Words that come from English. English words borrowed from other languages

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Introduction

In the modern world, English is the most important means of international communication. The expansion of international contacts and the superiority of English-speaking countries in almost all areas of activity contribute to the constant appearance of English borrowings in the Russian language. Perhaps this is a manifestation of the “globalization” of the English language, which is so often spoken and written about today. Linguists also mention such a phenomenon as English-Russian bilingualism, which may be a consequence of this very “globalization” of the English language. In the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov anglicism is a word or figure of speech in any language, borrowed from the English language or created on the model of an English word and expression.

Of course, the abundance of foreign language vocabulary in the Russian language cannot but worry native speakers of the Russian language, especially people of the older generation. “Young people are getting used to the lexical phenomena of the common Russian-English language, thereby, in a sense, losing the originality and traditionality of their native language and destroying its integrity,” they think. But it’s true that many young people consider foreign vocabulary more attractive, prestigious, fashionable, “sounding”: for example, they pronounce “celebrity” rather than celebrity; “top manager”, not a leader; “exclusive” rather than exceptional; "top model" and not best model; “price list”, not price list, “make-up”, not makeup; “image”, not image, “showman”, not presenter. It is very important to understand that language does not live in isolation from the society in which it develops; Borrowing words is a natural and necessary process of language development, and there is no language that would be completely free from foreign influences. Most of borrowed words have been successfully assimilated into the Russian language and are no longer perceived as foreign: president, mayor, radio, pudding, biscuit, sandwich, football, sofa, etc.

The purpose of this research work is to study English borrowings as a linguistic phenomenon. The objectives of research activities are:

determination of characteristic suffixal features of Anglicisms for their recognition in the Russian language;

identifying areas of human activity with the highest concentration of Anglicisms;

studying the reasons for the large flow of Anglicisms into the Russian language;

studying the typology of Anglicisms;

studying slang as a conductor of Anglicisms into the native language;

determination of the pros and cons of the presence of Anglicisms in the Russian language

Main part

Examples of Anglicisms in Russian speech can be heard everywhere. “Newfangled gadgets and devices are especially popular among young buyers. On TNT on Saturday evening, viewers can watch the dance battle. The “Dancing” program has announced another casting for professional dancers throughout Russia. An unlucky person is called a loser. The facades of adobe houses are often finished with German siding. Eat psychological techniques, aimed at measuring the IQ of pupils and students. Without promotion it is difficult to achieve success in labor activity. Tourists enjoy fresh orange juice on vacation. Broadcasts of summits and reports summing up their results arouse great interest among mature and elderly audiences. TV series usually end with a happy ending, etc.” U ordinary people Numerous economic and financial terms are heard, such as: barter, broker, dealer, distributor, marketing, investment, loans, etc. New types are emerging for sports lovers sports activities: windsurfing, arm wrestling, freestyle, skateboarding, snowboarding, kickboxing. With the development of computerization, terms related to computer technology appeared: not only the word computer itself, but also display, file, interface, printer, scanner, laptop, driver, browser, website, etc. Well, a woman’s cosmetic bag is replete with gizmos, for which only English lexical units are used: concealer (corrector pencil), peeling cream (removing small dead skin particles), lifting cream (cream that tightens the skin), perfume (perfume), eye liner (eyeliner), etc.

How can you recognize anglicisms in speech? This tip will help those who do not know English at all.

Spheres of human life where Anglicisms abound in large quantities:

Politics / economics / positions	summit, briefing, speaker, rating, holding, electorate, voucher, impeachment, image maker, speechwriter, investment, sponsor, barrel, media, recession, marketing, leasing, tender, retail, offshore, price list, (top) manager, promoter , distributor, dealer, businesswoman, mentality
Food/clothing/trade	hot dog, cheeseburger, hamburger, fishburger, barbecue, chocolate pie, popcorn, (orange) fresh juice, yogurt, pudding, Coca-Cola, Nats Twix, Sprite, fast food, lunch, shorts, boots, bandana, cotton, top , non-roll (pillow), multi-brand, unisex, casual, catering, shopping, shopaholic, sale, gel, SPA - salon, supermarket, VIP-room, second-hand, discount, catering
	shaping, fitness, diving, surfing, bodybuilding, snowboarding, paintball, freestyle, wrestling, power lifting, bowling, training, skating rink, forward, goalkeeper, biker, sniper, overtime, step class, contest, scooter
Art / radio / TV	thriller, western, video clip, music video maker, newsmaker, musical, blockbuster, bestseller, underground, pop-Art, (had) rock, rock and roll (l), casting, shake, breakdancing, brain ring, (talk) show , hit parade, meteotime, supersta, superman, skinhead
Home/life/office	air conditioner, cooler, mixer, toaster, blender, siding, roller blinds, roller shutters, antifreeze, Bullet Magic, Vanish, Fairy, Comet, Head & Shoulders, Dove, Tide, perfume, cleaning company, scrub, spray, color, diaper, stapler, tape
Information and communication technologies	computer, monitor, display, calculator, laptop, printer, scanner, CD, DVD, processor, device, hacker, upgrade, click, Internet, website, blog, smiley, SMS

So, borrowing words is a natural process of language development. Quite a large number of linguists remain optimistic about the influx of Anglicisms into the Russian language. After all, lexical borrowings enrich the language. At the same time, the basic vocabulary is preserved, and the grammatical structure of the language remains unchanged.

But still, what are the reasons for such a huge flow of Anglicisms in Russian speech?

- lack of a corresponding concept in the Russian language database. In connection with progress in the computer, technical, financial and economic fields, a large number of Anglicisms have poured into the Russian language. In the Russian dictionary there are no native equivalents for, say, laptop, organizer, timer, scanner, tuner, Skype, blogger, franchise, debit, charter, impeachment, etc. It is easier to use existing words from another language than to invent new ones. Probably, these Anglicisms have already become international, and are recognizable not only in the Russian language.

The presence of a Russian lexical unit that does not quite accurately denote the concept, and which is eventually replaced by a more precise anglicism. For example, image instead of image, brand instead of brand, name, tour instead of travel, vocabulary instead vocabulary, fitness instead physical exercise, an investor instead of a person investing money, a spray instead of a nebulizer, etc. In this case, these borrowings are more specific and easier to pronounce than Russian ones.

- a tendency to use one borrowed word instead of a descriptive phrase. For example: a hotel for auto tourists - a motel, a short press conference for journalists - a briefing, a summit meeting - a summit, figure skiing - freestyle, a marksman - a sniper, an assassin - a hitman, short-distance running - a sprint, a place for car parking - parking/parking, retail - retail, etc.

- tribute to fashion. Knowledge of English is considered highly prestigious. There are a lot of people who study English and are imbued with it. They want to look modern and with great pleasure use attractive anglicisms in Russian speech: shopping, presentation, rating, party, performance, show, chart, boyfriend, personal account, service, security, reception, etc.

- expansion of interstate and international relations between Russia and English-speaking countries;

- Russia’s participation in international cultural events, festivals, competitions, rallies, fashion shows;

-foreign tourism;

-exchange of specialists, functioning of joint ventures.

The listed facts are both the reasons and conditions for the appearance of Anglicisms in the Russian language.

Linguistic scientists identify the following groups of English borrowings: :

Direct borrowings. The word appears in Russian in approximately the same form and meaning as in the original language. These are the following words: weekend - weekend, money - money, cash - cash, certificate - confirming document, change - exchange, etc.

Hybrids. These words are formed by adding a Russian suffix, prefix and ending to a foreign root. In this case, the meaning of the foreign word - source - changes somewhat. For example, buzz (busy - restless, fussy).

Tracing paper. Words of foreign origin, used while preserving their phonetic and graphic appearance (menu, disk, virus, lunch, credit, tuxedo, jeans).

Exoticisms. Words that characterize the specific national customs of other peoples and are used to describe non-Russian reality. Distinctive feature of these words is that they do not have Russian synonyms. For example, chips, hot dog, cheeseburger. English exoticisms include the following words: Miss, Mrs., Mister, Sir, Gentleman, Pound Sterling, Lord, Scout, Peer, Pub, Scotland Yard, etc.

Barbarisms. English words transferred to Russian soil that retain their phonetic and graphic ‘foreignness’. These are alien words that stand out sharply against the background of Russian vocabulary. They are not recorded in Russian language dictionaries. The active use of anglicisms-barbarisms has become a sign of our time. For example: face control, dress code, know-how, xy from xy, message, respect, battle, happy ending, weekend, teenager, receptionist, make-up, relaxation, user, online, baby, gambler, non-stop etc. Anglicisms are especially popular in the names of TV programs, shops, clubs: talk shows; dog show; strip show; Show Business; hit parade; Fan club; Brain-ring; Fan Park; Second hand; Coach Center; Call center; Tennis Hall; Home Credit Bank; Real-comfort; Sweet Mama. The barbarisms are accompanied by English-language inclusions in the Russian language: okay, good bye, hello, high, wow, oops, ouch, etc.

Composites. Words consisting of two English words, for example, second-hand - a store selling used clothes, video salon - a room for watching films.

Jargonisms. Words that appeared as a result of distortion of the original word, for example, cut, like, street, bucks, paronty.

Slang is considered to be the conductor of Anglicisms into Russian speech. . It has pushed back and continues to push back the normative vocabulary. People are used to it and sometimes don’t even realize that certain words are not typical for literary language. Sometimes we don’t pay attention to where they come from in our lives, and sometimes what they mean.

In this case, the English language is being anglotized. The younger generation cannot help but use English words in their speech, since many of them have long penetrated the Russian language. On the one hand, the emergence of new words expands the vocabulary of native speakers, but on the other hand, its originality and unique beauty are lost. The words they pronounce in the Russian manner cannot always express the same thing that the words of their native language can express.

Borrowings from the English language cover all areas of youth life. The field of study is represented by the following lexical units (teacher, institute, dep, english, hostel, jim, reading room, test, etc.)

There are slangisms related to the sphere of leisure. They can also be divided into the following categories:

Various student events - party, get-together, point, fighting game, etc..

Borrowed by students from the jargon of computer scientists and programmers - cyberboard, mouse, message, etc.

Borrowed from the jargon of musicians - rock, pop, jazz, blues, rap, drummer, clubber, dancer, shopper, etc.

Showdown - kipish, battle, etc.

Interpersonal relationships - friend, meet (meaning meet)

Names of clothing and accessories - dress, trouser, tishort, pins, rings, etc.

Body parts - face, typhus, hands, feet, fingers, nails, etc.

Names household appliances-tivy, fridge, comp. etc.

Nouns denoting money - money, cash, etc.

The names of family members are parents, phaser, uncle, anti, etc.

Evaluative adverbs and adjectives borrowed from the English language - great, bad, cool, etc.

Of course, there are advantages to using Anglicisms. Borrowings from the English language help students learn it as quickly as possible. Sometimes even they find it easier to express their thoughts and feelings using English rather than their native language. Among the main reasons for using English words in speech, teenagers and young people indicate the ability to convey information to each other, so that the teachers and parents around them do not understand what is being said.

Conclusion

Having examined the problem of Anglicisms in the Russian language today, we can draw the following conclusion:

Anglicisms are an interesting linguistic phenomenon, the role of which in the Russian language is very significant.

Numerous Anglicisms penetrating our speech are a natural phenomenon, reflecting economic, political, cultural, social ties and relations between Russia and other countries, in particular with English-speaking countries.

Many people believe that Anglicisms violate the generally accepted language norm and “clog” the Russian language. Some linguists are sounding the alarm about English language expansion, leading to the gradual displacement of Russian lexical units from oral speech. However, the influx of borrowings in the Russian language, which has taken Lately total character should not be regarded as a completely negative phenomenon. Over time, words either go out of circulation and are forgotten, or are used in limited areas (professionalism, slang), or lose their ‘foreignness’ and become part of the main part of the language, thus enriching the Russian language.

Due to the penetration of Anglicisms into Russian speech, there is some loss of interest in the native language, Russian literature and culture.

English-Russian bilingualism shapes not only Western speech patterns, but also Western thinking and the Western way of life in general.

The Russian language should be protected. You should also take care of the linguistic means of the Russian language, and, where possible, use only them to express your thoughts, emotions and feelings. Anglicisms should not be used always and not everywhere, and always with full awareness of their meanings and the appropriateness of use in everyday speech. When using foreign language vocabulary, you should remember: learning a foreign language, getting to know someone else’s culture is a great thing, during which it is also necessary to preserve the originality, uniqueness and originality of your native Russian language.

References 1. Beglaryan S.G. Borrowing Anglicisms in the Russian language // Young scientist. - 2014 - URL: http://www.philology.ru 2. Breiter M.A. Anglicisms in the Russian language: history and prospects: A manual for foreign students of Russian studies. - Vladivostok: Dialogue Publishing House.

1. M.A.Goldenkov. Modern active English. KARO. St. Petersburg, 2003.

English - Russian Dictionary of American Slang // Translation and compilation by T. Rotenberg and V. Ivanova - M.: Infoserv, 1994

Dyakov A.I. Reasons for the intensive borrowing of Anglicisms in the modern Russian language. // Language and culture. - Novosibirsk, 2003.-P.35-43

Kato Lomb. How I learn languages ​​// Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2016.

Krysin L.P. Modern dictionary foreign words//AST-Press, 2016

9. Krysin L.P. About the Russian language of our days // The changing linguistic world. - Perm, 2002 - URL: http://www.philology.ru

1. Sologub O.P. Assimilation of foreign language structural elements in the Russian language // Science. University. 2002. Proceedings of the Third Scientific Conference. - Novosibirsk, 2002. - P. 130-134.

11. Sumtsova O.V. Reasons for using Anglicisms in Russian youth slang // Young Scientist. - 2012 - No. 4 URL: http://www.philology.ru 12. Khojageldyev B.D., Shurupova O.S. Illustrated dictionary of English borrowings in the Russian language in recent years. //Flinta, 2016.

In 1939, during World War II, one reporter used the word "blitz" to describe rapid action. The original meaning of the German word - "lightning" - reflected how quickly the word came into fashion, symbolizing Germany's constant attacks on Britain. A few years later, linguist Carl F. Koenig documented the words' entry into English in 1943 in the Modern Language Journal.

Soybeans(English Soy)
Language of origin: Japanese

You may already know that karaoke and ramen noodles came into English from Japanese, but soy may seem more European in nature. From a technical point of view, this is true: the word came into English from the Dutch “saio” in the 1670s, and meant soy-based fish sauce. The presence of the Dutch in Japan was conditioned by long trade agreements. The Dutch word “saio” is a derivative of the Japanese “shoyu,” meaning soybean exclusively, which was derived from the Chinese word “shi-yu” - fermented bean oil.

Alcohol(eng. Alcohol)
Language of origin: Arabic

Al-kuhul (English: Al-kuhul) means a type of cosmetic product, powder for blackening the eyelids. Arab scholars enriched the English language with a variety of mathematical and technological terms through interactions with the Romans and Greeks during the close early stages development of the world and later through conflict with the British during the Crusades.

In the 1540s, the word "alcohol" was Latin for freeze-dried powder, and English speakers used it to mean "powdered" cosmetic product" In the 1670s, this word already meant any sublimated, pure substance, even in a liquid state. In 1753, the alcohol of wine was reduced to "alcohol". When was it withdrawn? chemical formula of this “pure substance,” organic chemists in the 1850s began to name all chemically similar substances in the same way.

Shampoo(eng. Shampoo)
Language of origin: Hindi

During the period of British imperialism over India, both cultures spoke an Anglo-Indian language. The Anglo-Indian word “shampoo”, meaning “to massage”, originally came from the Indian “champna” - “to press, knead”, but stumbled over the form imperative mood meaning “You! Warm up!” - “champo”. Perhaps the word “champna” comes from the Sanskrit “capayati”, that is, “pounds, kneads.”

In the 1860s, a native English speaker recorded a new meaning for the word “shampoo” as “to wash the hair,” as the English kneaded and pressed soap into the scalp. The nominal form of the phrase “hair-soap” appeared shortly after five English words borrowed from other languages.

Chauffeur(eng. Chauffeur)
Language of origin: French
In French, the word “Chauffer” means “stoker” or “stoker”, since the driver of a French car in 1899 served a steam engine.

The word entered English around the same time as the steam-powered automobile, as the wealthy English-speaking elite often used French words for expensive cultural terms. By 1902, the word had expanded its meaning to “pay driver.”

Sauna(English Sauna)
Language of origin: Finnish

The Finnish Bath Society claims that the word “sauna” may originally have meant a heated, partially underground winter shelter. The dwelling evolved into a bathhouse, and when the English-speaking population adopted the bathhouse, it was also decided to keep the name.

RED ARMY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PARISH IN HONOR OF THE ARCHANGEL MICHAEL

Regional Cyril and Methodius readings

Research work:

"Use of English words in Russian"

Abstract prepared by:

Sunday school students

Kameristov Mikhail and
Yurtaev Kirill

Scientific adviser:

English teacher

Chizhkova Svetlana Vladimirovna

	Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….
	Main part…………………….………………………………………………….
	2.1. Ways of appearance of common words in Russian and English languages………………...
	2.2. Reasons for borrowing Anglicisms in the modern Russian language……….
	2.3. Ways of forming anglicisms……………………………………………..
	Research part……………………………………………………………..
	Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….
	Bibliography……………………………………………………………………
	Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………

Introduction

Purpose of the study: finding out the reasons and ways of spreading English words in the Russian language.

Research tasks:

Research dictionaries of foreign words, analyze material related to the topic of research;

Identify the most used units of English origin in various areas of our Everyday life;

Determine the reasons for borrowing English words into Russian;

Consider ways of forming Anglicisms

Object of study: lexical units of English origin.

Subject of study: English and Russian.

Relevance: 1) English is the language of world communication. English is rightly called “Latin of the 20th century”: about ¾ of all borrowings in the Russian language at the end of the 20th century are Anglo-Americanisms. Interest in this language not only does not wane, but on the contrary, learning it becomes more and more necessary.

2) The relevance of the study is that the problem of borrowings is especially significant in modern conditions, since today serious concerns are being expressed about the powerful influx of Anglicisms, which can lead to the devaluation of the Russian word.

The study was based on the following hypothesis: It is safe to assume that these days there are already a huge number of English words in the Russian language and that every person uses a certain number of them every day. Every day television bombards us with a stream of information that necessarily contains incomprehensible foreign words, and many of them have already entered our vocabulary. This means that English is worth studying not only in order to read texts in textbooks, but also in order to feel like a cultured person, able to fully communicate with contemporaries both in our country and abroad, to understand the inscriptions on shop windows around us stores, trade tags and labels, advertising, instructions.

Practical significance: of this work is that this material can be used in the process of teaching Russian and English in educational institutions. The material we have collected will help teachers carry out work to instill in students a culture of handling foreign words, good linguistic taste, and students - to correctly and appropriately use linguistic means, both foreign and their own. The material collected in this work will be interesting and useful to everyone who studies English and who would like to better know and understand the Russian language.

There are about 5-6 thousand languages ​​on Earth. But 80% of the world's population speaks only 80 languages. English is considered one of the most common languages ​​on Earth. It is spoken by residents of Great Britain, the United States of America, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and is also studied in many other countries. It belongs to the Germanic languages ​​of the Indo-European family of languages, and is one of the six official and working languages ​​of the UN. “20th Century Latin” is spoken by approximately 410 million native speakers (English as their native language), and the number of speakers of the language is English language– more than 1 billion people. Today, if a person speaks English, he can be understood in any country.

Borrowing words in one language from another is an effective way to enrich the vocabulary of any language. In the English vocabulary, about 70% of words are also borrowed.

I. MAIN PART

1.1. Ways of appearance of common words in Russian and English languages

Let's try to trace the main ways in which common words appeared in the Russian and English languages.

Both of these languages ​​belong to the Indo-European family of languages. Therefore, in many words of both languages ​​there are roots from their common ancient parent language. We found words in Russian that are also found in English.

For example:

Be – to be

Nose - nose

Goose - goose

Eat – there is

Brow - eyebrow

Beat - beat

Cheek - cheek

Talk - interpret

Three - three

And also the names of the closest relatives: son - son, brother - brother, sister - sister, mother - mother, daughter - daughter.

The largest number of common Russian and English words are derived from Greek and Latin roots. English writing based on the Latin alphabet has existed since the 7th century. In the Middle Ages, Latin was the international language of scientists; through it, a huge number of words passed into all European languages, which became international. Almost all terminology in medicine comes from Latin.

Many common words came into Russian and English from other languages. The first place here is occupied by French, which was spoken by all the Russian nobility in the last century. From them many French words passed into the Russian language. Many words have entered international use from other languages, and they have become common to Russian and English. Classical music was formed in Italy, where the concepts of the basic elements and expressive means of music, the names of its genres, tempos, etc. come from. were adopted by all European languages: opera - opera, aria - aria, bass - bass, baritone - baritone, etc. The words bank - bank, gang - band, brigade - brigade, archipelago - archipelago, casino - casino, etc. also came from Italian.

Certain words passed into Russian and English from other languages: sofa - from Turkish, shawl and kiosk - from Persian, bard - from Celtic, goulash - from Hungarian, etc.

Another group consists of words of direct exchange between Russian and English languages. It can also be difficult to identify English words in the Russian language, since it is usually unknown whether a word came to us from English or came to both languages ​​from Latin or some other language. Therefore, we can only talk about words that entered the Russian language relatively recently (in the 20th century). Football came to us from England with all its terminology. All boys know words such as goal, goalkeeper, penalty, forward, out, time-out, etc. The same can be said about boxing and hockey terminology. Later, commentators began to diligently replace all sports terms with Russian equivalents: goalkeeper, free kick, striker, etc. Relatively recently, the following words from the field of sports appeared in the Russian language: windsurfing (surf - surf, wind - wind), volleyball (volley - volley, ball - ball), arm wrestling (arm - hand, wrestle - fight), basketball (basket - basket , ball - ball), handball handball (hand - hand, ball - ball), sprinter (sprinter - short-distance runner), finish - finish, final - end, final, freestyle, skateboard.

Changes in the political, economic, and cultural life of our society have led to changes in names in power structures, for example:

Supreme Council - parliament; Council of Ministers – cabinet of ministers;

Chairman - Prime Minister; Deputy - Deputy Prime Minister.

Mayors and vice-mayors appeared in cities; The Soviets gave way to administrations.

Heads of administrations have acquired their own press secretaries, who regularly speak at press conferences, send out press releases, organize briefings and exclusive interviews their bosses. Everyone is familiar with numerous economic and financial terms, such as: barter, broker, voucher, dealer, distributor, marketing, investment, futures loans, etc.

1.2. Reasons for borrowing Anglicisms in modern Russian

At the turn of the century, time rushes at such a speed that you don’t have time to comprehend everything new that literally appeared yesterday and this morning. The language, or rather its vocabulary, that is, its vocabulary, is changing just as rapidly. In progress historical development human languages ​​have constantly entered into and continue to enter into certain contacts with each other. Language contact is the interaction of two or more languages ​​that has some influence on the structure and vocabulary of one or more of them. Currently, the interest of linguists is focused on Russian-English language contact. The appearance of a large number of foreign words of English origin and their rapid consolidation in the Russian language is explained by rapid changes in social and scientific life. Strengthening information flows, the emergence of the global computer system of the Internet, the expansion of interstate and international relations, the development of the world market, economy, information technology, participation in Olympiads, international festivals, fashion shows - all this could not but lead to the entry of new words into the Russian language.

We are tolerant of external influences. The openness of our society leads to a significant expansion of the horizons and knowledge of Russians, to an improvement in knowledge in the field of foreign languages. Business, trade, and cultural ties have intensified, foreign tourism has flourished; Long-term work of our specialists in institutions of other countries and the functioning of joint Russian-foreign enterprises in Russia have become commonplace. The need for intensive communication with people who use other languages ​​has increased. And this is important condition not only for directly borrowing vocabulary from these languages, but also for introducing Russian speakers to international (and more often, created on the basis of the English language) terminological systems.

The passion for Anglicisms has become a kind of fashion; it is due to the stereotypes and ideals created in youth society. This stereotype of our era is the image of an idealized American society, in which the standard of living is much higher, and high rates of technological progress lead the whole world.

And adding English borrowings to their speech, young people

in this way they approach this stereotype and become familiar with American culture and lifestyle. As mentioned above, in our country the number of people (especially young people) who own foreign language. Anglicisms used by young people give them higher recognition in certain circles, emphasizing their level of awareness and their superiority over others.

Thus, the borrowing of Anglicisms at the end of the twentieth century meets the reasons listed above.

Having analyzed all theoretical material, we came to the conclusion that the reasons for borrowing may be:

1. The global trend towards the internationalization of the lexical fund:

Summit – (summit) meeting of heads of state and government.

Inauguration - (inauguration) the ceremonial procedure for taking office as the head of state, speaker - speaker (speaker, speaker in parliament), leader - party leader, leader, leader

2. The need for naming new objects, concepts and phenomena:

Serial – (serial) serial film, disco.

Mixer – (mixer) a household appliance for mixing, churning something.

Calculator – (calculator) a device for automatic calculations.

(chip chip, laptop, organizer, display, file, interface, printer, browser, website)

3. Lack of a corresponding (more accurate) name (or its loss due to borrowing) - 15% of the newest Anglicisms have firmly entered the business person’s dictionary precisely due to the lack of a corresponding name in the receptor language:

Barter is a commodity exchange without the participation of money.

Bestseller – (bestseller) a book published in mass circulation and in great demand. Jeans – (jeans) specially cut trousers made of special dense fabric.

Boat – (cutter) a small motor or sailing-rowing vessel.

(sponsor - sponsor, spray - spray, digest - digest, press review, virtual - virtual, grant - deed of gift, broker - intermediary, commission agent, agent, voucher voucher (paper issued in exchange for money), dealer - dealer - stockbroker , businessman, businessman, trader; distributor - distributor - distributor (distributor), distributor, sales agent; marketing - marketing - trade, sale, sales; investment - invest - invest money, capital)

4. The need to express polysemantic descriptive phrases using anglicism:

Thermopot - (thermos / pot) thermos and kettle in one, sandwich - a sandwich with filling between two slices of bread, ringtone (ring-ring, tone- key, melody), superman (superman) - superman

5. Replenishing the language with more expressive means:

Image – (image) image. Price list – price list.

Show - (show) performance, showman - presenter, show business, talk show, thriller, hit. Business – (business) entrepreneurial, economic activity, businessman, businesswoman

6. Perception of a foreign word as more prestigious, “scientific”, “beautiful sounding”:

Presentation - instead of performance.

Weekend – (week–end) rest time from Saturday to Monday,

finish finish, final - final, hobby - hobby, hobby;

glamor - instead of charming, top-model - the best model, make-up - cosmetics, cleaning companies (clean - to clean, put away) offer their services to the population.

7. The need to specify the meaning of the word:

Sandwiches - hamburger (ham - with ham), fishburger (fish - with fish), cheeseburger (cheese - with fish), chickenburger (chicken - with chicken).

1.3. Methods of forming anglicisms

The range of new concepts and phenomena of Russian origin is limited. Therefore, borrowing an already existing nomination with a borrowed concept and subject is considered more prestigious and effective. The following groups of foreign borrowings can be distinguished:

1. Direct borrowings. The word is found in Russian in approximately the same form and with the same meaning as in the original language. These are words like weekend- weekend; mani– money, chats (chat – conversation), boy-friend (buddy, friend).

2. Hybrids. These words are formed by adding a Russian suffix, prefix and ending to a foreign root. In this case, the meaning of the foreign word - source often changes somewhat, for example: ask(to ask - to ask), make a fuss(busy - restless, fussy), emoticon (from the word smile - smile).

3. Tracing paper. Words of foreign origin, used while maintaining their phonetic and graphic appearance. These are words like menu(menu) , disk(disk) , virus(virus) , club(club), boots – boots, boots.

4. Half tracing paper. Words that, when grammatically mastered, obey the rules of Russian grammar (suffixes are added). For example: drive - drive(drive) “There hasn’t been such a drive for a long time” - in the meaning of “fuse, energy.”

5. Exoticisms. Words that characterize the specific national customs of other peoples and are used to describe non-Russian reality. A distinctive feature of these words is that they do not have Russian synonyms. For example: chips(chips), Hot Dog(hot dog) , cheeseburger(cheeseburger), coca-cola.

6. Foreign language inclusions. These words usually have lexical equivalents, but are stylistically different from them and are fixed in one or another area of ​​communication as an expressive means that gives speech a special expression. For example: OK(OK); Wow(Wow!), bue - bye, hello - hello.

7. Composites. Words consisting of two English words, for example: second hand second hand– a store selling used clothing; video saloon video salon- room for watching films, showman (show host), DJ – disk jockey (disc jockey).

8. Jargonisms. Words that appeared as a result of the distortion of any sounds, for example: crazy (crazy), glamorous (glamorous) - magical, enchanting, charming, attractive.

II. Research part

The process of working on the topic is interesting, although very labor-intensive. We learned which foreign words are used in everyday life and are of English origin, got an idea of ​​what borrowed words are, learned how to work with dictionaries, and select the necessary information on a topic.

While working on this topic, we became more attentive to the speech of the people around me and observant to various inscriptions.

Some pessimists claim that learning English is difficult, and they cannot remember a single English word. Our research can reassure any pessimist and instill confidence in those who want to start learning English. Each of us, thanks to borrowing, already knows more than 4,000 English words. For beginners learning English, such a vocabulary is a whole wealth, you just need to be able to use it.

To see this, let’s go, for example, to a grocery store. Words such as supermarket, milk, salt, bacon, chocolate, cheese, cheeseburger, hamburger, of course, do not need translation. The words butter and bread do not exist in Russian, but they are combined in the familiar word “sandwich”. Let's continue our list: coffee, biscuit, banana, lemon, olive, tomato, kiwi and others.

The stationery store can also make a large list of English words: Whatman or whatman paper (English Whatman paper) - was first made in the mid-1750s. in England by paper manufacturer James Whatman ( English James Whatman). In Russian, the name took root in honor of the inventor.
badge - icon, shredder - shredder, paper shredder, calculator - calculator, notepad - notepad, CD - compact disc, CD-player - player, flash flash memory, organizer - organizer (office equipment), timer - clock; chronometer, etc.

What can we say about computer hardware stores, where the names of almost all instruments and devices came to us from the English language: notebook, computer, plotter - plotter, plotter, scanner - scanner (from scan - carefully examine, study), tuner - tuner, tuner, toner - coloring powder, toner, Xerox - copier (photocopy machine), printer printer, printing device, cooler - fan in system unit(from cool - to cool), mobile phone - mobile phone, chip - chip, etc.

We encounter words that do not need translation all the time. We understand and speak many words that came to us from English: prize, record-record, time-time, jazz-jazz, rock, blues, champion-champion, cross-cross, crossword - cross cross and word word, football, stadium, medal, finish, athlete, manager, boss, business, hobby and others. We were convinced that they came to us from the English language by turning to the popular dictionary of foreign words (about 5000 words) edited by I.V. Nechaev.

When purchasing devices, products, things, clothes from other countries, knowing English, we can easily understand the inscriptions on them. For example:

Made in China – Made in China

100% cotton – 100% cotton

Wash 30–40° – Wash at 30–40°

Price - Price

Size – Size (S – small (small), M – medium (medium), X- extra (large),
XL – extra large (very large)

We are aware of the following advertisements:

No smoking! - No smoking!

Exit - Exit

Entrance - Login

Open - Open

Close - Close

Push – From myself

Pull – On yourself

Having studied various magazines, for example “Yes!”, “Cosmopolitan”, “Glamour”, “Men's Health” and others, we came to the conclusion that Anglicisms are more common in youth magazines and this suggests that words that came from the English language , have become established among young people as frequently used words. But women's and men's magazines are not lagging behind. They also contain many new foreign words, without which communication in the 21st century is no longer possible.

Life in Russia is changing rapidly, new ones are emerging economic relations. New words were needed to describe new concepts, and they came from English. The introduction of English words is also facilitated by the widespread use of computers, since all the terminology in this area is English. Therefore, it is impossible to become a programmer, or simply a confident PC user, without knowing English.

Conclusion

We can conclude that the distribution of English words in the Russian language is enormous, and that every person uses a certain number of them every day. This means that English is worth studying in order to feel like a cultured person, able to fully communicate with contemporaries both in our country and abroad, to understand the inscriptions around us on store windows, trade tags and labels, advertising, and instructions.

In conclusion, I would also like to raise the issue of the negative, biased attitude of some of our compatriots - linguists, philologists, and simply people of the older generation towards the spread of Anglicisms in the Russian language. Serious concerns are being expressed about the powerful influx of borrowings, which could lead to the devaluation of the Russian word.

They talk about the conscious, purposeful activities of some organizations that are trying to achieve in this way not only and not so much an improvement in English knowledge, but to introduce the maximum number of people through this new information channel to the system of values ​​and the worldview that they preach. Robert Phillipson argues in Linguistic Imperialism that after World War II there was some kind of secret joint plan between the Americans and the British to popularize English to achieve political goals. And today, especially the United States, is striving to remake the world according to its own patterns, to become a moral authority for other countries. You can also quote from the Drogheda Report, one of the most important British documents of the second half of the 20th century on foreign policy, where there are the following lines:
“We have no doubt that the work of the British Council, especially in promoting English in Asia, will be of enormous benefit to our trade in other countries in the future. (...) Knowledge of English, in turn, contributes to an increase in interest in reading English books, communicating with the British, studying their life or some of its individual aspects. (...)the bonds of understanding between Great Britain and its dependent countries must be strengthened. Drogheda Report (1954)".

But, firstly, language is a self-developing mechanism that can clean itself, get rid of the superfluous, unnecessary.

Secondly, you need to be able to face the truth. As science and technology develop, new words are required to denote new phenomena, objects, and concepts. Prohibitions or negative attitudes cannot stop progress, just as it cannot be imposed on people and forced to use unnecessary foreign words. If a concept affects important areas of human activity, then the word denoting this concept naturally becomes common.

It goes without saying that the name of a particular invention or innovation is given in the native language of its discoverers. It so happened that it was the British and Americans who succeeded in information technology, sports, fashion, music, so speakers of other languages ​​have to learn English borrowings in large quantities. True patriots of their country will not envy, criticize or ban foreign words, but will strive to make life in the country better, they will create, create, invent and name their inventions in their native language.

The desire for profit, idleness, laziness, lack of honesty and integrity in business, unfair competition, non-compliance with laws, appropriation of the work of others, envy of the talents of other people and other vices - all these are the reasons for our lack of spirituality. According to the Institute for Social Research (2007), the United States is still one of the most religious countries in the world and the most religious among industrialized countries. 90% of Americans say they believe in God, and approximately 60% pray every day. The number of Americans attending religious events exceeds the number of spectators at sporting events. 46% of Americans and 14% of Britons attend church weekly - only 8% of the French, 7% of Swedes, 4% of Japanese and 2% of Russians do the same.

“The Russian land can give birth to its own Platos and quick-witted Newtons,” said M.V. in the 18th century. Lomonosov. (Newton is an English scientist). I would like to believe that someday the Russian language will become as popular in the world as English, and Russia will be a more authoritative power. After all, this requires little - just honest work physically, mentally and spiritually.

Bibliography:

1. Muzrukova T. G., Nechaeva I. V.
   Popular dictionary of foreign words: about 5000 words / Edited by I.V. Nechaev. – M.: Azbukovnik.
2. Svirenkova G. A. “Anglicisms in the modern Russian language.”

1. “English words in everyday language.”

Article "Anglicisms in the Russian language."

http://ru.wikipedia.org

1. Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia.

Article "Borrowed words in the Russian language."

http://ru.wikipedia.org

1. Dictionaries of foreign words on-line: http://www.slovari.ru/default.aspx?s=0&p=231

Application

English has conquered not only the Internet, but also claims a place in other languages ​​of the world. Why? Is it worth using borrowed words in speech? The answer is simple. A lot of new inventions and technologies came from America, and they have no analogue, for example, in the Russian language. There’s nothing you can do about it, you’ll have to use a foreign option. But modern youth, having heard enough foreign songs or watched Hollywood films, deliberately introduces foreign expressions into their vocabulary. Which ones are the most popular and how to use them correctly? That's what we'll talk about today.

Borrowed words from English firmly hold their positions in Russian speech. For many today, this is a more preferable option than their native expression. Perhaps because it is simpler, perhaps more fashionable, or perhaps because it does not correspond. You can read about how “innovations” appear in the Russian language, the reasons for their introduction and where they are used in the article “Anglicisms”. And here I would like to consider more specific information about the use of borrowed words from the English language.

Popular Anglicisms

Borrowing is a linguistic process when words from one language are transferred to another and are fixed there for a long time. I would like to note that Anglicisms in the Russian language occupy no more than 10%. This is an integral part of development that began in the past and is still ongoing.

baby	baby - baby
boyfriend	boyfriend - male partner in extramarital affairs sexual relations(lover)
bucks	bucks - US dollars (the buck) - on behalf of Buck (Benjamin) Franklin
boycott	boycott - ending a relationship with someone as a sign of protest against something (in honor of Charles Boycott)
briefing	briefing - short instructions on further work
DJ	DJ - disc jockey
jeans	jeans - denim trousers
casting	casting - selection of actors from ordinary people, from the people
lobbyist	lobbyist
loser	looser - loser
make up	make-up - the result of applying cosmetics to the face
know-how	know-how - innovation
prime time	prime-time - evening hours, when the largest number of people gather in front of the screen
soundtrack	- music in the film
speaker	speaker - speaking loudly for an audience
talk show	talk-show - a television program where problems are discussed
fast food	fastfood - fast food
freelancer	freelancer - a temporary worker who performs work without long-term obligations to the employer
showman	showman - a person working in show business

Pronunciation of borrowed words

Characteristic modern development language is the activation of borrowed vocabulary, the expansion of its significance. Often, the emphasis in Anglicisms does not correspond to the source language. Hesitation is inevitable, because they interact with Russian vocabulary and gradually merge.

Based on the place in the word where it falls emphasis, all borrowings can be divided into groups.

1. Nouns ending in -er, -or– stress falls on the first syllable: ` blazer,` broker,` dealer, hamburger, manager, sponsor and others. Words like computer` Yuter and in` vestor, although they have the same ending, they require stress on the second syllable. This is completely consistent with the source language.
2. Nouns with two syllables ending in -ing , require stress on the first syllable briefing, surfing, rating, holding. In three or more complex words, the stress should fall on the penultimate syllable: engineering(marketing is an exception).
3. Nouns ending in –ment require stress on the second syllable: establishment, impeachment, management.
4. If the word ends in vowel, then the stress falls on the first syllable: know-how, lobby, show.
5. Some endings are difficult to combine into any group. But they all correspond English pronunciation , namely, stress: digest, summit, freestyle.
6. The number of words that have become established in the Russian language and do not correspond to the original stress is small. In most cases, this is either a colloquial style (slang) or a case where the word has acquired “ Russian character”: hit - hit, hit; the Beatles; inflation - inflation; investment - investment, investment.

Another difficulty in borrowing can be called vowels “e” or “e” after consonants.

1. If there is a vowel before “e”, then it is pronounced - [j]: caries, diet, projection, projector, registry.
2. In the combination “de”, the consonant is softened and pronounced [e] : decoration, De[e]mobilization.
3. In foreign surnames, in little-used bookish words, a hard consonant is usually retained, but “e” is pronounced like [e]: de[e]-factor.

As you can see, Anglicisms are all over the place. And sometimes we even forget that there are Russian versions of the same words. Sometimes, in order to be better understood, it is preferable to use a foreign version. The main thing is not to distort the pronunciation, do not abuse it, use borrowings only in the situation that requires it.

One of the ways to develop modern language is the borrowing of foreign words. The development of language is always closely related to the development of progress and society. Borrowed words in the Russian language are the result of contacts and relationships with other peoples, professional communities and states. Along with words and expressions that came to us from other languages, Anglicisms are very common in our speech. We'll talk about them today.

Invasion of Anglicisms

Specific words and expressions that came into the Russian language from English are called Anglicisms or Americanisms. Over the past 20-30 years, they have been rapidly penetrating the Russian language, and in such quantities that linguists have started talking about a phenomenon called English-Russian bilingualism.

This invasion was caused primarily by the fact that modern society open to international contacts, as well as the international status of the English language. These are the main reasons for the massive entry of borrowings into the Russian language (in particular from American English).

Reasons for borrowing foreign words

In most cases, the borrowing of foreign language vocabulary occurs due to the absence of a corresponding concept in the cognitive base of the language. For example, English borrowings appeared in the Russian language such as computer, player, toaster, impeachment, voucher, charter, barrel, surfing.

Among other reasons, there is the need to express ambiguous Russian concepts using a borrowed word. Examples: hotel for motor tourists - motel, summit - summit, figure skiing - freestyle, marksman - sniper, short press conference for journalists - briefing, hitman - hitman, parking lot - parking lot, short distance running - sprint, drop in production - recession, retail trade - retail and many others.

Foreign words in Russian allow you to increase it means of expression. Particularly noticeable in last years the appearance of foreign language stylistic synonyms such as maintenance - service, shopping - shopping, motorcyclist - biker, security - security, party - party, loser - loser, girlfriend - boyfriend, dancing - dance hall, friend - boyfriend, performance - performance, receiving guests - reception, etc.

English borrowings in the Russian language are also due to the need for specialization of objects and concepts, therefore many scientific and technical terms are borrowed from English. A significant number of foreign words from formal / book vocabulary have corresponding Russian synonyms. Here is a list of such words:

• accentuate - highlight;
• similar - similar;
• vary - change;
• vulgar - rude, vulgar;
• misinform - give false information;
• decorate - decorate;
• ideal - perfect;
• infectious - contagious;
• memoirs - memories;
• permanent - constant, continuous;
• reconstruction - restoration;
• elastic - flexible, etc.

Some English words appeared in the Russian language due to the presence of similar semantic and morphological series. In the 19th century, the words gentleman, policeman came into the Russian language from English; already at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, an athlete, a record holder, and a yachtsman were added to them. Thus, a group of words appears that have the meaning of a person and a common element - “men”. Gradually, the group began to be replenished with new borrowings: businessman, congressman, showman, superman.

The most popular anglicisms

In almost any field of activity you can find words that came to us from the English language. Foreign language is especially widely used in the names of clubs, TV programs, and stores: talk show; dog show; strip show; Coach Center; Show Business; hit parade; Fan club; Tennis Hall; Brain-ring; Home Credit Bank; Fan Park (Roev Ruchey); Second hand; Call center; Real-comfort; Sweet Mama.

Below is a list of areas and Anglicisms that have recently been most often used in them.

Politics/economics/positions:

summit, briefing, speaker, rating, electorate, voucher, holding, impeachment, image maker, speechwriter, investment, sponsor, barrel, media, recession, marketing, offshore, leasing, sequestration, tender, retail, price list, (top) manager , distributor, dealer, businesswoman, promoter, mentality.

Food/clothing/trade:

popcorn, hamburger, hot dog, barbecue, cheeseburger, fishburger, chocopie, pudding, (orange) fresh juice, yogurt, lunch, Coke-Cola, Nuts, Twix, Sprite, fast food, shorts, boots, bandana, cotton, top, non-roll (pillow), multi-brand, unisex, casual, catering, shopping, shopaholic, sale, Kodak Express, gel, SPA - salon, supermarket, VIP room, catering, second-hand, discount.

Sport:

shaping, diving, surfing, fitness, bodybuilding, snowboarding, paintball, frisbee, fitball, freestyle, wrestling, power lifting, training, skating rink, forward, bowling, goalkeeper, biker, sniper, turboslim, scooter, step class, overtime , contest.

Art/radio/TV:

western, video clip, thriller, music video maker, newsmaker, blockbuster, bestseller, musical, casting, supersta, underground, pop-Art, (had) rock, rock and roll (l), shake, breakdance, Brain ring, (current ) show, hit parade, skinhead, meteotime, superman.

Home/household/office:

air conditioner, mixer, toaster, blender, cooler, siding, roller shutters, antifreeze, roller blinds, Bullet Magic, Vanish, Fairy, Comet, Head & Shoulders, Dove, Tide, cleaning company, scrub, perfume, spray, tape, color, diaper, stapler.

Information and communication technologies:

computer, display, calculator, monitor, laptop, printer, Internet, scanner, CD, DVD, device, hacker, processor, upgrade, click, SMS, website, blog, smiley.

Anglicisms are present in all European languages, in languages African peoples and the peoples of other continents who were once politically dependent on Great Britain or subject to American influence (cultural, economic, etc.). So, for example, in Japanese the word "cassette" sounds like tape-recorder from the English tape-recorder. The presence of Anglicisms in the Chukchi language, which penetrated through American traders, was noted: the word “sopy” means “soap” (in English “soap”), “manet” - “money” (in English “money”).