European measure of length. British imperial and American systems of measures. History of units of measurement

GRAND

1. A measure of mass (weight) in various countries. In English units, 1 grain = 64.8 mg.
2. Pharmaceutical measure in various countries. In Russia, before the introduction of the metric system, 1 grain = 62.2 mg.

GOLDEN

Russian unit of weight, used before the introduction of the metric system of measures. 1 spool = 1/96 lb = 4.266 g.

DRACHMA

1. A measure of mass (weight) in various countries. In the English system of measures, 1 drachma = 1.772 g. In other countries - about 3.2 g. In ancient systems of measures - from 3.2 to 6.5 g.
2. Pharmaceutical measure in different countries. In England, 1 drachma = 3.888 g. In Russia, before the introduction of the metric system of measures, 1 drachma = 3.73 g.

QUART

1. A measure of the volume of liquids. The size of a quart is different in different countries. In England, a quart = 1.136 liters; in the USA, a quart = 0.946 liters.
2. A measure of the volume of bulk solids in the United States. 1 quart = 1.01 liters.
3. The former Russian measure of liquids - a mug (shtof) is also sometimes called a quart.

INCH

A measure of length in the English system of measures. 1 inch = 1/12 foot = 2.54 cm.

FOOT

Measure of length in different countries. The value varies from 28.3 cm (Netherlands) to 32.48 cm (Mauritius, Seychelles). In the English system of measures and in Russia before the introduction of the metric system of measures, 1 foot = 30.48 cm.

SHTOF

A measure of the volume of liquids used in Russia before the introduction of the metric system of measures. 1 glass = 1.23 l. Sometimes the name MUG is used instead of SHTOF.

LB

1. A measure of mass (weight) in various countries. The size of a pound varies from 317.62 g (Italy) to 560.1 g (Austria). In the English system of measures, 1 pound = 453.592 g. In Russia, before the introduction of the metric system of measures, 1 pound = 409.5 g.
2. Pharmaceutical measure in various countries. In the English system of measures, 1 pound = 373.242 g. In Russia, before the introduction of the metric system of measures, 1 pharmaceutical pound = 358.323 g.

PINT

A measure of the volume of liquids and solids. In the English system of measures, 1 PINT = 0.56824 liters. In the USA, 1 PINT for liquids = 0.47317 liters, for solids = 0.55060 liters.

OUNCE

1. A measure of mass (weight). The size of an OUNCE is different in different countries. In the English system of measures, 1 ounce = 16 DRAMS = 28.35 g.
2. Pharmaceutical measure in various countries. In the English system of measures, 1 ounce = 8 DRAMS = 31.103 g. In Russia, before the introduction of the metric system of measures, 1 ounce = 8 DRAMS = 29.800 g.

Regions that do not use the metric system as their primary system are marked in red. Not many countries, right?

Most immigrants consider the most difficult thing when moving to America to be the transition to another measurement system: instead of the usual meters, degrees Celsius and kilograms, people are faced with a completely new world, in which all familiar realities are measured completely, from their point of view, illogically.

But one story says that the United States actually had the opportunity to live according to the metric system, but they were prevented from doing so... by British pirates!

The Washington Post published this story, simultaneously lamenting that Americans still have the opportunity to “come to their senses” and switch to a “more understandable, simpler and more logical” metric system - or, as it is now called, the International System of Units (French: Le Systeme International d'Unites, S.I.).

However, we are talking about the time when Parisian scientists decided for the first time to bring all units of measurement into a single system. To this end, they proposed that the American Congress come to a general agreement. At that time, the Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson, who welcomed the unification of the measurement system. So in 1793, a ship was sent from Paris towards America, on which the botanist and aristocrat Joseph Dombey was carrying two standards of the metric system: a rod exactly one meter long and a copper cylinder weighing exactly one kilogram.

Unfortunately, on the way across the Atlantic, the ship with Dombey on board was caught in a storm, and as a result, they were carried by the current into the Caribbean Sea - straight into the hands of local pirates. In fact, the pirates did not consider themselves as such: they were British subjects who were given permission by the Queen herself to attack any non-British ships. But in essence, they were still engaged in piracy. So the French crew, along with the academician, were imprisoned (Joseph Dombey did not last long in captivity and soon died), and all property found on the ship, including standards, were sold at auction.

A copy of the 1 kg standard stored in the USA.

But of course this is just a story...

There is an opinion that the SI system was never approved in the United States. It is so invisible in this country that a person who does not go into too much detail may get such an impression. But it is absolutely not true! A number of acts have been adopted approving it as the official system of weights and measures of the United States. How then is it that Americans still use ancient units of measurement? The fact is that all adopted acts are of a recommendatory (and not mandatory) nature for private businesses and ordinary residents of the country. This means that every American has the right to measure in the usual inches and weigh in the pounds familiar from childhood. And this right is enjoyed not only by people, but also by giant corporations.

There are only three countries in the world that have not yet switched to the SI system. These are the USA, Liberia and Myanmar (until 1989 - Burma). The rest of the world's nations either switched to the metric system completely or at least officially accepted it as the standard. Another thing is how things stand among the people. In Russia even now they can call a kilometer “verst” in a conversation, but at the same time everyone clearly understands that we are talking about the most ordinary metric kilometer, and not about the ancient Russian verst.

But in the USA, the ancient folk system of weights and measures is used not only in everyday life. Football fields are measured in yards. The work done by car engines is in outlandish foot-pounds. Atmospheric pressure is in pounds per square inch.

Instead of the International SI System, the United States uses U.S. Customary System (US Traditional System). It includes more than three hundred units of measurement of various physical quantities. The difficulty is that many of these units of measurement have the same name, but mean completely different things.

Let us present the simplest and most understandable to every person, even those very far from engineering wisdom. It would seem, what could be complicated in a ton? This is a thousand kilograms and nothing else! But in the United States there are at least nine definitions of the concept of “ton”: short ton, displacement ton, refrigerated ton, nuclear ton, freight ton. , registered ton (register ton), metric ton(metric ton), jewelry ton (assay ton), fuel ton or ton of coal equivalent.

And despite all these obvious difficulties, neither in business nor in Everyday life The US does not use a simple, clear and unambiguous metric system. The reasons for this lie, as often happens, in the history of this country.

The US attitude to the metric system was initially determined by its relationship with France

The British Imperial System was used in the British colonies. At the end of the 18th century, the metric system was developed in France. Which, of course, was not accepted by either Britain itself or its colonies.

When the United States gained independence, attempts were made to streamline the system of measuring quantities. But they came up against, as often happens, a financial issue. Thomas Jefferson, who served as US Secretary of State under George Washington, favored the decimal system. But it turned out that it would be impossible to determine metric units of length without sending a delegation to France. And this was an expensive matter.

Relations with France, which supported the United States in its struggle for independence, entered a cooling stage after 1795. When France invited representatives from various countries to familiarize themselves with the metric system in 1798, Americans were met with disdain.

And yet, representatives of the United States visited Paris and were delighted with the metric system. But the likelihood of convincing the country's leaders of the need to switch to new system weights and measures coming from France was very weak. In 1821, US Secretary of State John Quincy studied the units of measurement of 22 states of the country and concluded that the U.S. The Customary System is sufficiently unified and does not need to be changed.

Napoleon reigned in France, and the Americans had doubts that the French themselves would remain faithful to the system of weights and measures they had created. As a result, consideration of the metric system in the United States ceased at the historical stage in question. But this does not mean that it was not returned to again and again as the SI system gained increasing recognition in various corners of our vast world.

In 1865, the US ended Civil War. The Americans looked around and discovered that most European countries had switched to the decimal metric system. And this obvious fact could no longer be ignored in the United States. In 1866, the country's Congress passed an act that made the metric system the official system for use in all contracts, transactions and lawsuits.

Nine years later, France gathered representatives from the world's leading countries to discuss the details of a new international version of the metric system. The United States received an invitation and sent its delegation. Representatives of these countries signed an international convention, founding the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and the International Committee of Weights and Measures, whose tasks included reviewing and adopting changes.

The agreement provided for the creation of a special hall in the French city of Servais near Paris, where the standards of metric standards, in particular the standard meter, were to be placed. This made it possible to avoid difficulties in understanding by different peoples what exactly is meant by this or that unit of measurement.

In 1890, the United States received copies of the International Standard Meter and the International Standard Kilogram. The Mendenhall Order (named after the Superintendent of Weights and Measures) established metric units as the fundamental standard for length and weight in the United States. A yard was defined as 3600/3937 meters and a pound as 0.4535924277 kilograms.

In 1959, English-speaking countries made some clarifications: 1 yard was equal to 0.9144 meters, and 1 pound to 0.4535923. That is, formally, the United States has already adopted the metric system as the standard of weights and measures for 145 years, and for about 120 years in this country everything should have been measured in meters and kilograms. But, as practice shows, making a decision does not mean its implementation in real life.

Many prominent scientists and politicians The United States was a proponent of making the metric system mandatory for the entire country. In 1971, it began to look like the United States would finally become one of the countries that adopted the metric system. The National Bureau of Standards released the Metric America report, which recommended that the country switch to the metric system within ten years.

In 1975, Congress passed the Metric Conversion Act, the essence of which was the same as the recommendations of the standards specialists, but with only two important differences. There were no strict time frames, and the transition to the metric system itself assumed voluntariness. As a result, the country's schoolchildren began to undergo the SI system, and some companies attempted “metrification,” which turned into ineffective propaganda, since there was no real action to switch to metric units of measurement.

It turns out that the United States uses units of measurement that have already been forgotten in the rest of the world. An increasing number of consumers of American products began to demand that the supplied goods be accompanied by an indication of the characteristics in the metric system. As American companies opened more and more production facilities in Europe and Asia, it became necessary to decide whether to use metric or traditional US units.

Recognizing these challenges, in 1988 Congress amended the Metric Conversion Act to make the metric system "the preferred system of weights and measures of the United States for the purposes of trade and commerce." As of the end of 1992, federal agencies were required to use metric units when measuring quantities related to procurement, grants, and other matters relevant to business activities. But these instructions only applied government agencies. Private business remained free to use the familiar system of measuring quantities. Attempts have been made to get small businesses interested in the metric system, but little progress has been made.

Today, only about 30% of products manufactured in the United States are “metered.” The United States pharmaceutical industry is called "strictly metric" because all the specifications of the country's pharmaceutical products are specified exclusively in metric units. Drinks are labeled in both metric and traditional US units. The industry is considered "soft metric". The metric system is also used in the United States by film, tool, and bicycle manufacturers. Otherwise, in the US they prefer to measure the old fashioned way. In ancient inches and pounds. And this applies even to such a young industry as high technology.

What prevents a very developed industrial country from switching to the generally accepted system of weights and measures on our planet? There are a number of reasons for this.

Conservatism and cost prevent metric adoption

One of the reasons is the costs that the country's economy would have to bear in the event of a transition to the SI system. After all, technical drawings and instructions for the most complex equipment would have to be reworked. This would require a lot of work from highly paid specialists. And, therefore, money. For example, NASA engineers reported that converting space shuttle drawings to metric units, software and documentation would cost US$370 million, about half the cost of a conventional space shuttle launch.

But high conversion costs alone cannot explain Americans' lukewarm attitude toward the metric system. Psychological factors play their own, and not the least, role in restraining the process of the country’s transition to the international system of weights and measures. The stubborn conservatism of Americans makes them resist any innovations, especially those that come from foreigners.

Americans always like to do things their own way. Individualism is the main feature of the representatives of this people. The descendants of the conquerors of the vast expanses of the Wild West stubbornly reject attempts to force them to give up the inches and pounds they were accustomed to since childhood.

No amount of high technology can force a person to reconsider his conservative views. For example, commercial mobile communications have existed since 1947. But it really only became interesting in the early 1980s. Events happen only when the consciousness of the average person is ready to accept them. And this, in turn, is only possible if a person sees meaning in this. But the average American simply doesn’t see much meaning for himself personally in the metric system.

Therefore, all efforts to introduce the metric system in the United States run up against the impregnable stronghold of the everyday life of ordinary citizens of the country who do not want to use meters and kilograms. There is another important reason, which we talked about a little earlier. Substantial part largest corporations of the world are located in the USA. Their products are competitive in the global market even despite the unusual inches and pounds. What unusual things are there! The whole world will be greatly surprised if one day the screen diagonal of the next smartphone will be indicated in centimeters familiar from school, and not in inches, seemingly straight from the pages of a history textbook. This means that Americans have no reason to abandon their traditional system of weights and measures.

sources
Based on materials from science.howstuffworks.com

When I was in America, one of the difficulties for me was the unusual system of measures. Of course, I knew that in the USA, as in the UK, they do not use the usual meters, liters, kilograms, but strange feet, inches, gallons. But I underestimated how often we encounter units of measurement in everyday life. In this article, I will provide the most important practical information about units of measurement.

The most important - because complete information is of little use. In the English system of measures there are many units that are mentioned in literature and documents, but are practically not found in everyday life. You can read more about lines, centrals, slugs, and hands on Wikipedia. Here I wrote about what is useful in life; this is not an encyclopedic article, but a practical guide.

What is the English system of measures?

The world uses the English (Imperial) system of measures (Imperial system) and the metric (metric system).

The English system of measures is used in the UK (since 1995 the metric system has been used as the official system), the USA, Myanmar and Liberia. These four countries speak the language of inches and pounds. The rest of the world speaks in the language of meters and kilograms. Don’t be fooled by the fact that in American films, in Russian translations, the characters speak in meters and liters - in films they usually convert units of measurement for ease of perception (in books they often leave it).

Most noticeable difference English system is that in it the units of measurement, for example, weight, are not related to each other as millimeters, centimeters, meters and kilometers, that is, 1 to 100 or 1000. For example, 1 pound = 16 ounces, and 1 ton = 2000 pounds. This has happened historically, and this difference is often emphasized in various jokes about the English system.

Measures of length: inches, feet, yards, miles - how much is it in (centimeter) meters?

A person's height is measured in feet and inches. For example, when they say that “he is six and five,” they mean that “he is six feet, five inches tall” (195 cm). Inches, feet and yards are used when talking about the size of different objects. When talking about distance, they use miles.

Note: the word foot forms non-standardly: 1 foot – 10 feet.

Measures of weight: ounces, pounds, stones and tons - how much to weigh in grams?

Weights are used in stores when weighing. On price tags they also usually write the price per pound, just like in our stores the price per kilogram. Body weight is measured in pounds (US) or pounds and stones (UK).

Problems will also arise if you go to a gym in America: the weights will be written in pounds. In Russia, in some fitness clubs you can also see exercise machines with unusual weights: 22.5 kg – 36 kg – 45.5 kg. Moreover, it is written on glued pieces of paper. This is the result of the “Russification” of foreign equipment.

Note: Please note that pound is abbreviated as lb - from the Latin libra - scales.

Liquid measures: a pint of beer - how much is it in liters?

Liquid measures are found on product packaging: water, non-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks(degrees, by the way, are designated in the same way as ours). Gasoline at gas stations is counted in gallons.

Unit in English	Unit in Russian	Unit ratio	In liters
Teaspoon	Tea spoon	1/3 tablespoon	4.9 ml
Tablespoon	Tablespoon	1/2 ounce	14.78 ml
Fluid Ounces (fl oz)	Fluid ounce	2 tablespoons	29.37 ml
Cup (cp)	Cup (American glass)	8 fl oz	0.23 l
Pint (pt)	Pint (American liquid pint)	2 cups	0.47 l
Quart (qt)	Quart	2 pints	0.94 l
Gallon (gl)	Gallon	4 quarts	3.78 l
Barrell (br)	Barrel	31.5 gallons	117.3 l

The most common units on product labels are ounces (oz) and gallons (gl). For example, beer in small bottles is usually 12 ounces (29.5 ml), in large bottles it is 40 ounces (1182.9 ml). “Coca-Cola” in cans – 7.5 (198 ml) or 12 ounces (29.5 ml). Milk is usually sold in 1 gallon (3.78 L) bottles. Cups, teaspoons and tablespoons are used in culinary recipes.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the barrel (barrel in English “barrel”). There are several types of barrel. The table shows the American liquid barrel(fluid barrel), equal to 31.5 gallons or 117.3 liters. The barrel we hear about in the news is oil barrel, a unit of measurement for the volume of oil (oil barrel, abbr.: bbl), it is equal to 42 gallons or 158.988 liters.

Measures of bulk solids: “dry” gallons, pints, pitches, bushels

Units of measurement for bulk solids are not often encountered in everyday life, but I also decided to mention them because you need to know that there are “dry” pints, quarts, gallons and “liquid”. For the most part, these measures are used in agriculture.

Dry solids include not only cereals and sugar, but also berries and fruits. Grapes or apples in agriculture may well be measured (and sold) in dry pints, quarts, or even pecks, bushels, if we are talking about a large volume.

Before all words except peck and bushel, you can add “dry” if you need to clarify that we are talking specifically about “dry” pints, gallons, etc. Peck and bushel cannot be “dry”.

Fahrenheit temperature

In the UK, temperatures are measured in Celsius, like ours, and in the US, they are measured in Fahrenheit. When I came to the US, at first the “80 degrees” in the weather forecast or conversation didn't mean anything to me.

There is an “easy” way to convert temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius and vice versa:

• Fahrenheit – Celsius: subtract 32 from the original number, multiply by 5, divide by 9.
• Celsius – Fahrenheit: multiply the original number by 9, divide by 5, add 32.

Of course, I have never used it, but over time I got used to the fact that 70 is warm, 80 is hot, and more than 90 is hellish heat. For purely practical purposes, I have compiled a table for you that clearly explains temperature in Fahrenheit.

Note: in the epigraph of R. Bradbury's novel “Fahrenheit 451” it is said that at a temperature of 451 degrees Fahrenheit, paper catches fire. This is a mistake; in fact, the paper catches fire at about 450 degrees Celsius.

Speed ​​in miles per hour

If you drive a car, you will have to get used to not only the distance in miles, but also the speed in miles per hour. Converting miles per hour to kilometers per hour is much easier than converting Fahrenheit to Celsius: you just need to multiply the speed in miles per hour by 1.609344. Roughly speaking, just multiply by one and a half times.

In this table I have provided a comparison of speeds to give you an idea of ​​what speed is in miles per hour.

Household units of measurement: box of chocolates, box of flour, glass of water, etc.

In addition to the present official units of measurement in colloquial speech“household” measures are actively used: a can of beer, a bottle of water, a box of tangerines, a piece of sausage, etc. These are some of these words. Please note that sometimes they are used in a figurative sense (a grain of truth - a grain of truth, a share of truth).

• a bar of
  • chocolate – chocolate bar
  • soap - bar of soap
  • gold – gold ingot
• a box of
  • cereal – box of cereal
  • chocolat (chocolates) – box of chocolates

• a pile of
  • paper - a bunch of papers
  • trash - a pile of garbage
• a glass of
  • water, wine etc – a glass of wine, water, etc.
• a drop of
  • oil, blood, water – a drop of oil, blood, water, etc.
• a piece of
  • cake - piece of pie
  • furniture - piece of furniture
  • advice – advice (singular)
  • luggage – piece of luggage (e.g. one suitcase)
• a cardboard
  • ice cream – packaging (box) of ice cream
  • milk – box of milk
  • juice – juice box
  • cigarettes – block of cigarettes
• a crate of
  • oysters – box of shrimp
  • coconuts – box of coconuts
• a bowl of
  • cereal - a cup of cereal
  • rice – a cup of rice
  • soup - a cup of soup
• a grain of
  • rice – grain of rice (one grain of rice)
  • sand - grain of sand
  • truth - grain of truth
• a bottle of
  • water - water
  • wine - wine
• a slice of
  • bread - a piece of bread
  • meat – piece of meat
  • cheese - a piece of cheese
• a bag of
  • sugar – bag of sugar
  • flour - bag of flour
• a pack of
  • cigarettes – pack of cigarettes
  • cards – deck of cards (UK), deck\set of cards – US
• a roll of
  • tape – roll of film
  • toilet paper – roll toilet paper
• a handful of
  • dust - a handful of dust
  • salt – a handful of salt
• a pinch of
  • salt – a pinch of salt
  • pepper - a pinch of pepper

Notes:

• Disposable plastic cups– these are foam cups, not foam glasses, or usually just cups. Foam glass is foam glass (standing material).
• Packages in stores are bags, not packs.
• Box– this is usually a small cardboard box (a box of cereal, candy), crate– a box (for example, a wooden box with fruit).
• Slice- This is a piece cut off with a knife.
• Cup– this is a cup for drinks (tea, coffee), and bowl- a cup for food.
• Advice– uncountable noun, like information or knowledge. When talking about a single piece of advice, they use the expression “a piece of advice”.

Is it difficult to get used to English units of measurement?

When I came to the USA under the program, I already spoke English quite well. I had no problems when I talked with the employer - he was even surprised at my knowledge of the language. But when I was undergoing a medical examination, the doctor asked me three simple questions, and I could not answer any of them. She asked what my height, weight and eye color were. And then I realized that I had no idea what my height and weight were according to the American system. As for the eyes (brown), I wanted to say hazel, but I doubted it - and for good reason, brown eyes (in my case) in English are brown, and hazel eyes are light brown, closer to green.

This is what hazel eyes look like

Later it turned out that we encounter measures of measurement at every step. I just never paid attention to it before. At first, I tried to roughly translate American units into ours in my head: I counted a pound as half a kilo, and a mile as one and a half kilometers. As for the temperature, I remembered that 80 degrees is hot, and 100 is hellishly hot (this happens in New Orleans).

This approach is suitable if you come to the USA for a few days, but if you live there for quite a long time, work, communicate with local residents, then it is better not to bother with conversion, but just get used to counting apples in pounds, distance in miles, and height in feet and inches . The fastest way to turn off the “internal converter” is in the most essential area – currency.

Despite the invention of the decimal system, which the whole world now uses, American and English measures of length are often found in everyday life. Let's take the diagonal of the TV. In equipment passports, warranty cards, the size is indicated everywhere in inches. The same applies to pipe diameters, tool sizes, bolts, nuts. In order not to look stupid in situations with unfamiliar quantities, you need to have an idea of ​​the main ones.

Length measures

Our ancestors did not have digital and magnetic instruments capable of measuring the required value. Therefore, for convenience, they used the measurements of their own body, that is, what they always have with them. These were feet, fingers, elbows, steps, palms.

• Mile as the most popular unit, is accepted throughout the world to indicate the distance of air and land routes.

1 mile (mil) = 1609 m

1 nautical mile = 1852 m

• The basic unit of the American system is considered to be feet..

1 foot (ft) = 30.48 cm

The meaning of foot comes from England. This quantity measured a distance equal to 16 feet and was called the rod (stock).

• Size inch was popular in all European countries before the introduction of the SI system. It was calculated by the length of the joint thumb or its width at the base.

1 inch (in) = 25.4 mm

There is an opinion that the size of an inch was determined by three grains of barley, laid lengthwise one after another. According to another version, the component of an inch was 1/36 of a yard, which was established by King Henry I in 1101. Its length was equal to the distance from the middle finger right hand to the tip of his nose.

• The yard was initially adopted as average length step.

1 yard (yd) = 0.9144 m

• Line – used in military affairs to indicate the caliber of a weapon.

1 line (ln) = 2.12 mm

• League. The league value has long been used in naval battles to determine the distance of a cannon shot. Later it began to be used for land and postal affairs.

1 league = 4.83 km

Measures rarely used in everyday life

1 mil = 0.025 mm

1 hand = 10.16 cm

1st kind = 5.029 m

1 chain = 20.12 m (for surveyors) and 30.48 m (for builders)

1 furlong = 201.17 m

1 faton = 1.83 m

1 el = 1.14 m

1 pace = 0.76 m

1 qubit = 46-56 cm

1 span = 22.86 cm

1 link = 20.12 cm (for surveyors) and 30.48 cm (for builders)

1 flier = 11.43 cm

1 nail = 5.71 cm

1 barleycorn = 8.47 mm

1 point = 0.353 mm

1 cable = 219.5 m (in England this is 183 m)

Most popular units of measurement

The US is the only developed country to abandon the metric system. In addition to the United States, 2 more countries do not use the SI system: Liberia and Myanmar.

Once in this country, do not be surprised if in cold damp weather you ask on the street how many degrees, and you will be told that it is plus 32. Just 0 degrees Celsius, this is the American 32 Fahrenheit. When driving to a gas station, be sure to convert liters to gallons. Our 3.78 liters corresponds to one gallon.

• Barrel– a measure of volume for bulk materials and liquids.

Translated from English it means barrel. In the world, calculating oil in barrels is considered the most convenient, so oil companies set prices in dollars per barrel.

1 barrel (bbl) = 158.9 liters

1 dry barrel = 115.6 liters

The concept of a beer barrel was introduced specifically to calculate the volume of beer in the UK. Its value changed over time and depended on the type of drink (ale or beer). The value was finally established in 1824 and amounted to 163.66 liters per barrel.

• Bushel- a measure of volume for dry substances in agriculture (the volume of grain, vegetables, fruits was measured). In international trade, containers weighing 18 kg are taken as a bushel.

1 bushel (bu) = 35.24 liters

• Gallon– the same as a barrel. A gallon is further divided into a pint and an ounce.

1 gallon for liquid (gl) = 3.79 dm3

1 gallon for bulk solids (gl) = 4.4 dm 3

1 pint = 1/8 gallon = 0.47 dm3

1 ounce = 1/16 pint = 29.57 ml

An ounce has retained its value since ancient times and was approximately equal to 30 g. In the American system, the concept of an ounce is widely used in the pharmaceutical and jewelry business.

• Quart– a unit of measurement of container volume equal to ¼ gallon

1 quart for liquid = 0.946 liters

1 quart for solids = 1.1 liters

Area measures

The square acre is most widely used in world literature..

Its original designation served to calculate the area of ​​land that could be cultivated by one peasant with one ox.

Converting the acre value to the SI system is very simple. If we divide the number by 10, we get the result in meters. And if you divide by 2 - in hectares.

1 inch (sq. in) = 6.45 cm 2

1 foot (sq. ft) = 929 cm 2

1 yard (sq.yd) = 0.836 m2

1 mile (sq.mi) = 2.59 km 2

1 acre(s) = 4046.86 m2

Volume measures

Why is volume determined?

• to describe the capacity of household appliances
• for shipping containers
• to determine the amount of gas
• to describe the capacity of commercial warehouses

The most commonly used measure of three-dimensional space is the foot. A cubic foot is defined as the volume of a cube with an edge of 1 foot. Less commonly used are yard and inch.

To get cubic volume, you need to multiply the length, height and width.

1 ton (register) = 2.83 m 3

1 yard = 0.76 m 3

1 foot = 28.32 dm 3

1 inch = 16.39 cm 3

Weights

• Pound - used as a measure of weight and to describe mass.

In the United States, the pound is used to express pressure per square inch. The pound is also used to describe the weight of ammunition (cases, shells, bullets).

To convert pounds to kilograms, divide the number of pounds by 2.2

1 lb (lb) = 453.59 g

• An ounce is a measure of weight that has found application in jewelry, banking , for determining the weight of precious metals and stones, as well as in pharmacy.

To convert an ounce to kilograms, you need to divide its quantity by 35.2

1 ounce (oz) = 28.35 g

• Stone is a unit of measurement used to describe the weight of the human body..

1 stone (st) = 6.35 kg

• A short ton is a measure of weight equivalent to 2,000 pounds.. Also known in the USA, but practically not used, is the long ton, which is equal to 2240 trade pounds.

1 short ton = 907.18 kg

1 long ton = 1016 kg

If you are going to America, check the local standard of measures. This way you will avoid awkward situations and choose the right question that interests you. You don't have to memorize numbers to do this. All you need to do is download a simple converter to your phone.

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Conversion tables for feet and inches to centimeters (height) and pounds to kilograms (weight).

Hello, my dear readers! We all know " Golden Rule» Internet shopaholic:

“Carefully study the reviews of a new brand or product before you buy it!”

How often have you seen reviews like this:

"I'm 5′ 8″ 180 and the large was huge on me, the length is above the ankles but well below the knee. I’ve always had a small waist for my size even after gaining 25lbs over the..."

« I'm a very large woman ( 5'6″ tall and 260lbs. Size 48DDD chest. I wanted a long dress that was basic and comfy vs a “moo-moo” This thing fit the bill. Of… «

“I bought one in every color! I am petite ( 5′ 2″) and I like that it comes right across the tops of my feet! Pairs perfectly with..."

What do these numbers, unusual for the Belarusian eye, mean? Just height and weight (yes, not parameters (90-60-90), as is customary here, but weight).

To measure length, Americans use feet And inches, and for measuring weight - pounds. So, the first review given as an example was written by a person with a height of 173 cm and a weight of 82 kg (5′ 8″ 180).

If you, like me, do not like to study reviews of happy and not so American customers with a calculator in hand, then here is a nice table for converting feet and inches to centimeters to help us all:

If you need a different length that does not fit in the table, you will still have to arm yourself with a calculator:

1 Foot = 30.48 cm

1 Inch = 2.54 cm

I still haven’t learned how to navigate clothing sizes based on a person’s weight. But what if you are the guru of this? Then this table for converting pounds to kilograms will help you:

1 Pound = 0.454 kg

Here is such a short, but, I hope, useful article.)))

P.S. Ask all your questions in the comments to this article - I will be happy to answer them! And don't forget SHOPOKlang so you don't miss new interesting articles!