Eastern Slavs in the second half of the first millennium. Slavic tribes. Religion of the ancient Slavs

Preface

Topic 1. East Slavs in the second half of the first millennium

Topic 2. Old Russian state (9th – first half of the 12th century)

Topic 3. Russian lands and principalities in the 12th – mid-15th centuries.

Topic 4. The Russian state in the second half of the 15th – early 17th centuries.

Section 2. History of Russia in the 17th–18th centuries.

Topic 1. Russia in the 17th century.

Topic 2. Russia in the first half of the 18th century.

Topic 3. Russia in the second half of the 18th century. Domestic policy Catherine II

Section 3. Russia in the 19th century.

Topic 1. Russia in 1801–1860. Internal and foreign policy Alexandra I

Topic 2. Russia in the 1860-1890s. Domestic policy of Alexander II. Reforms of the 1860–1870s

Section 4. Russia in the 20th – early 21st centuries.

Topic 1. Russia in 1900–1916. Socio-economic and political development of the country at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Topic 2. Russia in 1917–1920. Revolution of 1917. From February to October. Dual power

Topic 3. Soviet Russia, USSR in the 1920-1930s. Transition to a new economic policy

Topic 4. The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. The main stages and battles of the Great Patriotic War

Topic 5. USSR in 1945–1991. USSR in the first post-war decade

Topic 6. Russia in 1992–2008. The formation of a new Russian statehood

Section 1. History of Russia from antiquity to the beginning of the 17th century.

Topic 1. Eastern Slavs in the second half of the first millennium

East Slavic tribes and their neighbors.

In the VI–VIII centuries. The Eastern Slavs were divided into tribal unions and inhabited vast areas of the East European Plain.

The formation of large tribal associations of the Slavs is indicated by a legend contained in the Russian chronicle, which tells about the reign of Prince Kiy with his brothers Shchek, Khoriv and sister Lybid in the Middle Dnieper region. The city of Kyiv, founded by the brothers, was allegedly named after his older brother Kiy.

The Eastern Slavs occupied the territory from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to the Middle Oka and the upper reaches of the Dnieper in the east, from the Neva and Lake Ladoga in the north to the Middle Dnieper in the south. Tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs: Polyans, Novgorod (Ilmen) Slovenes, Drevlyans, Dregovichi, Vyatichi, Krivichi, Polochans, Northerners, Radimichi, Buzhans, Volynians, Ulichs, Tivertsy.

The Slavs, developing the East European Plain, came into contact with a few Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes. The neighbors of the Slavic tribes in the north were the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group: Ves, Merya, Muroma, Chud, Mordovians, Mari. In the lower reaches of the Volga in the VI–VIII centuries. settled by a nomadic people of Turkic origin - the Khazars. A significant part of the Khazars converted to Judaism. The Slavs paid tribute Khazar Khaganate. Slavic trade passed through Khazaria along the Volga trade route.

Occupations, social system, beliefs of the Eastern Slavs. The main occupation of the Slavs was agriculture. Arable farming developed on black soil lands. The slash-and-burn farming system was widespread in the forest zone. In the first year, trees were cut down. In the second year, the dried trees were burned and grain was sown using the ash as fertilizer. For two or three years the plot produced a high harvest for that time, then the land was depleted and it was necessary to move to a new plot. The main tools of labor were an axe, as well as a hoe, plow, harrow and spade, which were used to loosen the soil. They reaped (harvested) the harvest with sickles. They threshed with flails. The grain was ground with stone grain grinders and hand millstones. Arable farming, called fallow farming, developed on the black soil lands. In the southern regions there was a lot of fertile land, and plots of land were sown for two to three or more years. As the soil became depleted, they moved (transferred) to new ones.

plots. The main tools used here were a plow, a ralo, a wooden plow with an iron ploughshare, i.e., tools adapted for horizontal plowing.

The main producer was the free community peasant (smerd) with his own tools. The Slavs were also engaged in animal husbandry, horse breeding, iron mining and processing and other crafts, beekeeping (beekeeping), fishing, hunting, and trade.

In the VI-VII centuries. among the Slavs there was a process of disintegration of clan relations, inequality arose, and the place of the clan community was replaced by a neighboring community. The Slavs retained remnants of the primitive communal system: veche, blood feud, paganism, peasant militia consisting of warriors.

By the time the state was formed among the Eastern Slavs, the clan community was replaced by a territorial, or neighborhood, community. The community members were now united primarily not by kinship, but by a common territory and economic life. Each such community owned a certain territory on which several families lived. There were two forms of property in the community - personal and public. House, personal land - personal, meadows, forests, ponds, fishing grounds - public. Arable land and meadows were to be divided between families.

At the head of the East Slavic tribal unions were princes from the tribal nobility and the former clan elite. The most important issues of life were decided at public meetings - veche gatherings. There was a militia (“regiment”, “thousand”, divided into “hundreds”). A special military organization was the squad, which appeared, according to archaeological data, in the 6th–7th centuries.

Trade routes passed mainly along rivers. In the VIII–IX centuries. the famous trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” was born, connecting Northern and Southern Europe. It arose in the 9th century. From the Baltic Sea along the Neva River, merchant caravans reached Lake Ladoga (Nevo), from there along the Volkhov River to Lake Ilmen and further along the Lovat River to the upper reaches of the Dnieper. From Lovat to the Dnieper in the area of Smolensk and on the Dnieper rapids they crossed by “portage routes”. The western shore of the Black Sea reached Constantinople (Constantinople). The most developed lands of the Slavic world – Novgorod and Kyiv – controlled the northern and southern sections of the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks.”

The Eastern Slavs were pagans. At an early stage of their development, they believed in evil and good spirits. Gradually a pantheon emerged Slavic gods, each of which personified various forces of nature or reflected the social and public relations of the time. At the head of the pantheon of Slavic gods was the great Svarog - the god of the Universe, reminiscent of the ancient Greek Zeus. The Slavs revered the sun god

Dazhdbog, god and goddess of fertility Rod and women in labor, patron of cattle breeding god Veles. In the VIII–IX centuries. Iranian and Finno-Ugric gods “migrated” to the Slavic pantheon: Horse, Simargl, Makosh. As the communal system decomposes, the god of lightning and thunder, Perun, comes to the fore among the Eastern Slavs. The pagan Slavs erected idols in honor of their gods. The priests, the Magi, served the gods.

Topic 2. Old Russian state (9th – first half of the 12th century)

The emergence of statehood among the Eastern Slavs. In the IX - first half of the XII century. The process of formation of the early feudal state among the Slavs is taking place.

The history of the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus) can be conditionally divided into three large periods:

1) IX – mid-X century. - the time of the first Kyiv princes;

2) second half of the X - first half of the XI century. – the time of the principality of Vladimir I the Saint and Yaroslav the Wise, the era of the heyday of the Kyiv state;

3) second half of the 11th – second half of the 12th century. – transition to territorial and political fragmentation, or to appanage orders.

Norman theory. One of the sources of knowledge about the origin of the Old Russian state is the “Tale of Bygone Years,” created by the monk Nestor at the beginning of the 12th century.

According to its legend, in 862 the Varangian prince Rurik was invited to rule in Rus'. Many historians believe that the Varangians were Norman (Scandinavian) warriors who were hired into service and swore an oath of allegiance to the ruler. A number of historians, on the contrary, consider the Varangians to be a Russian tribe that lived on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea and the island of Rügen.

According to this legend, on the eve of the formation of Kievan Rus, the northern tribes of the Slavs and their neighbors (Ilmen Slovenes, Chud, Vse) paid tribute to the Varangians, and the southern tribes (Polyans and their neighbors) were dependent on the Khazars. In 859, the Novgorodians “expelled the Varangians overseas,” which led to civil strife. Under these conditions, the Novgorodians who gathered for the council sent for the Varangian princes: “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order (order) in it. Come to us and rule over us." Power over Novgorod and surrounding areas Slavic lands passed into the hands of the Varangian princes, the eldest of whom Rurik, as the chronicler believed, laid the foundation of the Rurik dynasty.

In 882, another Varangian prince Oleg (there is information that he was a relative of Rurik) captured Kyiv and united the territory of the Eastern Slavs, creating the state of Kievan Rus. This is how the state of Rus' (also called Kievan Rus by historians) came to be, according to the chronicler. Thus, the centers of unification of Slavic tribes in single state the cities of Kyiv and Novgorod the Great become.

The legendary chronicle story about the calling of the Varangians served as the basis for the appearance in the 18th century. the so-called Norman theory of the emergence of the Old Russian state. Its authors were German scientists Miller and Bayer. M.V. Lomonosov opposed this theory. The dispute over the origin of the Russian state between historians continues to this day.

Rus' under the first princes. In 907 and 911 Oleg made campaigns against Byzantium and concluded profitable trade agreements with it. According to the agreements, Russian merchants had the right to live at the expense of the Greeks in Constantinople, but were obliged to walk around the city without weapons. At the same time, merchants had to have written documents with them and warn the Byzantine emperor about their arrival in advance. Oleg's agreement with the Greeks provided the possibility of exporting the tribute collected in Rus' and selling it in the markets of Byzantium.

Under Oleg, the Drevlyans, northerners, and Radimichi were included in his state and began to pay tribute to Kyiv. However, the process of incorporating various tribal unions into Kievan Rus was not a one-time event.

Under Rurik's son, Prince Igor (912–945), Rus' expanded even more, but in 945, during the collection of tribute - Polyudye - Igor was killed by the Drevlyans. Power passed to his wife Olga. She brutally took revenge for the death of her husband. But she also went for a kind of reform, establishing the order and size of the polyudye. “Lessons” were introduced, i.e. clearly established amounts of tribute, and

The places where tribute was taken were established - “cemeteries”. The consequences of this simple measure were significant: under Olga, an orderly and organized taxation system began to take shape, without which the state could not function. "Pogosts" then became strongholds of princely power.

During the reign of Igor and Olga, the lands of the Tivertsy, Ulichs and finally the Drevlyans were annexed to Kyiv. Olga was the first of the Russian rulers to be baptized.

The son of Igor and Olga, Svyatoslav (964–972), during numerous campaigns, annexed the lands of the Vyatichi along the Oka River, defeated the Volga Bulgars and Khazaria. He tried to bring the borders of Rus' closer to Byzantium and went on a campaign to the Balkan Peninsula. However, the fight with Byzantium ended unsuccessfully. On the way to Kyiv in 972, Svyatoslav was ambushed and killed by the Pechenegs.

After the struggle for power, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich ascended to the Kiev throne, who later received the nickname Saint. During his reign (980–1015), a defensive system was created for the southeastern borders of Rus' from the Pechenegs (zaseks and watchtowers), and in 988 Rus' was baptized according to the Byzantine model. The spread of Christianity often met resistance from the population, who revered their pagan gods. Christianity took hold slowly. On the outlying lands of Kievan Rus it was established much later than in Kyiv and Novgorod. The adoption of Christianity had great importance for the further development of Rus':

1) Christianity affirmed the idea of equality of people before God, which helped to soften cruel morals former pagans;

2) the adoption of Christianity strengthened state power and territorial unity of Kievan Rus;

4) the adoption of Christianity played a role big role in the development of Russian culture, served as a bridge for the penetration of Byzantine, and through it, ancient culture into Rus'.

At the head of the Russian Orthodox Church a metropolitan was installed, appointed by the Patriarch of Constantinople; The church in certain regions was headed by bishops, to whom priests in cities and villages were subordinate.

In general, the policy of Vladimir the Saint contributed to the development of statehood and culture of Rus', and the growth of its international authority.

After the death of Vladimir I, one of his sons, Yaroslav, who later received the nickname the Wise (1019–1054), defeated Svyatopolk the Accursed in the civil strife, who killed

brothers Boris and Gleb. Under the leadership of Yaroslav, the Pechenegs were finally defeated, St. Sophia Cathedral was erected in Kyiv, schools and a library were opened. At this time, the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery arose, chronicle writing and the compilation of the first written code of laws “Russian Truth” began. Dynastic marriages strengthened ties with European countries. The growth of power and authority of Rus' allowed Yaroslav to be appointed Metropolitan of Kyiv for the first time statesman and the writer Hilarion, Russian by origin.

With the death of the last of the sons of Yaroslav the Wise, strife began again. The most popular in Rus' at that time was Yaroslav’s grandson Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125), who in 1097 took the initiative to convene a congress of princes in the city of Lyubech. It was decided to stop the strife and the principle “let everyone keep his fatherland” was proclaimed. However, strife continued after the Lyubech Congress. In 1113, Vladimir Monomakh was invited to the Kiev throne, temporarily restored the weakened power of the Grand Duke, and pacified the Polovtsians. Vladimir II was an enlightened ruler, the author of Instructions for Children. In 1132, under the sons and grandsons of Vladimir Monomakh, Rus' finally broke up into separate principalities.

A common form of land ownership became patrimony, that is, paternal ownership, passed from father to son by inheritance. The owner of the estate was a prince or boyar. The entire free population of Kievan Rus was called “people”. The bulk of the rural population were called smerds. “Russian Truth” reflected the beginning of the process of enslavement of the peasants. The code of laws talks about “purchases” and “rank and file”. The impoverished peasants borrowed “kupa” from the master - grain, livestock, money. The purchase was supposed to work off the debt to its creditor, but was often unable to do this and became dependent forever. In other cases, peasants (ryadovichi) entered into an agreement - a “row” - according to which the prince or boyar undertook to protect them and help if necessary, and the peasants - to work. There were also serfs - a category of dependent population, close in position to slaves.

Culture Ancient Rus'. Writing and enlightenment. Writing and the alphabet were known in Rus' even before the adoption of monotheism, and Christianization contributed to further development literacy and the spread of writing. This fact is confirmed big amount finds of birch bark letters with texts in various cities of Rus', especially in Novgorod the Great.

Literature. The chronicle genre is widespread in literature. The most famous is “The Tale of Bygone Years,” written by the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor at the beginning of the 12th century. Metropolitan Hilarion in the middle of the 11th century. a work of a religious and journalistic nature, “The Word on Law and Grace,” was created. During the campaigns, epics were formed - solemn epic works telling about the fight against the steppe inhabitants, the courage and resourcefulness of merchants, and the courage of heroes.

Architecture. The church architecture showed a strong Byzantine influence. Ancient Rus' adopted the Byzantine type of cross-domed church. Such buildings include the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. Soon after the construction of the Kyiv Cathedral, the St. Sophia Cathedral appeared in Novgorod the Great, the architecture of which already exhibits original features.

Painting. Painting also developed under significant Byzantine influence. The techniques of mosaic, fresco and icon painting came to Rus' from its powerful southern neighbor.

Applied arts. Jewelry art, using the techniques of granulation, filigree and enamel, reached a significant flourishing in Ancient Rus'. The grains were intricate patterns created from thousands of tiny soldered gold or silver balls. The filigree technique required the master to create patterns from thin gold or silver wire. Sometimes the spaces between these wire partitions were filled with multi-colored enamel - an opaque glassy mass.

, internal and external gender rights.docx and 26 more file(s).
Show all linked files
Topic 1. Eastern Slavs in the second half of the first millennium

East Slavic tribes and their neighbors.

In the VI–VIII centuries. The Eastern Slavs were divided into tribal unions and inhabited vast areas of the East European Plain.

The Slavs, developing the East European Plain, came into contact with a few Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes. The neighbors of the Slavic tribes in the north were the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group: Ves, Merya, Muroma, Chud, Mordovians, Mari. In the lower reaches of the Volga in the VI–VIII centuries. settled by a nomadic people of Turkic origin - the Khazars. A significant part of the Khazars converted to Judaism. The Slavs paid tribute to the Khazar Khaganate. Slavic trade passed through Khazaria along the Volga trade route.

The Eastern Slavs were pagans. At an early stage of their development, they believed in evil and good spirits. Gradually, a pantheon of Slavic gods emerged, each of which personified various forces of nature or reflected the social and public relations of that time. At the head of the pantheon of Slavic gods was the great Svarog - the god of the Universe, reminiscent of the ancient Greek Zeus. The Slavs revered the sun god Dazhdbog, the god and goddesses of fertility Rod and women in labor, and the patron god of cattle breeding, the god Veles. In the VIII–IX centuries. Iranian and Finno-Ugric gods “migrated” to the Slavic pantheon: Horse, Simargl, Makosh. As the communal system decomposes, the god of lightning and thunder, Perun, comes to the fore among the Eastern Slavs. The pagan Slavs erected idols in honor of their gods. The priests, the Magi, served the gods.