Russian words made up of English ones. Abstract: “Use of English words in Russian
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Introduction
IN modern world English is the most important means of international communication. The expansion of international contacts and the superiority of English-speaking countries in almost all areas of activity contribute to the constant appearance of English borrowings in the Russian language. Perhaps this is a manifestation of “globalization” in English, which is so often spoken and written about today. Linguists also mention such a phenomenon as English-Russian bilingualism, which may be a consequence of this very “globalization” of the English language. In the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova anglicism is a word or figure of speech in any language, borrowed from the English language or created on the model of an English word and expression.
Of course, the abundance of foreign language vocabulary in the Russian language cannot but worry native speakers of the Russian language, especially people of the older generation. “Young people are getting used to the lexical phenomena of the common Russian-English language, thereby, in a sense, losing the originality and traditionality of their native language and destroying its integrity,” they think. But it’s true that many young people consider foreign vocabulary more attractive, prestigious, fashionable, “sounding”: for example, they pronounce “celebrity” rather than celebrity; “top manager”, not a leader; “exclusive” rather than exceptional; "top model" and not best model; “price list”, not price list, “make-up”, not makeup; “image”, not image, “showman”, not presenter. It is very important to understand that language does not live in isolation from the society in which it develops; Borrowing words is a natural and necessary process of language development, and there is no language that would be completely free from foreign influences. Most of borrowed words have been successfully assimilated into the Russian language and are no longer perceived as foreign: president, mayor, radio, pudding, biscuit, sandwich, football, sofa, etc.
The purpose of this research work- study of English borrowings as a linguistic phenomenon. The objectives of research activities are:
determination of characteristic suffixal features of Anglicisms for their recognition in the Russian language;
identifying areas of human activity with the highest concentration of Anglicisms;
studying the reasons for the large flow of Anglicisms into the Russian language;
studying the typology of Anglicisms;
studying slang as a conductor of Anglicisms into the native language;
determination of the pros and cons of the presence of Anglicisms in the Russian language
Main part
Examples of Anglicisms in Russian speech can be heard everywhere. “Newfangled gadgets and devices are especially popular among young buyers. On TNT on Saturday evening, viewers can watch the dance battle. The “Dancing” program has announced another casting for professional dancers throughout Russia. An unlucky person is called a loser. The facades of adobe houses are often finished with German siding. Eat psychological techniques, aimed at measuring the IQ of pupils and students. Without promotion it is difficult to achieve success in labor activity. Tourists enjoy fresh orange juice on vacation. Broadcasts of summits and reports summing up their results arouse great interest among mature and elderly audiences. TV series usually end with a happy ending, etc.” U ordinary people Numerous economic and financial terms are heard, such as: barter, broker, dealer, distributor, marketing, investment, loans, etc. New types are emerging for sports lovers sports activities: windsurfing, arm wrestling, freestyle, skateboarding, snowboarding, kickboxing. With the development of computerization, terms related to computer technology appeared: not only the word computer itself, but also display, file, interface, printer, scanner, laptop, driver, browser, website, etc. Well, a woman’s cosmetic bag is replete with gizmos, for which only English lexical units are used: concealer (corrector pencil), peeling cream (removing small dead skin particles), lifting cream (cream that tightens the skin), perfume (perfume), eye liner (eyeliner), etc.
How can you recognize anglicisms in speech? This tip will help those who do not know English at all.
Spheres of human activity where Anglicisms abound in large quantities have also been identified:
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Politics / economics / positions |
summit, briefing, speaker, rating, holding, electorate, voucher, impeachment, image maker, speechwriter, investment, sponsor, barrel, media, recession, marketing, leasing, tender, retail, offshore, price list, (top) manager, promoter , distributor, dealer, businesswoman, mentality |
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Food/clothing/trade |
hot dog, cheeseburger, hamburger, fishburger, barbecue, chocolate pie, popcorn, (orange) fresh juice, yogurt, pudding, Coca-Cola, Nats Twix, Sprite, fast food, lunch, shorts, boots, bandana, cotton, top , non-roll (pillow), multi-brand, unisex, casual, catering, shopping, shopaholic, sale, gel, SPA - salon, supermarket, VIP-room, second-hand, discount, catering |
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shaping, fitness, diving, surfing, bodybuilding, snowboarding, paintball, freestyle, wrestling, power lifting, bowling, training, skating rink, forward, goalkeeper, biker, sniper, overtime, step class, contest, scooter |
|
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Art / radio / TV |
thriller, western, video clip, music video maker, newsmaker, musical, blockbuster, bestseller, underground, pop-Art, (had) rock, rock and roll (l), casting, shake, breakdancing, brain ring, (talk) show , hit parade, meteotime, supersta, superman, skinhead |
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Home/life/office |
air conditioner, cooler, mixer, toaster, blender, siding, roller blinds, roller shutters, antifreeze, Bullet Magic, Vanish, Fairy, Comet, Head & Shoulders, Dove, Tide, perfume, cleaning company, scrub, spray, color, diaper, stapler, tape |
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Information and communication technologies |
computer, monitor, display, calculator, laptop, printer, scanner, CD, DVD, processor, device, hacker, upgrade, click, Internet, website, blog, smiley, SMS |
So, borrowing words is a natural process of language development. Enough a large number of Linguists remain optimistic about the influx of Anglicisms into the Russian language. After all, lexical borrowings enrich the language. At the same time, the basic vocabulary is preserved, and the grammatical structure of the language remains unchanged.
But still, what are the reasons for such a huge flow of Anglicisms in Russian speech?
- lack of a corresponding concept in the Russian language database. In connection with progress in the computer, technical, financial and economic fields, a large number of Anglicisms have poured into the Russian language. In the Russian dictionary there are no native equivalents for, say, laptop, organizer, timer, scanner, tuner, Skype, blogger, franchise, debit, charter, impeachment, etc. It is easier to use existing words from another language than to invent new ones. Probably, these Anglicisms have already become international, and are recognizable not only in the Russian language.
The presence of a Russian lexical unit that does not quite accurately denote the concept, and which is eventually replaced by a more precise anglicism. physical exercise, an investor instead of a person investing money, a spray instead of a nebulizer, etc. In this case, these borrowings are more specific and easier to pronounce than Russian ones.
- a tendency to use one borrowed word instead of a descriptive phrase. For example: a hotel for auto tourists - a motel, a short press conference for journalists - a briefing, a summit meeting - a summit, figure skiing - freestyle, a marksman - a sniper, an assassin - a hitman, short-distance running - a sprint, a place for car parking - parking/parking, retail - retail, etc.
- tribute to fashion. Knowledge of English is considered highly prestigious. There are a lot of people who study English and are imbued with it. They want to look modern and with great pleasure use attractive anglicisms in Russian speech: shopping, presentation, rating, party, performance, show, chart, boyfriend, personal account, service, security, reception, etc.
- expansion of interstate and international relations between Russia and English-speaking countries;
- Russia’s participation in international cultural events, festivals, competitions, rallies, fashion shows;
-foreign tourism;
-exchange of specialists, functioning of joint ventures.
The listed facts are both the reasons and conditions for the appearance of Anglicisms in the Russian language.
Linguistic scientists identify the following groups of English borrowings: :
Direct borrowings. The word appears in Russian in approximately the same form and meaning as in the original language. These are the following words: weekend - weekend, money - money, cash - cash, certificate - confirming document, change - exchange, etc.
Hybrids. These words are formed by joining foreign root Russian suffix, prefix and ending. In this case, the meaning of the foreign word - source - changes somewhat. For example, buzz (busy - restless, fussy).
Tracing paper. Words of foreign origin, used while preserving their phonetic and graphic appearance (menu, disk, virus, lunch, credit, tuxedo, jeans).
Exoticisms. Words that characterize the specific national customs of other peoples and are used to describe non-Russian reality. Distinctive feature of these words is that they do not have Russian synonyms. For example, chips, hot dog, cheeseburger. English exoticisms include the following words: Miss, Mrs., Mister, Sir, Gentleman, Pound Sterling, Lord, Scout, Peer, Pub, Scotland Yard, etc.
Barbarisms. English words transferred to Russian soil that retain their phonetic and graphic ‘foreignness’. These are alien words that stand out sharply against the background of Russian vocabulary. They are not recorded in Russian language dictionaries. The active use of anglicisms-barbarisms has become a sign of our time. For example: face control, dress code, know-how, xy from xy, message, respect, battle, happy ending, weekend, teenager, receptionist, make-up, relaxation, user, online, baby, gambler, non-stop etc. Anglicisms are especially popular in the names of TV programs, shops, clubs: talk shows; dog show; strip show; Show Business; hit parade; Fan club; Brain-ring; Fan Park; Second hand; Coach Center; Call center; Tennis Hall; Home Credit Bank; Real-comfort; Sweet Mama. The barbarisms are accompanied by English-language inclusions in the Russian language: okay, good bye, hello, high, wow, oops, ouch, etc.
Composites. Words consisting of two English words, for example, a second-hand store - a store selling used clothing, a video salon - a room for watching films.
Jargonisms. Words that appeared as a result of distortion of the original word, for example, cut, like, street, bucks, paronty.
Slang is considered to be the conductor of Anglicisms into Russian speech. . It has pushed back and continues to push back the normative vocabulary. People are used to it and sometimes don’t even realize that certain words are not typical for literary language. Sometimes we don’t pay attention to where they come from in our lives, and sometimes what they mean.
In this case, the English language is being anglotized. The younger generation cannot help but use English words in their speech, since many of them have long penetrated the Russian language. On the one hand, the emergence of new words expands lexicon native speakers, and on the other hand, its originality and unique beauty are lost. The words they pronounce in the Russian manner cannot always express the same thing that the words of their native language can express.
Borrowings from the English language cover all areas of youth life. The field of study is represented by the following lexical units (teacher, institute, dep, english, hostel, jim, reading room, test, etc.)
There are slangisms related to the sphere of leisure. They can also be divided into the following categories:
Various student events - party, get-together, point, fighting game, etc..
Borrowed by students from the jargon of computer scientists and programmers - cyberboard, mouse, message, etc.
Borrowed from the jargon of musicians - rock, pop, jazz, blues, rap, drummer, clubber, dancer, shopper, etc.
Showdown - kipish, battle, etc.
Interpersonal relationships - friend, meet (meaning meet)
Names of clothing and accessories - dress, trouser, tishort, pins, rings, etc.
Body parts - face, typhus, hands, feet, fingers, nails, etc.
Names household appliances-tivy, fridge, comp. etc.
Nouns denoting money - money, cash, etc.
The names of family members are parents, phaser, uncle, anti, etc.
Evaluative adverbs and adjectives borrowed from the English language - great, bad, cool, etc.
Of course, there are advantages to using Anglicisms. Borrowings from the English language help students learn it as quickly as possible. Sometimes even they find it easier to express their thoughts and feelings using English rather than their native language. Among the main reasons for using English words in speech, teenagers and young people indicate the ability to convey information to each other, so that the teachers and parents around them do not understand what is being said.
Conclusion
Having examined the problem of Anglicisms in the Russian language today, we can draw the following conclusion:
Anglicisms are an interesting linguistic phenomenon, the role of which in the Russian language is very significant.
Numerous Anglicisms penetrating our speech are a natural phenomenon, reflecting economic, political, cultural, social ties and relations between Russia and other countries, in particular with English-speaking countries.
Many people believe that Anglicisms violate the generally accepted language norm and “clog” the Russian language. Some linguists are sounding the alarm about English language expansion, leading to the gradual displacement of Russian lexical units from oral speech. However, the influx of borrowings in the Russian language, which has taken Lately total character should not be regarded as a completely negative phenomenon. Over time, words either go out of circulation and are forgotten, or are used in limited areas (professionalism, slang), or lose their ‘foreignness’ and become part of the main part of the language, thus enriching the Russian language.
Due to the penetration of Anglicisms into Russian speech, there is some loss of interest in the native language, Russian literature and culture.
English-Russian bilingualism shapes not only Western speech patterns, but also Western thinking and the Western way of life in general.
The Russian language should be protected. You should also take care of the linguistic means of the Russian language, and, where possible, use only them to express your thoughts, emotions and feelings. Anglicisms should not be used always and not everywhere, and always with full awareness of their meanings and the appropriateness of use in everyday speech. When using foreign language vocabulary, you should remember: study foreign language, learning another culture is a great thing, during which it is also necessary to preserve the originality, uniqueness and originality of your native, Russian language.
- M.A.Goldenkov. Modern active English. KARO. St. Petersburg, 2003.
English - Russian Dictionary of American Slang // Translation and compilation by T. Rotenberg and V. Ivanova - M.: Infoserv, 1994
Dyakov A.I. Reasons for the intensive borrowing of Anglicisms in the modern Russian language. // Language and culture. - Novosibirsk, 2003.-P.35-43
Kato Lomb. How I learn languages // Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2016.
Krysin L.P. Modern dictionary foreign words//AST-Press, 2016
- Sologub O.P. Assimilation of foreign language structural elements in the Russian language // Science. University. 2002. Proceedings of the Third Scientific Conference. - Novosibirsk, 2002. - P. 130-134.
In 1939, during World War II, one reporter used the word "blitz" to describe rapid action. The original meaning of the German word - "lightning" - reflected how quickly the word came into fashion, symbolizing Germany's constant attacks on Britain. A few years later, linguist Carl F. Koenig documented the words' entry into English in 1943 in the Modern Language Journal.
Soybeans(English Soy)
Language of origin: Japanese
You may already know that karaoke and ramen noodles came into English from Japanese, but soy may seem more European in nature. From a technical point of view, this is true: the word came into English from the Dutch “saio” in the 1670s, and meant soy-based fish sauce. The presence of the Dutch in Japan was conditioned by long trade agreements. The Dutch word “saio” is a derivative of the Japanese “shoyu,” meaning soybean exclusively, which was derived from the Chinese word “shi-yu” - fermented bean oil.
Alcohol(eng. Alcohol)
Language of origin: Arabic
Al-kuhul (English: Al-kuhul) means a type of cosmetic product, powder for blackening the eyelids. Arab scholars enriched the English language with a variety of mathematical and technological terms through interactions with the Romans and Greeks during the close early stages development of the world and later through conflict with the British during the Crusades.
In the 1540s, the word "alcohol" in Latin meant freeze-dried powder, and English speakers used it to mean "powdered" cosmetic product" In the 1670s, this word already meant any sublimated, pure substance, even in a liquid state. In 1753, the alcohol of wine was reduced to "alcohol". When was it withdrawn? chemical formula of this “pure substance,” organic chemists in the 1850s began to name all chemically similar substances in the same way.
Shampoo(eng. Shampoo)
Language of origin: Hindi
During the period of British imperialism over India, both cultures spoke an Anglo-Indian language. The Anglo-Indian word “shampoo”, meaning “to massage”, originally came from the Indian “champna” - “to press, knead”, but stumbled over the form imperative mood meaning “You! Warm up!” - “champo”. Perhaps the word “champna” comes from the Sanskrit “capayati”, that is, “pounds, kneads.”
In the 1860s, a native English speaker recorded a new meaning for the word “shampoo” as “to wash the hair,” as the English kneaded and pressed soap into the scalp. The nominal form of the phrase “hair-soap” appeared shortly after five English words borrowed from other languages.
Chauffeur(eng. Chauffeur)
Language of origin: French
In French, the word “Chauffer” means “stoker” or “stoker”, since the driver of a French car in 1899 served a steam engine.
The word entered English around the same time as the steam-powered automobile, as the wealthy English-speaking elite often used French words for expensive cultural terms. By 1902, the word had expanded its meaning to “pay driver.”
Sauna(English Sauna)
Language of origin: Finnish
The Finnish Bath Society claims that the word “sauna” may originally have meant a heated, partially underground winter shelter. The dwelling evolved into a bathhouse, and when the English-speaking population adopted the bathhouse, it was also decided to keep the name.
The formation of the national English language was mainly completed in the so-called Early Modern English period - approximately until the middle of the 17th century. During this time, the national English language, in general, acquired its modern character. The vocabulary was enriched by a huge number of words borrowed from Latin, which reflected the development of scientific thought during the Renaissance.
At the same time, old borrowings from French (of Latin origin) were in many cases subjected to Latinization in this era. The rapid development of trade, economic and cultural relations with various countries during the New England period and, in particular, the English colonization of overseas lands in the 18th-19th centuries introduced more or less words from a wide variety of languages of the world into the English language. IN modern times The international lexical element in the English language has grown significantly, mainly scientific, technical and socio-political terms.
The English vocabulary contains a significant number of words borrowed from the Russian language, which will require special consideration.
Since regular trade and economic relations between the two states were established quite late, only XVI century, and at first were limited, borrowings from the Russian language are not as numerous as, for example, from French, Italian or German. However, in the extant English descriptions In the Moscow state there are a number of Russian words from the sphere of everyday life, government, social relations, systems of measures, monetary units etc.
The earliest borrowing from the Russian language is the word sable (sable), which is not surprising, since Russian furs of exceptional quality, and especially sable, were highly valued in Europe. IN English dictionaries this word was recorded already in the 14th century, and, in addition to the meaning of the noun “sable”, it is also given in the meaning of the adjective “black”.
A larger number of Russian borrowings in English appear in the 16th century, after the establishment of more regular economic and political ties between Russia and England. The Russian words that penetrated into the English language at that time in their meaning are various kinds of names of trade items, names of ruling, class, officials and subordinates, institutions, names of household items and geographical names. During this period and somewhat later, such Russian words as boyar (boyar), Cossack (Cossack), voivoda (voivode), tsar (king), ztarosta (elder), muzhik (man), beluga (beluga), starlet (sterlet) were borrowed ), rouble (ruble), altyn (Altyn), copeck (penny), pood (pood), kvass (kvass), shuba (fur coat), vodka (vodka), samovar (samovar), troika (troika), babushka (grandmother ), pirozhki (pies), verst (verst), telega (cart) and many others.
Some special terms also penetrate into the English language. For example: siberite is a special type of ruby, uralite is asbestos slate. Many of these words have entered the English vocabulary and are used by English writers.
In the 19th century, with the growth of the people's democratic liberation movement in Russia, words appeared in the English language that reflected this socio-political movement. For example, decembrist (Decembrist), nihilist (nihilist), nihilism (nihilism), narodnik (populist), intelligentsia (intelligentsia). By the way, the last word was borrowed from Russian not directly, but through Polish language. Of course, the roots of such words as nihilist, decembrist, intelligentsia are Latin. However, these words are borrowings from the Russian language, since they arose in Russia, in connection with certain phenomena of Russian reality.
In addition to the above-mentioned words, other Russian words also penetrated into the English language in the 18th-19th centuries. Many of them, such as ispravnik (police officer), miroed (world eater), obrok (tire), barshina (corvee) and others, are currently historical terms in Russian, and in English they are found only in historical descriptions or in historical novels.
One of the most interesting Russian borrowings, which has become widespread in modern English, is the word mammoth (mammoth). This word was borrowed in the 18th century, and should have entered the vocabulary as mamont, but in the process of borrowing it “lost” the letter n. Moreover, according to the rules, the sound [t] is indicated in writing by the combination th. After all the changes, the word mammoth appeared in the vocabulary in the form mammoth (this word was first included in Ludolf’s “Russian Grammar”).
It is also necessary to note a special group of borrowings called Sovietisms - these are borrowings from the Russian language of the post-October period, reflecting the influence of the new social system and the new ideology of our country, for example, soviet (Soviet), bolshevik (Bolshevik), udarnik (drummer), kolkhoz (collective farm) ), sovkhoz (state farm), komsomol (Komsomol), activist (activist). There are many cripples among Sovietisms, for example, five-year plan, palace of culture, hero of labor.
Let us give more examples of the most famous (and used in modern English) borrowings from the Russian language, as well as kalek (the most recent ones are marked with an asterisk): balalaika (balalaika), bortsch (borscht), borzoi (greyhound), byelorussian* (Belarusian), crash (collapse), dacha* (dacha), glastnost* (glasnost), kalashnikov* (Kalashnikov), karakul (astrakhan fur), KGB* (KGB), Kremlin (Kremlin), Molotov (cocktail)* (Molotov cocktail ), perestroyka* (perestroika), pogrom (pogrom), russian roulette (Russian roulette), russian salad (vinaigrette, Russian salad), samizdat* (samizdat), Samoyed (samoyed), shaman (shaman), sputnik* (satellite) , stakhanovit (Stakhanovite), tass* (TASS).
Russian borrowings that have penetrated into the vocabulary of the English language, like any other borrowings, are transformed in their sound appearance and grammatical structure, obeying the internal laws of the development of the English language. This can be clearly seen in the example of such words as copeck (penny), knout (whip, pronounced like), starlet (sterlet) and others, the sound appearance of which is transformed according to the laws English pronunciation. Plural Most nouns borrowed from the Russian language are formatted in English according to the grammatical norms of the English language - steppes (steppes), sables (sable) and the like. Many borrowed Russian words form derivatives based on word-formation models of the English language - narodism (populism), nihilistic (nihilistic), to knout - to beat with a whip, sable (as an adjective) and so on.
However, it should also be noted that borrowings from the Russian language that entered the English language different periods and those that have survived to this day, make up an insignificant share, since most of the borrowed words reflected rather specific features and realities of life of the Russian people, many of which have disappeared.
The editors of the Oxford Dictionary have such a wonderful tradition: every year they choose a new word from the many others that are added to the dictionary. This word is, as a rule, very popular, often quoted and is an unspoken symbol of the year.
Recently, an interesting trend has been observed - most often the word of the year becomes language units generated by the Internet and the wild imagination of users. So, in 2013, the word of the year was everyone’s favorite selfie, and the following phenomena were included in the dictionary social life, like a tweet, a follower, also known as a subscriber, the Dark Web, also known as the dark web, which is a classified segment of the network, and many others. Ah, laughing through tears. God bless him that these words have taken a place in English speech, but no, they are firmly rooted in the Russian language.
In order not to be unfounded, we will conduct a small investigative experiment. Let's take one day in the life of, say, an office worker, and see how many English words he encounters throughout the day. For convenience, after each borrowed word I will mark it in brackets English version. So, our Vanya Pupkin or John Doe, hearing the sound of the alarm clock early in the morning, sleepily turns it off and begins a ritual familiar to every working person - wash, get dressed, drink two sips of coffee for the road, kiss his beloved wife, daughter, son, dog, cat, and join the ranks of fellow citizens in a hurry.
Taking with him the best seller about shades of gray by E. L. James, our hero goes to work. Entering the office, which is part of the largest holding, Pupkin greets the security guard and goes up to his office, simultaneously wishing Have a good day colleagues. He automatically turns on the computer, makes himself a second cup of coffee, and, sitting comfortably in front of the monitor, looks through last news and checks mail.
As a very good manager, Vanya-John remembers that he needs to familiarize himself with the price list of new products, prepare press releases, remind the designer about the banner for new products and think through a strategy PR (Public Relations-PR). There is a lot of work, and while our hero is doing it, he also keeps in mind that at 3 o’clock he will be conducting training for the team’s newcomers. Therefore, taking out his iPhone, the manager looks at the nearest cafe within a radius of 100 meters, which he has not yet been to, and where he can eat a hearty business lunch.
Having had a hearty lunch, Vanya-John returns exactly to the training, which he successfully conducts, and, having completed a number of other planned tasks, remembers that today he has a friendly football match. Although our hero is not an athlete, he tries to keep himself in shape.
By the way, a colleague turns out to be online and has expressed a desire to watch the training. But, as a colleague writes on corporate Skype, he won’t be able to go today. But John Doe is a good guy, sympathetic, because he created such an image for himself, so he encourages his colleague and invites him to go next time.
Well, the working day is over. Having saved the required file and said goodbye to his colleagues, Vanya-John goes to the parking lot, where his iron swallow is parked, and goes home with a clear conscience. If you are still reading this article, resting your cheek with your left hand, that’s good.
Now you can clearly see how many Anglicisms we use in our speech every day, without even paying much attention to it. Russian people began to borrow newfangled words back in the 18th century, and this, of course, was connected both with the needs of society and with socio-historical processes.
In such huge quantities as information sources allowed. We gradually began to become accustomed to new marker words: advertising, television, the printed press, books, the Internet, cinema, music.
Judge for yourself: American films began to be shown in Russia - people became familiar with the words blockbuster and remake; we brought works by foreign performers - we learned that there are such things as a track and a hit; Computer technology began to develop, we began to have the concepts of hacker and browser; were puzzled by how to deal more closely with overseas colleagues – marketing, offshore, and distributor came up; If a Russian person joins shopping abroad - you get a designer, a print, a brand, and only when we started buying and broadcasting analogues of American talk shows from overseas. ... We will not touch upon the topic of replacing ideals, imposing the American way of life, etc., of course, this is all there, but this is a sociocultural aspect that requires special attention.
Language is a flexible system, and over the years it has changed and is changing to meet the needs of society. And it so happened historically that with the greater informatization of society, people are faster. These are the realities of today's era.
More susceptible to this phenomenon, of course, young people - teenagers easily absorb information, process it and transmit it back. They have their own slang, which they do not like to explain to the older generation, but they willingly communicate in it with their peers.
We won’t go far for examples; I can imagine a fresh new thing, which in a matter of time has tightly occupied the Internet space and the spoken language of teenagers. While looking for the texture for an article, I once wandered onto the page of the youth magazine “Elle girl”, where I came across an interview with Katya Klap, a fairly well-known girl blogger (web+log). One of the interviewer’s questions was: “Do you have a lot of haters?”
Ems... Ater... The meaning of this word, in general, is immediately clear, but the meaning of its inclusion in the Russian-speaking environment... What didn’t you like about “envious”, “ill-wisher”, “enemy”? Moreover, this anglicism is already so widespread that on the Internet you can learn how to distinguish a hater from a critic, how to deal with him, what to do if an evil man (or woman) writes to you: “It’s good to hate!”, and you go to the keyboard I didn’t touch him for two hours, and other lovely wisdom. It’s also fashionable, if you’re making a video for YouTube, to write something like: “Haters, go through the woods”!
The legs of haters grow from the works of American rap and hip-hop (also borrowed words, by the way). Overseas, this word is used to describe those who fiercely hate any performer. Or something. For example, rap. And he launches a whole information war with the aim of pouring out more dirt on the head of the offending artist.
This usually turns into unsubscribing angry comments on various Internet sites and often under a loud-sounding nickname. Such a small anonymous evil. Harmful antifan writer.
Of course, we can choose a suitable synonym from the Russian language for this word. Honestly, in pairs of babysitter - nanny and security - security, I will choose the second options. Not for any national reasons, but because they are shorter and the meaning is the same. Or the word water closet, which I saw in the Metro newspaper. Sorry, but the toilet, “push”, “tubzik” are no worse.
Therefore, in my purely subjective opinion, many Anglicisms have no place at all in the Russian language. Because there is an equivalent that is familiar to 100% of the population, and no time is wasted on adapting this word to Russian-speaking soil: explaining it to people and consolidating it in speech.
The language is cluttered with absolutely unnecessary linguistic units. Why attach a fifth wheel to a car? Is it better to go? On the other hand, the Russian language is enriched due to the influx of new words. But only justified new words that entered the Russian-speaking world with the advent of new phenomena became entrenched in the language, and long years have not gone out of use.
We can save a lot of time by saying: “I'm going to basketball!” (basketball) and don’t describe what kind of game this is. When ordering a clown show for a child, parents do not explain to the other end of the line that they would like to see a guy in a colorful suit and wig who can perform magic tricks. Here it is more difficult to find equivalents, and in the Russian language they took a strong place a long time ago.
First of all, these are terms related to the computer environment that began to penetrate to us back in the 80s of the last century: interface, gamer, chipset and others. Using the example of the same computer world, we can look at the main mechanisms of the Russification of Anglicisms (the division is very arbitrary):
– we transcribe the word, translating Latin letters into Cyrillic letters as closely as possible (how do you like the Enhanced Graрhic Adapter video adapter, also known as EGA for short, which our craftsmen affectionately call Yaga, or Baba Yaga);
– we translate (the echo processor FastEcho in folk etymology became the Fast Ear, although, of course, most often the translation is more than prosaic, the same key (key), for example);
- a term or even a whole phrase receives a completely different sound coloring, built on stylistic literary devices (metaphor, metonymy), such a unique response to Europe in the form of jargon (Carlson - fan, cooling computer, Koran - documents for software, pimp - provider, damn – CD);
- the most common method: ordinary tracing paper, where the phonetic and graphic structure of the word is preserved (Guestbook - a guest book, this is what it will sound like - a guestbook, this also includes the well-known transistor, login, screenshot, etc.). By the way, this method borrowing is very well suited for introducing new concepts and phenomena into Russian-language reality;
– we add a domestic suffix, ending, or prefix to the tracing paper, creating a hybrid word (for example, the diminutive Batnichek actually turns out to be a file with the extension .bat).
In general, this is a unique group of words, where a person’s imagination sometimes creates wonderful linguistic transformations, and the word acquires features of a general folklore character. This is how computer slang is born.
I will never forget one joke:
Two programmers are traveling on a crowded bus. One to another:
– There’s something wrong with my pussy! (the crowd freezes).
- And what happened to him?
- Yes, he gets up often...
- Maybe some kind of virus?
- Yes, I checked, everything is sterile...
- Does it hang well?
- Tight, you can’t help with three fingers...
Now personal computers(RS) no one calls them “pussies” anymore, the fashion for this word has passed, but many similar adaptations in people's memory remained: pentyukh, aka stump (Intel Pentium microprocessor), CD (and again a CD), Windows (don’t think anything bad, just an abnormal shutdown Windows systems). By the way, whole phrases are born.
For example, “to trample loaves” simply means “to type on the keyboard” (even though button is translated as “button”, in this expression the word has acquired a double meaning).
Slang is typical for any professional field of activity - business, sports, transport, law, physics, etc. In the English language, jargon and slang are formed in very diverse ways (however, we can talk about this another time). And now we invite onto the stage the main culprit in the emergence of newfangled borrowings - the Internet. Social networks, forums, chats - legends are born here...
For example, this year’s feature is the replacement of the popular duck selfie sponges (duck face) with fish gapes (fish gape). The essence is the same: you take a photo of yourself and post it on a social network, only instead of folding your lips into a tube, you languidly open them, slightly showing your teeth. Here is a phenomenon and a name for it, which did not exist in the Russian language.
By the way, when borrowing a word from English, most often we simply transliterate it, less often we translate it according to its meaning. So keep a cheat sheet. If a word contains these elements, most likely it is borrowed: tion (tion), j (j/g), tch ((t)ch), ing (ing), er (er), men(t) (men( t)).
Law of successful business
Why are we so willing to add linguistic aliens to our speech? The point is not at all that we cannot do without “extra” Anglicisms, the point is that, according to the realities of the 21st century, to do without such words is to lag behind the times and fashion. Nowadays it’s not enough to be an interesting teenager, you need to be a hipster. Milkshakes with pieces of fruit are no longer trendy, drink a smoothie. Need a phone? We are moving to new generation iPhones. Or maybe we'll go to the cinema? They say there's a new horror movie, sorry, horror has come out...
Opening the menu of a cozy pub that I went to the other day with a friend, I noticed without any surprise that the beer list was written exclusively in English. The list of dishes was full of Cyrillic characters, but the essence was still far from Russian cuisine: a burger with beef, a sandwich with bacon, snacks with garlic...
English language and culture is a well-selling trend. Write your restaurant menu in English, remove the pasta cutlets, add a hamburger and smoothies, and voila, a new sound for a pseudo-English song. Oh yes, raise your prices. Another example - let's take rapper Timati. He is launching a new clothing collection and selling it not only in Russia, but also abroad. How can you pave the way for your brand to become famous?
That's right, invent and launch good story and a great name. Bottom line: we sign Black Star, invest a certain amount of money, promote ourselves, and we’re back on top. As a result, based on your request “Black Star”, the search engine produces a list of all the necessary links (I experimented myself for fun).
English is fashionable, prestigious, and, at the subconscious level, rich. By inserting borrowings into our speech, we seem to become closer to the American lifestyle, all the delights of which are unveiledly told on TV screens (higher standard of living, social security, advanced technology, economy, etc.).
But in general, not everything is so critical. Many people use foreign words in their speech in order to quickly learn the language, others - to find a common language with their peers (for example, a teenager who grew up in the 90s will understand what “pisyuk” is, but will not know the word “hater”, while while with its modern counterpart it’s the other way around). For some words, there is simply no worthy equivalent in the Russian language, because Russian people are still unfamiliar with the new concept (for example, our duck-fish selfies), and the language does not tolerate emptiness, filling niches even with foreign terms.
Situations also arise when it is necessary to distinguish between words that are close in semantics, differing in some nuances: you must agree, there is a difference between a jester and a clown, starting from the history of their appearance and up to the functionality of these professions. Or the concepts of player and gamer: gamer is a narrowly local word, we immediately understand that a person is “cut” in computer games, and the player can play on the stock exchange, cards, slot machines, and the same benefits of computer civilization.
So here's the thing, bro...
Olesya Lugovskaya, journalist, editor. She interned at RBC-daily, wrote for the weekly magazine " Trade newspaper”, collaborated with the online publications “Zvezdny Boulevard”, “Eastern District”, “Soroka-Vse Novosti”, became one of the winners of the literary competition of the newspaper “Moscow Student”.
Anglicization of languages under globalization.
Types, characteristics and use of borrowings.
Anglicism is a borrowing from English vocabulary. Anglicisms began to penetrate the Russian language from the beginning of the 19th century, but their influx into our vocabulary remained weak until the 1990s, when widespread borrowing began as words without corresponding concepts - in computer terminology ( shredder, overhead, plotter) and business vocabulary ( default, marketing, dealer, offshore), as well as the replacement of Russian words with English ones to express positivity or negativity that is absent from the original word in the receiving language (beer - Pub, murderer - killer).
Words borrowed from English began to appear in many languages of the world because people began to travel more, the Internet appeared, connections between countries are developing, cultural exchange has increased, English is becoming an international language of communication. It has become fashionable to use Anglicisms - young people strive to imitate them Western culture, although there are not so many of them in everyday speech. Therefore, you should not be afraid of the influx of Anglicisms - this phenomenon is most likely temporary.
Types of Anglicisms
Phonological borrowings are foreign words in sound.
teenager< teenager – подросток
Hybrids
Foreign words with a Russian suffix, prefix or ending.
creative< creative – творческий
Tracing paper
Words that are similar in sound and spelling.
menu< menu
Exoticisms
Nonsynonymous designations of a special non-Russian reality
cheeseburger< cheeseburger
Barbarisms
Synonymous, but colloquially expressive inclusions from a foreign language.
OK< ОК
Wow< Wow!
Composites
Foreign words from 2 English roots.
supermarket< supermarket – универсам
Jargonisms
Foreign words with distorted sound in fast vernacular.
cool< clever – умный
False Englishisms
New formations to denote concepts and phenomena new to both languages from the addition of English or English and Russian words.
shopping tour
fur tour
loch tour
Slang anglicisms
They especially clog up speech, so they are best avoided.
asker - questioner on the forum
backstage - backstage, sidelines
deadline - deadline
laver - lover
loser - loser
organizer - shoe shelves
post – online recording
speaker - speaker, presenter, orator
traffic - road traffic
fan - fan, admirer
friendline - friendly subscription
midfielder - midfielder
Thematic Anglicisms
Today, linguists especially note the following sources of Anglicisms: advertising, the Internet, cinema, music, sports, cosmetics.
Life:
second-hand
hand-made
Electronics:
notebook
Internet
computer
Sport:
sprinter
football
snowboard
skateboard
time-out
playmaker
Professions:
security
provider
producer
pensioneer
Mass culture:
crossword
GreenPeace
talk-show
superstar
boyfriend
fashionable
Signs of Anglicisms
Very often, words borrowed from English are identified by the presence of the following parts in the word:
j< j/g
ing< ing
men(t)< men(t)
er< er
tch< (t)ch
tion< tion
English Joke
The smug satisfaction of the rustic in his clear perception and shrewd reasoning is illustrated by the dialogue between two farmers meeting on the road.
“Did you hear that old man Jones’s house burned down last night?”
“I ain’t a mite surprised. I was goin' past there in the evenin', an' when I saw the smoke a-comin' out all round under the eaves, I sez to myself, sez I, 'Where there's smoke there must be fire.' it was!”
