, which pollutes the environment, being poisonous for both humans and warm-blooded animals.

All this makes it necessary to study in more depth the role of compounds used in human activities on natural environmental processes, as well as to find ways to replace those substances that negatively affect the human environment.

The fact that the Earth without humans would look completely different is an obvious fact. Nowadays, a rapidly growing population demands more and more food and areas for living. Numerous enterprises producing products to improve the comfort of existence and meet growing needs consume an increasing amount of non-renewable natural resources.

When did man begin to influence nature?

Ever since ancient man mastered primitive tools, learned to cultivate the land and raise domestic animals, he began to influence the living and inanimate world around him. At the beginning of the development of human civilization, the damage caused to nature was minimal - people took from the environment only the minimum necessary for survival, and the natural balance was quickly restored.

The active and diverse influence of man on nature, which has already significantly changed the face of the planet, is associated with the beginning of the industrial revolution at the end of the 19th century. With the acceleration of scientific and technological progress and the development of modern technologies, anthropogenic impact on the environment has acquired dangerous consequences.

Do not forget that man is a part of nature. By polluting and modifying the world around them, people also harm themselves. Doctors consider the vast majority of modern diseases to be a consequence of deteriorating environmental conditions.

Negative human impact on nature

Wherever a person appears, he strives to change and adapt the environment to suit his needs. Therefore, human influence on nature in its original form is only destructive and complex.

The destruction or modification of natural ecosystems is a consequence of:

• deforestation;
• laying roads;
• expansion of urban and agricultural areas;
• changes in river channels;
• construction of dams and flooding of adjacent plains during the construction of hydroelectric power stations;
• mineral development.

Human consequences of deforestation

Trees are the only source of oxygen on the planet. At the same time, the “lungs” of the Earth are actively being destroyed. Over the past 200 years, the forest area has decreased by 2 times.

The consequences of human intervention in the local ecosystem are the extinction of plants and animals whose natural habitat is destroyed. The disappearance of one or more representatives of wildlife leads to an imbalance and causes a further chain reaction. Already due to the indirect influence of humans on the environment, dozens of species of flora and fauna that were unable to adapt to the changed conditions have been destroyed. Many wild animals were deliberately exterminated.

Consequences of nature pollution

Water, air and land are the main components of the biosphere, which are closely interconnected and almost equally subject to pollution. Sources of emissions are all types of human activities:

• household waste;
• toxic industrial waste;
• chemical agricultural fertilizers;
• radiation.

If in 1970 the amount of waste on the planet as a result of human activity was 40 billion tons, then at the beginning of the 21st century this figure increased to 300 billion tons - such a mass of garbage suppresses the natural ability of the Earth to self-heal.

Waste industrial and agricultural wastewater enters the soil and vital sources of fresh water every day. Consequences - almost all large rivers are highly polluted (Danube, Seine, Tiber, Mississippi, Volga, Don, Ganges, Nile), they, in turn, carry poisoned waters into the world's oceans.

A third of the ocean surface is covered with an oil film formed during the extraction, transportation and refining of oil - the main energy source of modern civilization. Oil spills on water disrupt the interaction between living organisms and the atmosphere, which leads to disastrous consequences for oceanic life forms.

The result of the work of industry and cars is an increased concentration in the atmosphere of toxic substances: nitrogen oxides, sulfur, aluminum compounds, lead, mercury and other heavy metals. Sulfur dioxide is the cause of acid rain, which destroys wild vegetation and agricultural crops and negatively affects the state of nature and human health.

The burning of oxygen and excessive emissions of carbon dioxide lead to the “greenhouse effect”, the melting of glaciers that contain the main reserves of fresh water, and, as a result, climate change throughout the planet.

Consequences of man-made accidents for nature and humans

Man-made accidents have catastrophic consequences for a vast region or the entire planet, and not only have a detrimental effect on individual species of animals or plants. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, vast areas still remain uninhabitable, since the level of radiation there exceeds the maximum permissible tens of times. A leak of heavy water at the Fukushima plant could lead to contamination of the entire world's oceans and a global environmental disaster, the consequences of which are difficult to imagine.

The relatively beneficial impact that humans have on nature is the creation of new ecosystems that would not have appeared naturally. For example, when deserts are irrigated, living landscapes appear and new green areas are formed around populated areas. However, artificial systems are often unviable without constant human control and assistance.

Most often, the positive impact of humans on the environment refers to actions aimed at minimizing negative consequences and attempts to restore the damage caused to nature. In this way, a person tries to protect the environment, first of all, from himself and maintain acceptable environmental conditions for present and future generations.

Ways to solve emerging problems in nature

The development of civilization is impossible without changing the original appearance of the Earth. Man consumes natural resources, trying to maximally satisfy his growing and not always justified needs. The planet's reserves are not limitless; their unreasonable use calls into question the very fact of human existence. To reduce the harmful impact of humans on nature and maintain a favorable environmental situation, it is necessary to comprehensively implement a number of environmental measures:

• the creation of nature reserves and sanctuaries to preserve the natural habitat of wildlife and restore endangered species of animals and plants;
• development of new, environmentally friendly methods of mining;
• active search for alternative energy sources;
• introduction of waste-free production technologies;
• creation of powerful treatment facilities that prevent pollutants from entering the biosphere;
• separate collection and recycling of waste;
• development of new varieties of agricultural crops with increased productivity, which makes it possible to abandon the cultivation of additional land;
• rational use of land, preventing rapid soil depletion.

The future of humanity directly depends on maintaining the natural balance, and the self-healing ability of the living and nonliving components of the planet is sharply limited. The destructive and ill-considered impact of humans on nature can lead to a global environmental disaster, which will have irreversible consequences. Creating a favorable environment is a matter of survival of human civilization.

Positive impact means working to preserve natural sites and increase biological and geographic diversity. These works have the following directions:

A reserve, the purpose of which is to protect rare animals and plants, preserve unique landscapes, and create conditions for the restoration of endangered representatives of the biosphere. Such work is carried out in natural areas or in artificially created objects. The latter include zoological and botanical gardens and parks;

Consumer (economic) - refers to the production and cultivation of new, unknown to nature, varieties of plants, breeds of animals, birds, and fish. Planting forests and shelterbelts. Stocking lakes, rivers, seas. The purpose of such work is to obtain food, working animals, and products useful to humans. At the same time, the biosphere is enriched due to increased biodiversity;

Decorative, when, to satisfy aesthetic needs, people breed and breed new species of indoor animals, plants, flowers, birds, or create new or improve existing landscapes, landscaping objects, and so on;

Recreational - to improve conditions for recreation and health in the same areas, people build stakes, plant parks, and so on.

Reserve direction

Reserved matter- a set of organizational, legal, scientific, economic and educational measures aimed at preserving unique and typical landscapes or individual natural objects (species of flora and fauna, especially rare and endangered and listed in the Red Book; geological formations, reservoirs and etc.) for scientific, environmental and other purposes. This is done through the creation of global, national and local nature reserve funds.

The natural reserve fund consists of areas of land and water, natural complexes and objects that have special environmental, scientific, aesthetic, recreational and other values ​​and are allocated for the purpose of preserving the diversity of landscapes, the gene pool of flora and fauna, maintaining the overall ecological balance and ensuring background monitoring surrounding natural environment. The natural reserve fund of the world system of natural territories and objects, consisting of state and local protected areas, is under special protection.

The reserve regime is established depending on the tasks defined during the creation of protected areas and objects, and the nature of protected areas and objects, the nature of protected natural complexes. According to the existing classification, the following types of protected areas are provided: reserve, natural park, reserve, natural monument, botanical garden, dendrological park, zoological park, protected area, park - a monument of landscape art.

A protected core (or several cores) is determined in a protected area. A buffer zone is created around the core to preserve it from the negative impact of surrounding areas that have undergone a certain anthropogenic impact. Along the buffer zone lies a transition zone, which includes territories with traditional economic activities for the region, which are subject to certain restrictions.

According to UNESCO's decision, international biosphere reserves have the highest level of protection. There are about three hundred of them around the world. Four of them (Askania-Nova, Carpathian, Danube, Black Sea biosphere) are located in Ukraine.

In table Table 3.1 shows data on protected areas on the continents of the globe in 1990.

Table 3.1 Reserves by region

Protected areas are part of the so-called ecological network of the continent. In 1995, the recommendations of the Pan-European Strategy for the Conservation of Biological and Landscape Diversity were adopted on the formation of a Pan-European Ecological Network as a unified spatial system of territories of European countries with natural or partially modified landscape conditions. The formation of an ecological network involves changes in the structure of the country's land fund by classifying (on the basis of justification of environmental safety and economic feasibility) part of the lands for economic use to categories subject to special protection with the reproduction of their inherent diversity of natural landscapes.

Detailed information about protected areas and the eco-network of Ukraine is presented in the next section of the chapter. And here, using the example of the bustard, we will consider the importance of the protected area in the conservation of ornithological biodiversity.

Bustard (dudak) is the largest steppe bird weighing 10-15 kg. Until 1975, the bustard nested in 18 regions of Ukraine, and since 1985 - only in 7. Now in the steppe part of Left Bank Ukraine during the nesting period there are 440-620 individuals, and in the rest of the country - 70-100 individuals. As an endangered species, it is included in the European Red List and the Red Book of Ukraine. In 1999, the charitable “International Bustard Fund” was created in Brine. In 2001, the interregional program “Preservation of the steppe and reproduction of the Eastern European bustard population in Ukraine” was adopted. In the Kharkov region, on the shore of the Pechenezky reservoir (territory of the Pechenezky landscape reserve), there is a bustard nursery in which about 130 birds.

Geography textbook for 8th grade

§ 45. Human impact on nature

• Tell us what nature gives to man.
• How do natural conditions influence human life and activity?
• Which components of the natural complex are most susceptible to human influence?
• What are natural resources?

Nature serves as the environment for people’s existence, the main and most often the only source of satisfying their various needs.

The natural environment has a huge influence on the historical process. Man constantly, according to V. Klyuchevsky, “either adapts to the nature around him, its forces and methods of action, then adapts them to himself, to his needs, which he cannot or does not want to give up, and in this two-way struggle with himself with himself and with nature he develops his intelligence and his character...”

Nature provides all the means to satisfy the material and spiritual needs of man.

Over time, the composition of resources used by humans has changed. First of all, a person took what was lying on the surface. In primitive society, people ate only a few types of plants and animals. Later, man mastered the soil for agriculture and learned to produce bronze and iron. The influence of human activity on natural complexes.

Rice. 140. Types of anthropogenic landscapes

What types of anthropogenic landscapes are most typical for your area?

Human economic activity is a special factor influencing the development of nature. Man not only adapts to his natural environment, but also changes it. You already know that all components of nature are closely interconnected, that a change in one of them affects all the others. Therefore, when changing nature, a person must foresee what the consequences of this change will be and, if necessary, prevent them.

More than a century ago, F. Engels warned humanity: “However, let us not be too deluded by our victories over nature. For every such victory she takes revenge on us. Each of these victories, it is true, has, first of all, the consequences that we are counting on, but second and third, completely different, unforeseen consequences, which very often destroy the significance of the first ones.” These words are still relevant today. The negative consequences of human activity on nature in some cases are not an inevitable result of scientific and technological progress. Their reasons are errors in technical and scientific projects associated with insufficient consideration of the anthropogenic impact on nature and the opinions of geographers and ecologists.

Rice. 141. World Land Trust

For example, scientists have found that applying mineral fertilizers to the soil without sufficient consideration of the amount of precipitation and soil moisture leads to the removal of minerals from the soil into rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. And this is not only the loss of labor, energy, and raw materials spent on the production and transportation of fertilizers, but also the pollution of water bodies and deterioration of water quality. During the construction of large reservoirs, complex changes in nature occur: the groundwater level changes, depending on the degree of moisture, the territory becomes swamped, soil properties, the nature of vegetation, and the microclimate of the area change. Having studied the negative consequences of the influence of large reservoirs on natural complexes, scientists came to the conclusion that it is much more correct to create systems of small, interacting reservoirs than one huge one.

You already know that at present the geographical environment is dominated by natural complexes modified by human activity.

Rice. 142. Changes in the landscape of the moraine plain after human development: a - before development, b - after development

Rational use of natural resources requires care for their protection and restoration. For example, it is necessary to implement an extensive program of measures to expand forest areas in all natural areas. To carry out this work, special machines have been created that make it possible to mechanize forest planting and care for young plantings.

Rice. 143. Use of territories to ensure ecological balance

The creation of forest shelterbelts and the consolidation of ravines contribute to the conservation of land resources, as well as the protection of water resources. Reclamation opens up great opportunities - restoring disturbed lands in areas where the mining industry is developing - this is an expensive, but most effective method. Such work is being successfully carried out in the center of the European part of Russia, in the Urals.

To preserve nature as a whole or its individual components, specially protected areas are created.

Questions and tasks

1. What types of natural resources have been developed by man for a long time, and what - recently?
2. What natural resources in your area are most in need of protection?
3. Does your school, your class participate in the protection of natural resources?

Kosorotikova Natalia Alekseevna, teacher of history and social studies, Krasnodar, MBOU gymnasium 18.

Development of a social studies lesson in 7th grade.

Subject: Human influence on nature.

Goals:

— introduce students to a variety of environmental problems arising in connection with unreasonable human activities;

— bring students to an understanding of the need to protect the environment;

- continue to develop the skills to analyze additional literature for the lesson, draw conclusions, express your point of view on problematic issues of the lesson;

To promote in students a caring attitude towards nature.

Training equipment: Textbook. L. N. Bogolyubov, N. F. Vinogradova, N. I. Gorodetskaya and others. Social studies. 7th grade. Poems, photographs and drawings by students.

Lesson type: combined.

Teaching methods: conversation, project activities of students.

Lesson plan:

1. Organizational moment.

II. Studying new material.

1. Atmospheric pollution.

2.Water pollution.

3. Soil pollution.

IY.Project development.

Y.Grading.

YI.Homework.

During the classes.

1. Organizational moment.

II. Studying new material.

Student's speech:

Oh people, what are you all proud of?

Progress, teachings, works...

But look around you all

There is no longer a pine tree left.

I can't understand the reason

It must be difficult to plant a flower

Without benefit, even a viburnum bush,

Without thinking about money for future use...

We'll all pay for it

That they were so rude to nature,

And everything will happen only then,

What have we been afraid of all these years?

Us Ignat (7th grade student)

Teacher's word:

Guys, as you already understand, the topic of our lesson is “The influence of man on nature.” The 20th century brought humanity many benefits associated with the rapid development of scientific and technological progress, and at the same time brought life on Earth to the brink of an environmental disaster. Population growth, intensification of production and emissions that pollute the Earth lead to fundamental changes in nature and affect the very existence of man. Some of these changes are extremely strong and so widespread that global environmental problems arise.

Question: What examples can you give of man's thoughtless, wasteful attitude towards nature? (working with illustrations and drawings posted on the board).

(Annex 1).

Teacher's word:

As a result of this attitude of man towards nature, there is a reduction in the areas under meadows and forests, the soil, air, water are polluted by industrial and transport waste, the number of some plant species is reduced due to excessive procurement of plant raw materials, mass visits by people to the same areas of nature and inability to behave there. I will give a few figures taken from newspapers about the influence of man on nature. Forests on the planet are disappearing at a rate of 10 hectares per minute. 630 thousand hectares of forest burn out from fires, more than 200 thousand hectares die from the effects of industrial emissions into the atmosphere. The number of animals and plants is decreasing, and some are disappearing completely. Particularly strong changes are taking place around cities; garbage and waste dumps are growing. Water in reservoirs has become unfit for drinking. Millions of tons of harmful substances are released into the air every year.

Question: What types of pollution do you know? (Any changes in air, water, soil that have a negative impact on human health).

1.Student’s speech “Atmospheric Pollution”:

Without an atmosphere, life on the planet would be impossible. The atmosphere reliably protects people from numerous dangers: it does not allow meteorites to pass through, and protects the earth from overheating. Air is necessary for all life on the planet. A person can live 5 weeks without food, 5 days without water, and 5 minutes without air. Over the course of a year, 5 billion tons of carbon dioxide alone are released into the atmosphere. As a result, ozone holes appear - under Antarctica, the Arctic, Europe, Moscow. Ultraviolet rays rush into these holes, which cause cancer in people. Oxygen is becoming less and less. And there are more and more exhaust gases from ferrous metallurgy and chemical factories, boiler houses, and transport. The negative impact of a polluted atmosphere on soil and vegetation cover is associated both with the loss of acidic precipitation, which washes out calcium, humus and microelements from the soil, and with disruption of photosynthesis processes, leading to a slowdown in the growth of plant death. The high sensitivity of trees (especially birch and oak) to air pollution has been identified for a long time. The combined effect of their factors leads to a noticeable decrease in soil fertility and the disappearance of forests. Acid precipitation is now considered as a powerful factor not only in the weathering of rocks and the deterioration of the quality of load-bearing soils, but also in the chemical destruction of man-made objects, including cultural monuments and ground communication lines. The most dangerous pollution of the atmosphere and the entire environment is radioactive. It is known that in the early 60s, the background of artificial radioactivity caused by nuclear weapons tests reached an alarming level. The terrible consequences are already evident. To generate electricity, nuclear reactor designers create fairly reliable protection against the release of radioactive elements into the environment. However, the problem of radioactive waste disposal still cannot be considered solved.

2. Student presentation “Water Pollution”»:

Water is the basis of life on Earth. The primary role of water in the life of all living beings, including humans, is due to the fact that it is actually the environment in which all life processes take place. Here is just a small and far from complete list of the “responsibilities” of water in our body: regulates body temperature, humidifies the air during breathing, ensures the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to all cells of the body, protects vital organs, etc. Water pollution is the introduction of elements into it that make it unfit for human consumption.

Pollutants enter water in various ways, but always with human participation: as a result of accidents, intentional waste discharges, oil leaks, etc.

3.Student’s speech “Soil Pollution”:

Soils are polluted by various chemicals, fertilizers, agricultural waste, industrial waste from municipal enterprises. Chemical compounds entering the soil accumulate and lead to a gradual change in the chemical and physical properties of the soil, reduce the number of living organisms, and worsen its fertility.

The soil is polluted with petroleum products when refueling cars in fields and forests, at logging sites, etc. The top layer of soil undergoes the greatest changes. If improperly exploited, soils are destroyed as a result of erosion and salinization. As a result of erosion over the last century, 2 billion hectares of fertile land have been lost. Harmful compounds found in the soil sooner or later enter the human body. How does this happen? Firstly, there is a constant leaching of contaminants into open water bodies and groundwater, which can be used by humans for drinking and other needs. Secondly, these contaminants from soil moisture and groundwater enter the bodies of plants and animals that consume this water, and then again enter the human body through food chains. Thirdly, many compounds harmful to the body have the ability to accumulate in tissues, and, above all, in bones, which can lead to serious human illnesses.

4. Speech by the student “Forest”:

The planet is becoming increasingly bald. For many centuries, people burned and cut down forests to clear land for arable land and pastures. During this time, the area of ​​the “lungs of the planet” decreased by almost a third. For many animals, the forest is their home. And there are fewer and fewer forests on earth. This means that animals lose their home, they are doomed to death. Over the past 66 years, 52 species of mammals have become extinct. 1000 species of animals are at risk of extinction, and it is no longer possible to restore extinct species.

(Photos of rare species of living organisms taken by schoolchildren are shown).

Forests are very important on Earth: they purify the air, create habitats for animals, protect the soil from erosion, stabilize sand, and prevent water pollution. The history of mankind has known many sad examples when unreasonable deforestation and barbaric use of natural resources turned a once living corner into a lifeless desert, in which there is no place for the person who caused this disaster. This is how civilization on Easter Island perished.

Teacher's word:

The greatest wealth of our planet is land. She is our nurse. We must take care of her. How does she feel?

We want to deceive nature

Bend it harder under yourself,

But she won't forgive this

And he will take full revenge for his insolence!

We hit her blow after blow,

And the forests are burning, there is a fire in the taiga,

We pollute rivers, pour fuel oil,

And the war with nature here and there.

And she is sick and silent,

We just don't hear the screams

Ulcers sprout on the body,

He carries the living along with him!

(Mark Lvovsky)

In order for a person to remember the responsibility for the life of animals and plants, the responsibility for maintaining harmony in nature, even while walking, they must follow certain rules.

Work in groups to create a mini-project “Memo for tourists”.

(Appendix 2).

The time has come for people to think about this issue - how to preserve wildlife, how to help it. Wildlife is waiting for our help. All your dreams are about a good future, about a beautiful Earth, about friendship between man and nature. It is this desire for a bright, kind, wonderful future that unites us here. And that is great!

The land on which a person settled, which was cultivated by his hands and which for many centuries truly was his breadwinner, became native. When leaving for other lands, our ancestors took a handful of earth with them and kept it as a shrine. They considered the earth a holy being, compared the wide expanses of land with a gigantic body, solid rocks and stones - its bones, blood in the waters, veins in tree roots, hair in herbs and plants.

Our planet is very polluted, but we have not yet realized the danger of living in a huge landfill. We live on it for now, but will our children be able to live on it?

Teacher's word:

We live in the age of scientific and technological revolution, humanity is not only littering its “nest”, it has developed ways to protect the environment and has already begun to implement them: 1 way - the creation of various types of treatment facilities that destroy and process waste, the construction of chimneys 200 high - 500 m. Path 2 - development and application of environmental technologies, transition to low-waste and waste-free production processes. 3 way - rational placement of “dirty industries” that have a negative impact on the environment.

In big cities there are specific flows of matter and energy, people and information. They reflect the socio-economic ties of the city with its surroundings and individual regions of the city with each other. The daily life of city residents has little to do with natural factors. The direct impact of natural features on humans is weakened by the installation of air conditioning, heating systems and lighting. Residents spend most of their time in the apartment, transport or work premises. Our work premises are a school and a school site. Now we will hear the results of environmental monitoring conducted by a group of students. A school can be considered as an ecosystem, so it is necessary to regularly monitor the sanitary condition of classrooms, recreation areas, and the school grounds. Such observations are called “ecological monitoring” (reminding, supervising).

IY.Project development.

GROUP OF GUYS-EXPERTS: environmental monitoring of the school and school site. And now the floor is yours...

(A group of guys developed a manifesto and are presenting it).

Teacher's word:

Guys, let's take care of our Earth! Everywhere at every step, all together and each individual! We are not given anything else. The Earth with its biosphere is the greatest miracle, we have only one. The Earth's tomorrow will be the same as we create it today.

Y.Grading.

YI.Homework. Paragraph 19, in the media, on the Internet, find examples of environmental problems, formulate them, identify the cause and propose solutions.

Literature:

Velikovsky B.T., Kirichev V.I. Human health and the environment. M, 1197.

Miller T. Life in the environment / Edited by G.A. Yagodin. M., 1993.

Mirkin B.M., Naumova L.G. Ecology of Russia. M., 1995.

Samkova V.A. We are exploring the forest. Assignments for projects. / Biology at school, No. 7, 2005.

Internet resources:

“Society and Ecology” economic newspaper /St. Petersburg/ http:unig.spb.ru/eco

Ecological Bulletin of Russia /http:www.ecolife.ru

Annex 1.

Appendix 2.

Report: Human impact on nature

Otradnensky Oil College

Abstract topic:

"Human Impact

on nature"

Group student

01 EXM – 1:

Malova O.A.

Teacher:

Akhremenko O.A.

Otradny

I. Introduction.

We didn't inherit the Earth

our fathers. We took her

borrowed from our children.

(From UN materials)

Ecology is a science that studies the relationships of organisms (individuals, populations, biocenoses, etc.) among themselves and with the inorganic nature surrounding them; general laws of functioning of ecosystems at various hierarchical levels; habitat of living beings (including humans).

Global ecology studies the biosphere as a whole, i.e. ecological system spanning the globe. The main tasks of modern global ecology include the study of anthropogenic changes in the environment and the substantiation of methods for preserving and improving this environment in the interests of humanity. In this regard, predicting changes in the environmental situation in the future and, on this basis, developing measures for the coming years and in the long term aimed at preserving and improving the human environment and preventing undesirable changes in the biosphere is of utmost importance.

Ecology as a science was formed in the middle of the last century, when an understanding arose that not only the structure and development of organisms, but also their relationships with the environment are subject to certain patterns. In 1866, the German naturalist Ernest Haeckel, in his two-volume monograph “General Morphology of the Organism,” called ecology one of the branches of biology - the science of the living conditions of organisms in their environment. Nowadays, when man is exploring space, ecology, if not yet as knowledge, but at least as a term, has penetrated into the consciousness of everyone; it has ceased to be a branch of biology alone; geography, political economy, philosophy, and even the whole complex of natural and social sciences. Moreover, ecology has gone beyond the scope of a scientific concept and has become a subject of concern and concern for every state and every individual. Ecology, therefore, concerns everyone, because an environmental crisis, if it develops into an environmental disaster, will not spare anyone.

Target: study of the basic patterns of rational interaction between society and nature.

Tasks: 1. Objective assessment of the state of natural resources.

2. Optimization of relationships between humans, on the one hand, and individual species and populations, ecosystems, on the other.

3. Detailed study by quantitative methods of the fundamentals of the structure and functioning of natural and man-made systems.

II. Human impact on nature.

1. Environmental problems in the modern world have come to the fore. Having received unlimited power over nature, people use it barbarously. “Today, the threat to survival comes from the natural environment, which is rapidly degrading under the onslaught of human activity,” said UN Conference Secretary-General Maurice Strong. The planet's resources are running out. Air and water are becoming polluted catastrophically quickly. Fertile lands are turning into sand. Forest areas are shrinking before our eyes. Mountains of garbage are literally “dumping” onto the planet; man provokes natural disasters.

Possible warming, depletion of the ozone layer, acid rain, blooming of water bodies, and the accumulation of toxic and radioactive waste pose a threat to survival. Of course, there are countries for which these problems are not so acute. But, in general, all of humanity is concerned about them, and therefore they are global.

2. The main environmental problems of our time.

2.1. Human economic activity .

Humanity is part of the biosphere, a product of its evolution. However, the relationship between man and natural communities has never been cloudless. The hunting activity of ancient man undoubtedly accelerated the extinction of many large herbivores. For hunting purposes, setting fire to vegetation contributed to the desertification of areas. Man began to change and destroy entire communities with the transition to cattle breeding and agriculture.

During the development of agriculture, improper plowing led to the loss of the fertile layer, which was carried away by water or wind, and excessive irrigation caused soil salinization.

Two important shifts have occurred over the past hundred years. Firstly, the world's population has increased sharply. Secondly, industrial production, energy production and agricultural products increased even more sharply. As a result, humanity began to have a noticeable impact on the functioning of the entire biosphere. The critical situation at the end of the twentieth century is formed by the following negative trends:

a) The consumption of the Earth's resources has so exceeded the rate of their natural reproduction that the depletion of natural resources began to have a noticeable impact on their use, on the national and world economy and led to the irreversible depletion of the lithosphere and biosphere.

b) Waste, by-products of production and everyday life pollute the biosphere, cause deformation of ecological systems, disrupt the global cycle of substances and pose a threat to human health.

2.2. Population growth.

A deviation from the laws of equilibrium in living nature has become the accelerating growth of the Earth's population. T.A. Akimova, V.V. Haskin (1994) provides data that, according to various estimates, by 2025 there will be from 7.6 to 9.4 billion people on Earth. Population growth requires increased food production, the creation of new jobs and expanded industrial production. So, at the end of the twentieth century. Every day all people on Earth need about 2 million tons of food, 10 million m3 of drinking water, 2 billion m3 of oxygen for breathing. Almost 300 million tons of fuel are produced daily by all sectors of the human economy, 2 billion m3 of water and 65 billion m3 of oxygen are used. All this is accompanied by the consumption of natural resources and massive environmental pollution.

2.3. Changes in the composition of atmospheres and climate.

The most destructive impact of human activities on communities is the release of pollutants. A pollutant is any substance that enters the atmosphere, soil or natural waters and disrupts the biological, sometimes physical or chemical processes occurring there. Pollutants often include radioactive radiation and heat. As a result of human activity, carbon dioxide CO2 and carbon monoxide CO, sulfur dioxide SO2, methane CH4, nitrogen oxides NO2, NO, N2 O enter the atmosphere. The main sources of their entry are the combustion of fossil fuels, forest burning and emissions from industrial enterprises. When using aerosols, chlorofluorocarbons are released into the atmosphere, and as a result of transport, hydrocarbons (benzopyrene, etc.) are released.

Due to anthropogenic gases, acid precipitation and smog are formed. When acid precipitation gets into lakes, it often causes the death of fish or the entire animal population. They can also cause damage to foliage and often death of plants, accelerate the corrosion of metals and the destruction of buildings. Acid rain is mostly observed in regions with developed industry.

Smog is extremely harmful to living organisms. One of the harmful components of smog is ozone (O3). In large cities, when smog forms, its natural concentration (1·10-8) increases 10 times or more. Ozone here begins to have a harmful effect on the lungs and mucous membranes of humans and on vegetation.

Anthropogenic changes in the atmosphere are also associated with the destruction of the ozone layer, which is a protective screen from ultraviolet radiation. The danger of depleting the ozone layer is that the absorption of ultraviolet radiation, which is harmful to living organisms, may decrease. Scientists believe that the main reason for the depletion of the ozone layer (screen) is the use by people of chlorofluorocarbons (freons), which are widely used in everyday life and production in the form of aerosols, pre-reagents, foaming agents, solvents, etc. In 1990, global production of ozone-depleting substances was more than 1,300 thousand tons.

2.4. Pollution of natural waters.

Humanity is almost completely dependent on land surface waters - rivers and lakes. This tiny fraction of water resources (0.016%) is subject to the most intense impacts. All types of water use consume 2,200 km3 of water per year. Water consumption is constantly growing, and one of the dangers is the depletion of its reserves. The ever-increasing amount of household waste is causing concern.

Pollution of water bodies occurs not only from industrial waste, but also from the ingress of organic matter, mineral fertilizers, and pesticides used in agriculture from fields into water bodies.

Sea waters are also subject to pollution. Millions of tons of chemical waste are carried into the seas annually with rivers and wastewater from coastal industrial and agricultural enterprises, and with municipal wastewater they also carry organic compounds. Due to accidents of tankers and oil production units, at least 5 million tons of oil per year enter the ocean from various sources, causing the death of many aquatic animals and seabirds. Concerns arise from the burial of nuclear waste at the bottom of the sea, sunken ships with nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons on board.

2.5. Deforestation is one of the most important global environmental problems of our time. The forest absorbs atmospheric pollution of anthropogenic origin, protects the soil from erosion, regulates the flow of surface water, prevents the decline in groundwater levels, etc.

A decrease in forest area causes disruption of oxygen and carbon cycles in the biosphere. Although the catastrophic consequences of deforestation are widely known, deforestation continues. Deforestation entails the death of their richest fauna and flora.

2.6. Soil depletion and pollution.

Soils are another resource that is overexploited and polluted. Imperfect agricultural production is the main reason for the reduction in the area of ​​fertile soils. The plowing of vast steppe areas in Russia and other countries caused dust storms and the destruction of millions of hectares of fertile land.

Soil erosion became a worldwide scourge in the 20th century. It is estimated that as a result of water and wind erosion during this period, 2 billion hectares of fertile land under active agricultural use were lost on the planet.

Excessive irrigation, especially in hot climates, can cause soil salinization. Radioactive soil contamination poses a great danger. Radioactive substances from soils enter plants, then into the bodies of animals and humans, accumulate in them, causing various diseases. Of particular danger are chemical pesticides, especially organic compounds used in agriculture to control pests, diseases and weeds. Inept and uncontrolled use of pesticides leads to their accumulation in soil, water, and bottom sediments of reservoirs.

2.7. Reduction of natural diversity.

Extreme exploitation, pollution, and often simply barbaric destruction of natural communities lead to a sharp decrease in the diversity of living things. Animal extinction could be the largest in the history of our planet. More species of birds and mammals have disappeared from the face of the Earth in the last 300 years than in the previous 10,000 years. It should be remembered that the main damage to diversity does not lie in their death due to direct persecution and destruction, but in the fact that due to the development of new areas for agricultural production, industrial development and environmental pollution, the areas of many natural ecosystems are disturbed. This so-called “indirect impact” leads to the extinction of tens and hundreds of species of animals and plants, many of which were not known and will never be described by science. The process of extinction, for example, of animals, has significantly accelerated due to the destruction of tropical forests. Over the past 200 years, their area has almost halved and continues to decline at a rate of 15–20 hectares per minute. The steppes in Eurasia and the prairies in the USA have almost completely disappeared. Tundra communities are also being rapidly destroyed. Coral reefs and other marine communities are under threat in many areas.

3. Ways to solve environmental problems.

3.1. Balanced development of humanity.

Humanity must learn to “live within our means”, use natural resources without undermining them, and finance programs aimed at preventing the catastrophic consequences of our own activities. Such important programs include curbing population growth; development of new industrial technologies to avoid pollution, search for new, “clean” energy sources; increasing food production without increasing acreage.

3.2. Strategy for the development of industry, energy and pollution control.

Preventing pollution is easier than eliminating its consequences. In industry, wastewater treatment systems, recycled water supply, gas collection units are used for this; special filters are installed on car exhaust pipes. The transition to new, cleaner energy sources also helps reduce environmental pollution.

3.3. Rational management of natural resources requires not only extensive and in-depth knowledge of the patterns and mechanisms of the functioning of ecological systems, but also the purposeful formation of the moral foundation of society, people's consciousness of their unity with nature, the need to rebuild the system of social production and consumption.

3.4. Rational use of mineral resources.

Sustainable approaches to extracting and processing natural mineral resources include:

– complete and comprehensive extraction of all useful components from the deposit;

– reclamation (restoration) of lands after the use of deposits;

– economical and waste-free use of raw materials in production;

– deep cleaning and technological use of production waste;

– reuse of materials after products are no longer in use;

– application of energy-saving technologies.

3.5. Agricultural development strategy.

In the further development of agriculture, the strategic direction is to increase crop yields, making it possible to provide the growing population with food without increasing the acreage. Increased crop yields can be achieved through increased irrigation. Another way is to develop and cultivate new varieties of crops that are more productive and resistant to diseases.

An important way to increase productivity is to reduce losses from pests, diseases and weeds by protecting crops, where special importance in the fight against pests is given to agrotechnical, breeding, seed-growing techniques, crop rotation, and biological methods. The chemical method is used in extreme cases, in years when pests exceed the harmful threshold, there is a threat of crop loss and other methods do not make it possible to prevent these losses.

3.6. Conservation of natural communities.

The basis for human well-being in the future is the preservation of natural diversity. The preservation of natural communities is important not only for material well-being, but also for the full existence of humans.

It is now clear that in order to preserve species diversity, it is necessary to preserve undisturbed areas, which must be significant in area, since otherwise many species are threatened with extinction on small protected “islands.” All economic activity is prohibited on the territory of the reserves, and special protection zones have been created around them.

III. Conclusion.

The development of modern environmental legislation and the creation of effective mechanisms for its implementation is an indispensable element of building a society in harmony with nature.

To replace slogans like “Man is the king of nature” or “We cannot expect favors from nature, our task is to take them from her!” there must be an attitude towards a reasonable and careful attitude towards that which alone makes us exist - to Nature, our common and only home - planet Earth.

Awareness of common goals and difficulties standing in the way will inevitably give rise to a feeling of planetary unity of people. We need to learn to feel like members of one family, the fate of which depends on each of us. Awareness of the unities of humanity is one of the foundations of environmental morality and humanism.

IV. Bibliography.

1. Akimova T.A., Khaskin V.V. Ecology. Man – Economy – Biota – Environment: Textbook for universities. – M.: UNITY – DANA, 2000.

2. Kriksunov E.A., Pasechnik V.V. Ecology: 9th grade: Textbook for general education. textbook establishments.

– M.: Bustard, 1995.

3. Krivoshein D.A., Ant L.A. Ecology and life safety: Textbook. manual for universities / Ed. L.A. Ant. – M.: UNITY – DANA, 2000.

4. Novikov Yu.V. Ecology, environment and people: Proc. manual for universities. – M.: Agency “FAIR”, 1998.

5. Protasov V.F., Molchanov A.V. Ecology, health and environmental management in Russia. / Ed. V.F. Protasova. – M.: Finance and Statistics, 1995.

6. Stepanovskikh A.S. General ecology: Textbook for universities. – M.: UNITY – DANA, 2000.

7. Stadnitsky G.V., Rodionov A.I. Ecology: Textbook. manual for chemical technologists. universities – M.: Higher. school, 1988.

8. Tsvetkova L.I., Alekseev M.I. Ecology: Textbook for technical universities./ Ed. L.I. Tsvetkova. – M.: Publishing house ASV; St. Petersburg: Khimizdat, 1999.

9. Hwang T.A., Khwang P.A. Fundamentals of ecology. Series "Textbooks and teaching aids". – Rostov n/d.: “Phoenix”, 2001.

10. Ecological foundations of environmental management: Textbook. allowance./ Ed. E.A. Arustamova. - M.: Publishing House "Dalikov and Co", 2001.

§25. How man changed nature

1. How does man influence nature?

Man influences nature, both positively and negatively.

Most are negative. Humanity is cutting down a lot of forests, which makes oxygen scarce. Kills animals for leather, builds more and more factories. All this, of course, affects nature. But there are some people who organize nature reserves to protect animals, plant gardens, but this is not enough for nature to return to the state it was before!

2. How can the anthropogenic factor manifest itself in nature?

Negative manifestations: deforestation, construction of dams, destruction of vegetation, environmental pollution, shooting of animals.

Positive manifestations: planting trees, creating nature reserves, crop production, cleaning rivers.

3. Why is the tropical forest more difficult to restore than the northern taiga?

In tropical forests there is high humidity, there is more rotting of the root system of seedlings than in the taiga, so the likelihood that the plant will take root is extremely low, and you also need to take into account the fact that in the taiga the plants are unpretentious than in the tropics. In addition, in a deforested tropical forest, the microclimate and soil change, making it much more difficult to restore it. And the taiga is being restored due to the fact that tree seeds are carried by the wind over large areas. In addition, the taiga has a lower diversity of species than the tropics. The rainforest is also more difficult to restore because of this, because there is nowhere to get such a large number of different seedlings from hundreds of species.

§24. How man appeared on Earth§26. The importance of protecting the living world of the planet

The influence of man on nature, the influence of society on nature

Human influence on nature is the result of his interaction with the environment, which can be both positive and negative.

The interaction of society with nature cannot be only positive or only negative. We are all well aware of the negative impact of human activity on the environment. Therefore, we will consider in more detail the positive impact of society on nature.

Positive influence of man on nature

1. Creation of nature reserves and sanctuaries started a long time ago. However, today world animal protection organizations are more actively addressing the problem of the disappearance of various species of animals and birds. Rare species of animals are listed in the Red Book. Many laws prohibiting poaching and hunting protect animals in many countries.
2. Due to the growth of the Earth's population, humanity needs to provide itself with a large amount of consumed resources. Therefore, it is necessary to take care of expanding agricultural land. But it is impossible to plow up the entire Earth for agricultural work. Therefore, people came up with a positive solution to this problem - intensification of agriculture, as well as more rational and efficient use of farmland. For this purpose, new plant varieties have been developed that have a high level of productivity.
3. The consumption of the Earth's energy resources is growing tenfold every year due to the increased modernization of the modern world. Man takes virtually all resources from nature. However, they also have their limits. And here the activities of society began to be directed in a positive direction. Humanity is trying to create a replacement for natural sources of resources, improving methods of mining so as not to destroy the natural environment of the deposits. Fossils began to be spent more economically and used only strictly for their intended purpose. Today, society is creating new ways to extract energy from wind, sun and tidal water.
4. Due to the huge amount of production waste released into the environment, powerful self-cleaning structures began to be created, which process waste from factories and factories, leaving no opportunity for all harmful emissions to remain and decompose.

Negative human impact on nature

1. Environmental pollution with industrial waste products.
2. Poaching, hunting, catching immature fish species. As a result, certain types of fauna do not have time to replenish themselves, and extinction or complete disappearance of animals is observed.
3. Devastation of the Earth's resources.

   Humanity draws all its resources from the depths of the Earth, so natural sources are depleted. Population growth is observed every year, and humanity needs more resources.

Conclusion

The current task of humanity is to maintain the natural balance on Earth for further positive interaction with nature.

Most likely, you will be interested.

At the institute I had a subject called ecology, in which we studied problems of coexistence between man and nature. Of course, the material is quite extensive, so I will briefly outline the essence of the problem and give several examples.

Human and nature

Man is a fairly numerous biological species, and therefore his influence on nature is great. Really, 7 billion people inhabiting the planet they simply cannot help but have some impact. Of course, more than a century ago industry was not as developed as it is today and did not have any tangible influence. For example, the first car appeared 130 years ago, and today people cannot imagine their life without it. The same can be said about other areas. Until a certain point, the low population of the planet did not cause damage to nature through its actions. And even despite the fact that deforestation, like hunting, one of the oldest occupations.

Examples of human influence on nature

Of course, humanity, making some changes, pursues good goals, but most of the changes are harmful to nature. As a positive example we can consider:

• creation of nature reserves;
• reforestation;
• creation of parks and reservoirs;
• environmental activities and others.

The negative impact is expressed as follows:

• reckless deforestation;
• water pollution;
• poaching;
• soil and air pollution, and so on.

For example, total one small drop of oil can make about 35 liters of water unusable. But the worst thing is far from this - a thin film covers a huge area, and this is extremely destructive for all living things. Most of the organisms die, as the film limits the access of oxygen to the water.

Industrial development, like the increase in the number of cars, has an extremely negative impact on the atmosphere. Gigantic mass of carbon dioxide, entering the atmosphere, they gradually “corrode” the ozone layer, forming the so-called "ozone holes". The importance of this thin layer can hardly be underestimated - it protects all living things from harmful ultraviolet radiation. There is also another problem is the greenhouse effect. In just a few decades, the average temperature of the planet has increased by 0.7 degrees. This may seem like a “trifle”, but on a planetary scale this is catastrophically too much.

Man is inseparable from nature, just as nature is inseparable from man. Nature - living environment and, in fact, the only source of everything necessary for existence. The time when resources could be used recklessly has passed, which means environmental management must take into account all complex processes occurring in nature, both with and without human participation.