Grabbe, Mikhail Nikolaevich. Russian Army in the Great War: Project File: Mikhail Nikolaevich Grabbe Mikhail Nikolaevich Grabbe
Graph Mikhail Nikolaevich Grabbe(July 18, 1868 - July 23, 1942, Paris) - Russian general, the last ataman of the Don Army, hero of the First World War.
Biography
Orthodox. From the nobles of the Don Army, the Cossacks of the village of Pyatiizbyannaya. Son of N. P. Grabbe, brother of A. N. Grabbe and P. N. Grabbe.
He graduated from the Corps of Pages (1890), was released as a cornet, and was assigned as a cornet in the Cossack Life Guards Regiment.
Ranks: centurion (1894), podesaul (1898), esaul (1902), colonel (for distinction, 1906), aide-de-camp (1909), major general (for distinction, 1912) with enlistment in the Suite, lieutenant general ( 1916).
He commanded a hundred of the Life Guards Cossack Regiment, served as: adjutant to the commander of the Guards Corps (1898-1899), orderly to the chief of staff of the Guard troops (1899-1902), adjutant to the commander-in-chief of the Guard troops and the St. Petersburg Military District of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich (1902-1905). In 1905-1909 he served as the Grand Duke's personal adjutant.
On September 22, 1911 he was appointed commander of the Life Guards Consolidated Cossack Regiment, with which he joined the First world war. Was awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree
Later he commanded the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Guards Cavalry Division (1915), the 4th Don Cossack Division (1915-1917). In May 1916, he was appointed ataman of the Don Army.
After the February Revolution he was arrested, in March 1917 he was enrolled in the reserve of ranks, and in May he was dismissed from service at his request with a uniform and a pension. After the October Revolution he emigrated to Yugoslavia, and in 1925 he moved to Paris. Participated in the Reichenhall Monarchist Congress and other monarchist meetings. He was one of the founders (1932), a member of the parish council and headman (1935) of the Orthodox parish of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Asnieres-sur-Seine. Participated in the founding of the Russian Orthodox Cultural Association in Asnieres (1932).
In 1934 he was elected chairman of the Union of Knights of the Order of St. George, in 1935, after the death of Ataman A.P. Bogaevsky, he was appointed ataman of the Don Army in exile. He was a member of the Union of Devotees of the Memory of Emperor Nicholas II (1936), the Russian Central Association (1936), the Russian Imperial Union (1936), and the Meeting of the Mutual Aid Committee for Russian Refugees in France (April 1941). He was chairman of the Nice Monarchist Society, honorary chairman of the Charitable Association of Don Ladies in France (1939). Actively participated in public life Cossack and cadet organizations.
After the attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR, he contributed to the creation of the Russian Corps, and on June 28 issued the following order:
June 28, 1941, Paris Donets! Repeatedly for last years in my addresses to you, I predicted great upheavals that should shake up the world; He said more than once that from these shocks the dawn of liberation will shine for us, our return to our native lands. On June 22, the Leader of the Greater German Reich, Adolf Hitler, declared war on the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. From the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea, a powerful German army advanced like a menacing wall and crossed the red borders, defeating the regiments of the Comintern. The great struggle began. , Don Cossacks! This fight is our fight. We started it in 1919, at the moment when, taking advantage of the passing difficulties of the Empire, the international clique of Marxist revolutionaries, with their false democracy, deceived the Russian people and seized power in St. Petersburg - was it not the Don Region that was the first to reject the power of the invaders? Were it not the Don Cossacks who declared a war not to the death, but to the death, to the authorities, declaring for this the independence of the All-Great Don Army? And can we forget the friendly assistance that the German Army, which was at that time in the south of Russia, provided us in the struggle that we waged hand in hand with the national Russian forces that did not accept Bolshevism? In heroic, unequal battles for their homes, for Quiet Don, for our Mother Holy Rus', we did not lay down our arms in front of the red hordes, we did not fold our old banners. All the Cossacks who took part in the struggle chose to leave their homeland in 1920, to go to a foreign land, where an unknown future, hardships and difficult trials awaited them. The Don Army did not submit to the invaders; it retained its independence, Cossack honor, and its right to its native land. * In the most difficult conditions, defending the right to life, the Don Cossacks in emigration remained faithful to the Cossack traditions, the Don, and historical Russia. By the very existence of every Cossack in a foreign land, it affirmed the ideological struggle against communism and the Bolsheviks, waiting for that cherished moment when the red flags would tremble and sway over the Kremlin occupied by enemies. We had to wait twenty years, twenty for long years! Some of us laid our bones away from our grandfather’s graves; but just as before, the Don Army threatens the enemy. There is still gunpowder in the flasks, the Cossack pike does not bend! And now, finally, the hour that had been so long-awaited has struck. The banner of armed struggle against communism, against the Bolsheviks, against the Soviet regime has been raised. This banner was raised by a powerful people, whose strength the world now marvels at. We do not yet have the opportunity to stand on the battlefield next to those who are clearing our land of the filth of the Comintern; but all our thoughts, all our hopes fly to those who are helping our enslaved Motherland to free itself from the Red Yoke and find its historical paths. On behalf of the All-Great Don Army, I, the Don Ataman, the only bearer of Don power, declare that the Don Army, of which I am the Head, continues its twenty-year campaign, that it has not laid down its arms; did not make peace with the Soviet regime; that it continues to consider itself at war with it; and the goal of this war is the overthrow Soviet power and returning home in honor and dignity for the renewal and revival of our Native Lands with the help of our friendly Germany. May the God of Wars grant victory to the banners now raised against the atheistic red government! I order the atamans of all Don Cossack and General Cossack Stanitsas in all countries in exile to make a complete record of all Cossacks. I order all Cossacks who are not members of Cossack villages and organizations to enroll in them. Keep in touch with me by all means. Don Ataman, Lieutenant General Count Grabbe
Grabbe N
gf. (18?) double coat of arms included in the General Book of Arms, part XVI, 6Grabbe Alexander Nikolaevich
gf. Nikitin gf. (1864.12.12, St. Petersburg - 1947.07.05, USA), Major General of the Suite (1914.01.02). graduate in 1887 of the Corps of Pages (1st rank, cornet in the Life Guards Cossack Regiment) In 1901 he was allowed to add the surname of his grandmother to his surname and began to be called Count Grabbe Count Nikitin. 1897.06.25-1910.01.03 adjutant of Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich with the rank of Field Marshal. In 1911 he temporarily commanded the Life Guards. Cossack regiment. 1914.01.02 G. appointed commander of His Majesty’s Own convoy, remained in this post until the overthrow of the monarchy. In 1917.03. he left the service without permission and went to the Caucasus, and on March 22 he was dismissed from service due to illness with a uniform and a pension. In exile: Constantinople, Germany, Monte Carlo, since 1940 in the USA.Grabbe Alexander Pavlovich
(1857) graduate in 1857 of the Corps of Pages (lieutenant in the Seversky Dragoon Regiment)Grabbe Alexandra Mikhailovna
gfn. (1893.01.02--1953.11.11, Paris)Grabbe Andrey Petrovich
(1904, Perm ---1937.11.17) Russian, resident: Perm Arrest: 1936 Conviction. 1937.09.26 troika under the NKVD for DS. Obv. 58 Dist. 1937.11.17 Rehab. July 1989 [Book of Memory of the Magadan Region]Grabbe Victor-August Robertovich
(1910, Latvia, city of Riga - 1938) Latvian, b/p, resident: Krasnoyarsk region, Kansky district, urban-type settlement Filimonovo. Convicted 1938.06.09 OSO NKVD USSR. Sentence: ITL-10 Reab. 1962.02.17 [Database of the Krasnoyarsk Society]Grabbe Vladimir Pavlovich
gf. (1878) adjutant wing (1878-)Grabbe Voldemar Ivanovich
(1884---1938.01., Leningrad) Repressed. Upset January 1938. Place of execution: Leningrad [Leningrad Martyrology: 1937-1938]Grabbe Heinrich-Wilhelm Petrovich
(1852.07.12--1916.03.14,†Minsk, Military College) Military official of the 119th Kolomna Infantry Regiment. 1874.02.23 entered service as a private in the 119th Infantry Colonel Kolomna In 1874.01. was renamed junior clerks, and in August - senior clerks. In 1876 it was renamed to non-combatant senior category. As part of the regiment, he participated in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878. With the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, he was appointed clerk of the corps food transport of the 4th Army Corps, renamed to ordinary military officials. In 1905.02. as part of the 9th echelon, set out on a campaign from Minsk to the active army on Far East. On the disbandment of food transport in 1906.08. enlisted back into the regiment as a regimental clerk. He was awarded a gold medal with an inscription to be worn around the neck on the Vladimir Ribbon (1905) and the same medal on the St. Andrew's Ribbon (1911). Due to illness, he was dismissed from service on 07/1914/22. It must be assumed that the monument on her husband’s grave was erected by a widow, who intended to be buried with him in the future. [Minsk military class. St. Petersburg, 2002]Grabbe Dmitry Mikhailovich
gf. (1874.08.08--1927.02.01 in Saint-Cloud, France) son of an officer. In service since 1893, as an officer since 1895. Colonel of the Cavalry Regiment. In the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. Evacuated at the beginning of 1920 from Novorossiysk to the island. Lemnos on a ship. In exile in France. Mind. 1927.02.01 in Saint-Cloud (France). Wife Marina Alexandrovna (Golenishcheva-Kutuzova, 1880-1951, ibid.), children: Olga (von Enden, 1902, Sofia (principal Engalycheva, 1903 - grandchildren Sofia (Shidlovskaya, 1928 - great-grandchildren Nikolai 1954, Marina 1955, Mikhail 1956, Dmitry 1958, Fedor 1960, Georgy 1964), Nikolay 1929 - great-grandchildren Alexander 1958, Konstantin 1962), Maria (Harris, 1930 - great-grandchildren Alexander 1952, Konstantin 1953, Vladimir 1956), Dmitry 1931-1932), Elena (1905- 1920), Anna (Nechaeva, 1909 - grandchildren Elena (Bassett, 1937 - great-grandchildren Marina 1959, Christophe 1961, Kirill 1965), Oleg 1944 - great-grandchildren Tat-yana 1972, Boris 1974), Vera (1913-1920). Mother, mother-in-law. [Volkov S.V. Officers of the Russian Guards M., 2002]Grabbe Elizaveta Ivanovna
(1863.11.19--,†Minsk, Military College) ~ Heinrich-Wilhelm.Peter. Grabbe [Minsk military class. St. Petersburg, 2002]Grabbe Elizaveta Mikhailovna
gfn. (1892.01.27--1982, Paris) premises.Grabbe Irina Mikhailovna
gfn. (1894.04.22--)Grabbe Karl Yakovlevich
(1900, Kurland province, Tukumsky district, Elders village --- 1938.03.20, Moscow, Butovo) Latvian, education: lower, b/p, hotel: grocery storekeeper, resident: Moscow, Oak Grove, no. 19 , sq. 2 Arrest: 1938.01.15 Conviction. 1938.02.11 Commission of the NKVD and the USSR Prosecutor. Obv. that he is an active participant in the counter-revolutionary national. fascist. Latvian organization Rastro. 1938.03.20. Place of execution: Moscow Rehab. 1956.06.08 [Moscow, execution lists - Butovo training ground]Grabbe Marina Nikolaevna
(11/1869.11.23--1948.10.24) ~23.4/1894.05.05 NIKOLAI NIKOLAEVICH ROMANOV (5/1868.10.17-1928.03.02)Grabbe Mikhail Nikolaevich
gf. Nikitin gf. (1868.07.18, St. Petersburg - 1942.07.23, Paris) Lieutenant General (1916.05.06). Ie nobles of the Don army, Cossacks of the village of Pyatiizbyannaya. He received his education in the Corps of Pages (1890). Released to the Life Guards. Cossack colonel 1898.06.17-1899.02.22 adjutant to the commander of the guards corps, from 1899.12.07 orderly to the head of the headquarters of the guard troops, from 1902.02.22 adjutant to the commander-in-chief of the guard troops and the St. Petersburg Military District of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich. After the Grand Duke left his post, G. remained with him as an adjutant. S1911.09.22 com. Life Guards Combined Cossack regiment, at the head of which he entered the war. Since 1915.01.14 com. 3rd Brigade of the 1st Guards Cavalry. division, from 1915.01.24 4th Don Kaz. divisions. 1915.01.30 awarded. Order of St. George, 4th degree for battles in 1914. 05.1916.08 appointed military ataman of the Don Army. On 12/19/01, in the Ust-Medvedets district of the Donskoy Army region, a village was formed, which received its name. 1917.03.07 was arrested, but was soon released and on March 22 he was enrolled in the reserve of ranks at the headquarters of the Odessa Military District. 1917.05.31 dismissed from service upon request with a uniform and a pension. In exile, 12/1934/16 elected chairman of the Union of Knights of the Order of St. George (Paris). 1935.08.04 elected Don Ataman in exile. Wife Sofia Ivanovna (Vsevolozhskaya, daughter Privy Councilor, 1869.09.26 - 1952.04.21, ibid.), children Elizabeth (1892.01.27 - 1982, ibid.), Alexandra (1893.01.02 - 1953.11.11, ibid.), Irina (b. 1894.04.22). [Volkov S.V. Officers of the Russian Guards M., 2002]Grabbe Mikhail Pavlovich
gf. (1853) graduate of the Corps of Pages in 1853 (ensign in the Life Guards Jaeger Regiment)Grabbe N. N.
gf. (1863--19) chamberlain()Grabbe Nikolay Pavlovich
gf. (1832--1896) Major General of the retinue E.I.V. (1864-) aide-de-camp (1859-), graduate in 1850 of the Corps of Pages (in the Cavalry Regiment)Grabbe Pavel Mikhailovich
gf. (1875--, 1920) In service since 1893, as an officer since 1895. Colonel of the Cavalry Regiment. In the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, under the department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. business member of the Council of the Orthodox Church in 1917.08.17-1918.04.07/20. Colonel of the Kuban Cossack Army - By election - Layman from the Vladikavkaz diocese - 41 - Corps of Pages - Kislovodsk, Terek region. Evacuated at the beginning of 1920 from Novo-Russian to the island. Lemnos on a ship. In the summer of 1920 in Constantinople, on the island. Lemnos and Serbia. 07/1920/10 returned to the Russian Army in Crimea (Sevastopol) by ship. In exile in Yugoslavia, 1922 chairman of the Russian colony in Turkish Becey. Wife, two children. [Volkov S.V. Officers of the Russian Guards M., 2002]Grabbe Pavel Khristoforovich
gf. (1787/89--1875.07.15) Colonel of the 3rd Dragoons. Novorossiysk Regiment On April 24, 1829, with the rank of Colonel, he was appointed Commander of the Regiment from the headquarters officers of this regiment. On June 19, 1829, with promotion to Major General, he was appointed to serve under the head of the 4th Hussar Division, Adjutant General (1839-) Major General, Chief of Staff of the 1st Infantry Corps in 08/18/22. hord. St. George 3-step. . (count, adjutant general, cavalry general, member of the State Council)Grabbe Petr Khristoforovich
gf. (1828,1854) adjutant wing (1828-)Photo of M. N. Grabbe in the Alexander Garden of Novocherkassk during his tenure as a chieftain of the Department of Internal Affairs.
Lieutenant General Count Mikhail Nikolaevich Grabbe, Cossack of the Pyatiizbyanskaya village, was born in 1868 and is the grandson of the appointed Ataman of the Don Army, gr. P.H. Grabbe, in whose honor one of the Don villages is named: the village of Grabbevskaya. By mother, born Countess A.F. Orlova-Denisova, Count M.N. Grabbe is a descendant of the famous Don family, formed from the merger of the Orlov and Denisov surnames. Countess A.F., mother of Count M.N. Grabbe, is the granddaughter of the hero of the Patriotic War, Count V.V. Orlov-Denisov.
Count M.N. Grabbe, brought up in the spirit of ardent devotion to the Don, a native officer of the Life Guards. Kazachiy E.V. regiment, spent his entire service in Cossack units. When he was offered to take command of one of the most brilliant metropolitan guards regular cavalry regiments, he refused this offer and asked the Emperor personally to give him command of any Cossack regiment, regardless of its location.
Having accepted the newly formed Life Guards Consolidated Cossack Regiment, Mikhail Nikolaevich showed himself to be a good and caring owner, who with his energy and care improved the life of the officers and Cossacks. They built barracks, an arena, apartments for officers, and an officers' meeting, which was the envy of other guard regiments. By joining Great War commander of the Life Guards M.N. successively commanded the Life Guards Cossack Brigade and the 4th Don Cossack Division of the Consolidated Cossack Regiment, commanding which he was awarded the Cross of St. George. (In exile he was the chairman of the Union of Knights of St. George in France.)
For the fact that with excellent courage he led the brilliant actions of the regiment in the battles of August 16. 1914 near Novoradomsk, August 25. 1914 near Izbice, 30 September. 1914 at Byaluta, October 10. 1914 near Orzheshka and Blonya, October 4. 1914 during the capture of Lowicz and on November 2, 1914 at Suhodombe and for the battle on October 29. at Izbice, when, commanding a section of two companies of infantry and two hundred of his regiment and being severely shell-shocked, he did not give up the command and for a whole day held out against a cavalry brigade and an infantry battalion, not allowing them to break through our position and thereby giving the opportunity to the detachment of the general Lieutenant Kaznakov to fulfill the task assigned to him.
From the award order
In 1916, gr. M. N. Grabbe was appointed Don military chieftain. He brought to the Don projects of reforms approved by the Sovereign and personally developed by him, which would undoubtedly be of great importance for the life of the Cossacks. According to these reforms, a unified Don educational district, a unified diocese was to be established, railways Kozlov-Holy Cross and Saratov-Rostov with a branch to Aleksandrovsk-Grushevsky. The revolution prevented the implementation of these projects.
After the February Revolution he was arrested, but no documentary evidence of this arrest was presented to the public. Power on the Don passed under the leadership of the temporary ataman of the Don Army Region, E. A. Voloshinov. In March 1917, M. N. Grabbe was enrolled in the reserve of ranks, and in May he was dismissed from service upon request with a uniform and a pension.
After the October Revolution he emigrated to Yugoslavia, and in 1925 he moved to Paris. Participated in the Reichenhall Monarchist Congress and other monarchist meetings. He was one of the founders (1932), a member of the parish council and headman (1935) of the Orthodox parish of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Asnieres-sur-Seine. Participated in the founding of the Russian Orthodox Cultural Association in Asnieres (1932).
After the death of Ataman Bogaevsky in 1934, the Cossack emigration began organizing elections for a new Ataman of the All-Great Don Army abroad. In one of his pre-election interviews, Count M.N. Grabbe said the following words, which turned out to be fatal:
“I consider the Ataman power abroad to be a heavy cross, but having served my entire life for the benefit of the Cossacks, I do not consider myself to have the right to refuse to lead the Don Cossacks if their choice falls on me, having given the last days and hours of my life to the Native Army.”.
For your attention, exclusive and especially valuable materials from the press of the Cossack emigration, the Ataman Bulletin magazine, in which you can see important events in the life of the Cossack emigrants, orders of the Ataman of the VVDz M. N. Grabbe.
Photo by A.N. Grabbe-Nikitin
Grabbe, Alexander Nikolaevich (February 12, 1864, St. Petersburg - July 5, 1947) - Russian military leader, Major General of the Suite (1914).
Biography
Son of Count Nikolai Pavlovich Grabbe and Countess Alexandra Fedorovna Orlova-Denisova (1837-1892). He graduated from the Corps of Pages in 1887. Issued as a cornet in the Life Guards Cossack Regiment. In 1901, he was allowed to add to his surname the surname of his grandmother Elisaveta Alekseevna Nikitina (1817-1898), who was the only daughter of cavalry general Alexei Petrovich Nikitin, and began to be called Count Grabbe-Nikitin.
He took part in the 1889-1891 journey across the Indian Ocean as an aide-de-camp to the Grand Dukes Alexander and Sergei Mikhailovich. From June 25, 1897 to January 3, 1910 - adjutant of Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich. In 1911, he temporarily commanded the Life Guards Cossack Regiment. In 1914, he was promoted to the rank of major general (pr. 1914; art. 01/02/1914; for distinction), with enrollment in the Retinue of His Imperial Majesty. On January 2, 1914, he was appointed commander of His Majesty Nicholas II’s Own Convoy, and remained in this post until the overthrow of the monarchy.
During the February Revolution, fearing arrest, he left for the Caucasus. On March 22, 1917, he was discharged from service due to illness with a uniform and a pension. Then - in exile: Constantinople, Germany, Monte Carlo, from 1940 - in the USA.
In 1990, the book “The Private World of the Last Tsar: In the Photographs and Notes of General Count Alexander Grabbe”, published by his heirs, was published in the United States, containing photographs of Nicholas II and his family taken by Alexander Grabbe.
In the memoirs of contemporariesEdit
Protopresbyter Georgy Shavelsky:
Convoy Commander, gr. A. N. Grabbe, gave himself away by his very appearance. A face swollen with fat, small, cunning and voluptuous eyes; a smile that almost never left his face; a special way of speaking - as if in a whisper. Everyone knew that Grabbe loved to eat and drink, as well as courtship, and not at all in a platonic way. I heard that his favorite reading was obscene novels, and I personally observed how, at every convenient and inconvenient occasion, he turned his speech to piquant conversations. As I noted, he was the Tsar’s favorite partner in dice games. Of course, he could entertain the Emperor. But he could hardly turn out to be a good adviser in serious matters, for for this he had neither the right mind, no experience, no interest in government affairs. In addition to his narrow personal life and satisfying the needs of the “flesh,” his attention was still focused on his Smolensk estates, the management of which he devoted a lot of care to.
By February 1917, His Imperial Majesty's own convoy, consisting of 5 hundred (1st and 2nd Kuban Life Guards, 3rd and 4th Terek Life Guards and 5th Consolidated Life Guards), was scattered over a vast territory from Petrograd to Kiev. In Tsarskoe Selo, guarding Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and her children, there was the Lieutenant-Guards. 2nd Kuban Hundred under the command of Captain M.I. Svidin and Lieutenant-Guards. 3rd Terskaya - with its commander Esaul K.I. Pankratov. Their main functions were to protect the Tsarskoye Selo Palace and the adjacent parks. In Mogilev, at the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief (from August 1915, Nicholas II assumed responsibilities), there were the Life Guards. 1st Kuban Hundred led by Yesaul G.A. Rasp and l.-guards. 4th Tersk Hundred - commander Yesaul G.P. Tatonov. The main part of the Life Guards The 5th Consolidated Hundred, which could not be fully staffed throughout the war, was sent to Kyiv to protect and escort the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna. This detachment, consisting of 2 officers and 48 dismounted officers and Cossacks, was commanded by the cornet A.I. Rogozhin. They were selected from all 4 hundreds of permanent personnel, as well as from the most distinguished St. George cavaliers of the army units of the Caucasian Cossack troops. The remaining part of the 5th hundred was completed in Petrograd, having only 35 lower ranks under the command of Captain V.D. Savitsky. Together with the non-combatant team, they guarded government and personal property, barracks, convoys and workshops of the Convoy.
It should be said that already in the first days of the Great War, the convoys began to turn to the commander of the Convoy, Major General Count A.N. Grabbe-Nikitin with reports about being sent to the front. Naturally, Nicholas II was aware of this. On November 28, 1915, the commander of the Imperial Main Apartment, within the structure of which the SEIV convoy was located, Count V.B. Fredericks informed the Convoy commander that “The Sovereign Emperor, wishing to give... the Convoy the opportunity to take part in actions against the enemy, deigned to order all hundreds of the Convoy in turn to the battle front, with the assignment of the next hundred to one of the Caucasian Cossack regiments.” Since December 1915, hundreds of the Convoy were sent by lot to the front to participate in hostilities. According to the results of the draw, on December 12, 1915, the 1st Kuban Hundred under the command of the adjutant wing, Yesaul A.S., was the first to move to the Southwestern Front of the Life Guards. Zhukova. It was originally planned that a hundred would be assigned to the 1st Khopersky Regiment of Her Imperial Highness Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of the Kuban Cossack Army, which is part of the Caucasian Cavalry Division. However, after arriving at the front, it was decided to transfer the division to the Caucasus Front, therefore, at the request of A.S. Zhukov, the 1st Kuban Hundred was assigned to the 2nd Kizlyar-Grebensky Regiment, which was part of the 1st Terek Cossack Division. In the summer of 1916 A.S. Zhukov was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the Kizlyar-Grebensky regiment instead of its killed commander, and command of the 1st Kuban Hundred was taken by the commander G.A. Rasp. Having broken through the Austrian front, on June 7, 1916, Zhukov’s regiment, together with a hundred, captured the city of Radautz and captured a battalion of Austrian infantry, for which they received about 150 St. George’s Crosses. This is only one episode typical of convoys in the theater of war.
Nicholas II with his son and daughters among the convoys at the convoy SEIV holiday in Mogilev on October 4, 1916.
From left to right: second from left – Yesaul M.N. Svidin, hereinafter – Poedesaul M.A. Skvortsov, Major General A.N. Grabe-Nikitin, Poedesaul I.A. Wind, captain G.A. Rasp, captain A.K. Shvedov, cornet S.G. Lavrov, centurion V.E. Zborovsky, cornet N.V. Galushkin.
All the convoys greeted the February Revolution with ambiguity. Most of them, especially the officers, brought up in a loyal spirit, greeted the abdication of the throne on March 2, 1917 by Nicholas II as a disaster. Regarding this, N.V. Galushkin, who at that time served as a centurion of the 2nd Kuban Convoy hundred and was in Tsarskoe Selo, wrote in his book “Own E.I.V. Convoy": "March 4 (emphasis added - author's note). Terrible news!.. Early morning The rumor about the abdication of the Sovereign Emperor stunned everyone! None of the Convoy officers could understand or believe it. In the afternoon, from somewhere, several copies of the Manifesto of the Sovereign Emperor about the abdication of the All-Russian Throne for Himself and for the Sovereign Heir Tsarevich and at the same time the “Refusal” of Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, “from the perception of the Supreme Power”, were brought into the palace... This news was experienced by the garrison of the palace with inexplicable pain. Everyone was nailed down and crushed by this horror.”
So, on March 4, 1917, two days after the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne, this news came to Tsarskoye Selo, where, as we indicated above, the Lieutenant-Guards was staying, protecting Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and her children. 2nd Kuban Hundred Convoy under the command of Captain M.I. Svidin and Lieutenant-Guards. 3rd Terskaya - with its commander Esaul K.I. Pankratov. This is evidenced by all the sources we studied when writing this article. However, in the State Archive of the Krasnodar Territory we discovered a unique original document that refutes these facts! Let us quote it in full: “The division of HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY’S Own Convoy, currently located in Tsarskoye Selo, expresses a desire to submit to the demands of the Provisional Government, elected State Duma and chaired by M.V. Rodzianko, and undertakes to fulfill all requirements from the Government aimed at protecting the ROYAL Family and maintaining order in the Country and units of the troops. March 3 (emphasis added - author's note) 1917." The document was signed by: commanders of the 2nd Kuban Hundred Yesaul M.I. Svidin and the 3rd Terek Hundred esaul K.I. Pankratov, supernumerary officer of the Convoy, Persian Prince Yesaul Riza-Quli-Mirza, adjutant of the Convoy Yesaul I.A. Veter, platoon commander of the 1st Kuban hundred, centurion V.E. Zborovsky, junior officer of the 5th Consolidated Centurion, centurion S.A. Vertepov, platoon commanders of the 4th Terek hundred, centurion K.F. Zerschikov and Khorunzhy A.S. Fedyushkin, collegiate adviser Bely and collegiate assessor Sidorov. It follows from this that the next day, after the abdication of Nicholas II, the leadership of the SEIV convoy, located with the Cossacks in Tsarskoye Selo, swore allegiance to the Provisional Government. We cannot interpret the document presented in any other way. We cannot accuse the Convoy officers of betrayal or violation of the oath: the document was drawn up AFTER the abdication of Nicholas II. In addition, the document talks about the obligation “to fulfill all requirements from the Government aimed at protecting the ROYAL Family,” i.e. about ensuring her personal safety, and not arrest, since it is well known what was happening in those days in Petrograd and its environs, in particular in Tsarskoe Selo, where the Convoy was then guarding members of the emperor’s family. Two conclusions arise: either no one knew about the existence of this document before, or N.V. Galushkin and others kept silent about this, believing that this document could cast a shadow on the Convoy, providing food for gossip and grounds for accusations of betrayal of the emperor. History is silent about this... Be that as it may, we repeat that there can be no question of convoys betraying their duty and oath.
But what was happening at that time at Headquarters. Here is an excerpt from the book by N.V. Galushkina: “March 8. The last day of the Tsar's stay at Headquarters. Colonel Kireev (at that time the temporary commander of the Convoy - author) announced to the officers that at 10:30 in the control room of the general on duty, the Sovereign Emperor would say goodbye to all members of Headquarters. At the same time, they gave the order to the sergeants and platoon officers to arrive at the appointed time in the control room.
The Convoy officers were a little late. The large hall was crowded with officials from the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief and other institutions of Headquarters. The Chief of Staff, General Alekseev (soon to be the “father” of the Volunteer Army - author) was in charge of everything. By his order, the Convoy officers were given a place on the left flank of all the lining up officers, and the Convoy Cossacks along the stairs leading to the hall.
The hum of quiet conversations in the hall stopped with the command of General Alekseev: “At attention! Gentlemen officers! There was a loud response from the Cossacks and soldiers to their greeting by the Sovereign Emperor.
The Emperor entered the hall. Stopping in the middle of the hall, the Emperor addressed those present in the hall with a speech. The Emperor spoke clearly. In the dead silence, the words of the Sovereign were heard especially clearly, but none of the officers of the Convoy could accurately reproduce and retain in memory what the Sovereign said. Their general excitement was such that not words were perceived, but only sounds. The realization that the Emperor was saying goodbye made his heart grow cold. The words of the Sovereign Emperor, “Today I see you for the last time...” tormented my soul, and with each new word of the Sovereign, such unprecedented excitement grew that there was no strength to contain it. different sides moans and muffled sobs were heard.
The Emperor, who began to speak outwardly calmly, himself became noticeably very worried, his voice trembled, and he fell silent. Interrupting his speech, the deeply agitated Emperor began to walk around the line of officers and say goodbye to them. A general excitement began, no longer restrained by anything, such that the Emperor could not withstand and, stopping his rounds, quickly headed towards the exit.
But leaving the hall and seeing the Convoy officers on the left flank, the Emperor headed towards them. Approaching the officers, the Emperor looked at them attentively and hugged Colonel Kireev, who was standing to the right of everyone in tears, and kissed him. At that moment, the cornet I. Lavrov, who was in the general rank of officers of the Convoy, lost consciousness and fell to his full height directly with his head at the feet of the Sovereign Emperor.
The Emperor shuddered, said something quickly, only the words could be made out: “I’ll see you again, dear ones...” - and, without bypassing the others, he again went to the exit. General Alekseev quickly approached the Sovereign Emperor and, hugging him, wished the Sovereign “happiness in his new life!”...
Soon the commander conveyed the Emperor’s personal wish to see the officers of the Convoy and the Consolidated Regiment once again, before leaving Headquarters. The officers arrived in the hall of the governor's house, where everyone invited to the To the highest table and awaited His Majesty's exit before breakfast and lunch.
Along the walls of the hall, on one side of it, officers of the Convoy were lined up, on the other - of the Consolidated Regiment. There was complete silence and quiet in the hall, as in a church before the removal of the Holy Gifts. Several minutes passed. Everyone's eyes were fixed on the doors of the Sovereign's office.
Somehow the doors immediately opened and the Emperor appeared! He first stopped at the door, and then slowly began to enter the hall. The Emperor was wearing the same gray Circassian coat with a black beshmet, in which he departed from Headquarters on the night of February 27-28. It seemed that the Emperor was not walking, but somehow floating in the air. His eyes shone with exceptional affection and love. Stopping in the middle of the hall, the Emperor did not utter a single word and, bowing his head, remained silent...
No one can describe or convey this silent farewell to his officers! Everyone was filled with awe and boundless excitement. The consciousness that such a terrible end to service under His Majesty had come tormented the soul, and a spasm tormented the body. It was impossible to hold back the tears that welled up and choked...
The Emperor began to say goodbye to the officers. From the outside it would seem that this was an ordinary conversation between His Majesty and the officers, which often took place on holidays, after the Imperial Breakfast.
The Emperor came very close to each officer and shook each of them by hand and spoke in his soft, sincere voice words of gratitude for his service under him. His voice was quiet. He tried to restrain his own excitement and be, as always, royally calm, but his wonderful, affectionate and kind Royal eyes expressed something else - boundless sorrow and suffering.
...The Emperor once again walked around everyone and, heading towards the exit from the hall, stopped, made a general bow and said: “I thank you all again! Serve your Motherland as faithfully as you served me!”
The officers headed to the exit and took the steps of the stairs leading to the lobby of the governor's house. His Majesty the Emperor Nicholas II slowly walked down the stairs and, saluting, carefully, as if wanting to remember the faces of the officers, looked affectionately into everyone's eyes. Officers followed the sovereign and surrounded him in the vestibule.
Here, seeing his trumpeters and sergeants of hundreds of the Convoy, falling to their knees and sobbing, the Emperor could no longer control himself, he turned very pale, and his eyes began to shine from tears. Having kissed the trumpeters and sergeants, the Tsar instructed them to convey his farewell greetings and gratitude for their service to all the Cossacks of the Convoy. Turning to the officers, the Emperor said: “I ask you to stay here!”
At about twelve o'clock the Tsar's car quietly departed from the governor's house. With devastated souls, the officers looked after the Sovereign Emperor who was moving away from them...
The Emperor noted this last farewell in his diary with the following words: “At home I said goodbye to the officers and Cossacks of the Convoy and the Consolidated Regiment. My heart was breaking..."
With citizen N.A. Romanov, former emperor, only his orderly (from December 19, 1916 to April 1, 1917) - sergeant Alexei Pilipenko - was allowed to go to Tsarskoe Selo. The new authorities in the Alexander Palace stopped allowing him to see the emperor. As a result, Sergeant Pilipenko was expelled from the palace “as unnecessary”, and subsequently shot by the Bolsheviks for his service under the emperor in 1920.
Back on March 4, 1917, the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Adjutant General M.V. Alekseev issued order No. 344, the first paragraph of which read: “... His Majesty’s Own Convoy, under the jurisdiction of the Commander of the Imperial Main Apartment, should be included in the Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and renamed the Convoy of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.” Since that time, one of the oldest elite units of the Russian army has actually ceased to exist. As N.V. recalled Galushkin, “For the Convoy officers this was a complete surprise! How this renaming could have happened, no one could imagine! At Headquarters they strongly talked about the fact that this was a personal request from Count Grabbe. The Convoy officers doubted this, because it was difficult to connect this tactless haste with the renaming with his name. On behalf of all the officers, Colonel Kireev turned to Count Grabbe with a request to explain how this could happen, and whether it is really true that the Count himself took any part in this renaming. Count Grabbe personally arrived to the officers and reported that he was guided in the current situation by his conviction that after the abdication of the Throne of the Sovereign Emperor for himself and for the Heir to the Throne and the subsequent abdication of Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, the only representative of the Dynasty is, expected at Headquarters, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, one of the last orders of the Sovereign Emperor, was appointed to the post of Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and therefore the Convoy, being with him, will maintain the continuity of service to the Dynasty. With all due respect to his commander, this is his hasty and personal decision all the officers of the Convoy condemned him, which was honestly, openly and immediately reported to him by the senior officer, Colonel Kireev, on March 8.”
It seems that, taking into account the hierarchical subordination, Grabbe-Nikitin was still right. At the same time, we must admit that from the point of view of logic and legitimacy, such a renaming, we believe, is quite justified. The Convoy cannot be called “His Imperial Majesty’s Own” if everyone who had the right to do so has renounced the throne one by one. On the other hand, of course, the commander of the SEIV of the convoy could, taking into account the current extraordinary situation, coordinate this issue with the commanders of hundreds, and ideally with all ranks of the Convoy. However, in any case, the problem was not rooted in the name of this elite unit...
A.N. Grabbe-Nikitin
We especially note that all other intelligence services (for example, the Palace Police) providing security and safety royal family, fled by the evening of February 28. The SEIV convoy remained faithful to its oath to the end.
Very soon the question arose about the further fate of the Convoy, since the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief did not see “the need for the Convoy to serve at Headquarters.” On March 13, 1917, by order No. 12835 of the Commander-in-Chief of the Petrograd Military District at the theater of military operations, Lieutenant General L.G. Kornilov was instructed to “rename the SEIV convoy to the Life Guards. Caucasian Cossack Regiment and send it to the active army with inclusion in the 3rd Guards Cavalry Division." On the same day, the Main Directorate of the General Staff submitted to the Military Council a proposal to reorganize the former imperial Convoy. It said, in particular: “... to disband during the war the named unit, which has military traditions and is staffed with excellent personnel and cavalry, would seem inappropriate, as a result of which, in agreement with the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, it would be recognized as necessary to reorganize the above-mentioned Convoy into two separate guards Cossack divisions - Kuban and Terek, leaving these divisions with their uniforms and historical standards, and then including them in the Caucasian army." On March 30, 1917, the 2nd Kuban and 3rd Terek Hundreds, serving in Tsarskoe Selo, as well as a team of Cossacks of the 5th Consolidated Hundred from Petrograd, left for the disposal of the atamans, respectively, of the Kuban and Terek Cossack troops. Another division of the Convoy - the 1st Kuban and 4th Terek Hundreds, located at the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, left directly from Mogilev in early April and, like the fifty of the 5th Consolidated Hundreds from Kiev, arrived in the Caucasus later than the Tsarskoye Selo division. On April 27, 1917, the Military Council approved the “Regulations on the reorganization of the former Imperial Convoy into the Kuban and Terek Guards Cossack divisions.”
Subsequently, former ranks of the SEIV convoy took part in the Civil War and many emigrated abroad. In the fratricidal war, the convoys lost more than 200 Cossacks and 24 officers in battles and campaigns. Killed - Colonel G.A. Rasp (March 31, 1918 in the battle near Ekaterinodar), Esaul brothers E.D. Shkuropatsky and N.D. Shkuropatsky, cornet K. Pavlenko, cornet A. Veter and seconded lieutenant D. Litvinsky; shot - Colonels V.S. Skakun (in 1919 in the village of Atamanskaya in the Kuban) and B.D. Makuho (in 1931 in Moscow), captain B.M. Nogaets (in August 1920 in Yekaterinodar), cornet A. Pilipenko (in 1920), as well as the old Cossacks of the Convoy - Makhlaev, Consul, Muravitsky, Yatsyna, two Shelikha brothers and all four Popov brothers; died from wounds and illnesses during campaigns - Colonels F.M. Kireev and G.P. Tatonov, captain K.I. Pankratov and centurion S.A. Vertepov. Survivors of the bloody whirlpool Civil War the officers and Cossacks of the Convoy ended up in exile.
Currently, adherents of pro-communist ideology are sharply criticizing the SEIV convoy. It would be fine if the polemics were constructive and reasoned. But, no, there is a touch of bias, lack of conviction, and simply ignorance of the topic. In order not to go far, we will only cite the provocative title of Sergei Ermolin’s publication “It’s a pity that we didn’t finish it off...” (Soviet Russia. June 6, 2008). This article, if I may say so, begins like this: “Mourners for the Tsar-Father, priests and bast shoes, who have bred like rats in a garbage dump, from time to time crawl out onto the pages of newspapers to once again spit on our Motherland, to sing of the exploits of the White Cossacks in the struggle with the Russian people..., whine about the bitter fate of the Cossacks in Soviet Russia and complain about the insufficient attention of the Yeltsin-Putin authorities to the Cossacks - this potential support of the anti-Soviet regime as security detachments and punitive forces, which they have always been...” What can we say here? Reading something like this, you don’t know what to be more surprised about here: the wretchedness of thought or the denigration and shameless falsification of the history of the Cossacks. In fact, the article is dedicated to the Terek Cossacks who served in hundreds of the Convoy and, in particular, to Captain M.A. Karaulov, but its author, having forgotten about the purpose of the publication, gets personal, operating with false facts and positioning himself as a patriot of Russia: “In the history of the Terek Cossack army there were many atamans, but none of them had memorial plaques installed by grateful Cossacks (we are talking about a ban by the authorities Kabardino-Balkaria installation of a memorial plaque in memory of M.A. Karaulov on the station building in Prokhladny - author). How did Captain Mikhail Karaulov deserve such mercy almost 90 years after his death from former Soviet citizens - descendants of the Terek Cossacks in the second and third generations? ... Karaulov did not gain any special laurels in the field of fighting against the RUSSIANS - men, katsaps, non-residents, unlike other Cossack atamans, like Krasnov, Kaledin, Semenov, Shkuro, Annenkov. True, through no fault of my own - I didn’t have time. RUSSIAN soldiers stopped Terek Bonaparte in time” (we note in parentheses that M.A. Karaulov was summarily shot on December 13, 1917 by “revolutionary” soldiers at the Prokhladnaya railway station). Next, S. Ermolin asks the question: “What happened in 1920?” and he himself answers it: “The RUSSIANS defeated the atamans, dispersed the governors and threw out the Denikinites along with the atamans from the North Caucasus. There was no need to speak out against the working people, but it was obviously a bad idea to exterminate them if so many half-baked anti-Sovietists still exist. We must, nevertheless, note with regret that our Soviet system, despite all the horror stories hung on it, was very humane, judging by the number of undead descendants of nobles, landowners, capitalists, kulaks and other policemen and Vlasovites - “democrats” and “ “patriots” who crawled out of the anti-Soviet cracks and bred in the ashes of Russia.” These lines cannot but touch us with their dense ignorance and lack of education, which we “regretfully” state. The entire article by S. Ermolin is written in this spirit, where almost every paragraph contains calls to “finish off.” And the author ends the article, as it is not difficult to guess, with the same categorical phrase in its reinforced concreteness: “It’s a pity that we didn’t finish it off in due time...” A truly clinical case, a godsend for specialists in the field of psychiatry. But this, figuratively speaking, is written by a “hero of our time” unknown to wide circles.
But here is the point of view of the famous Kuban historian, doctor historical sciences, Professor I.Ya. Kutsenko. Recently, on one of the “Cossack” Internet sites with the loud name “Newcircassia.com” (“Novocherkassia”), he posted his opus “Once again about the Cossacks”, where, polemicizing with his colleague - an equally famous Kuban historian, doctor of historical Sciences, Professor V.N. Ratushnyak, criticized the service of the Kuban Cossacks in the SEIV convoy. He expressed his position simply and laconically: “...to consider the highest meaning of the Cossacks’ service to be the personal protection of the Tsar and the august family is base” (!). Moreover, for some reason he appeals to M.Yu. Lermontov, who “called the court clique “a greedy crowd standing at the throne.” The executioners of freedom, genius and glory." Let's put it bluntly - the argument is not convincing, moreover, it is not correct and out of place. He further writes: “Not a single life officer or Cossack, despite loyal feelings, lost his life because of the Tsar.” Do you need to put the revolver to your temple and pull the trigger? Very entertaining. After establishing the absence of suicides among Cossack convoys in connection with the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne, I.Ya. Kutsenko gets personal: “During difficult days for the Romanovs, the convoy commander, German G.G., fled abroad. von Gabbe (emphasis added - author), who was part of the tsar’s inner circle, sported a Kuban Circassian coat.” Absolutely nothing here is true. The commander of the SEIV Convoy (January 1914 - March 1917), Major General, Count Alexander Nikolaevich Grabbe-Nikitin, from the nobles of the Don Army Region, a Cossack from the village of Pyatiizbyanskaya, was never a German. In 1901, he was allowed to add to his surname the surname of his maternal great-grandfather - Countess Alexandra Fedorovna Orlova-Denisova - cavalry general Count A.P. Nikitin and be called Count Grabbe-Nikitin. The grandfather of the last commander of the Convoy - cavalry general, Count Pavel Khristoforovich Grabbe - was born in Kexholm (now Priozersk Leningrad region) on Lake Ladoga. He was educated in the 1st Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg, and took part in the war with France in 1806–1807. By order of the Minister of War M.B. Barclay de Tolly from 1810 to 1812 was stationed as military attaché in Munich to collect intelligence information. IN Patriotic War In 1812 he was enlisted in the Life Guards Horse Artillery, participated in many battles, for which he was awarded a number of military awards, including the Order of St. George, 4th degree; participant in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1813–1814. Later he took part in many wars, in 1837–1842. - commander of troops on the Caucasian line and the Black Sea coast, in 1862–1866. - Ataman of the Don Army, later - a member of the State Council. He was characterized extremely positively by his contemporaries, although they did not consider him an outstanding military figure. Thus, the Chief of the General Staff, Count K.F. Toll wrote about him in 1831: “A very educated general - prudent in his actions - brilliant courage, cold in actions against the enemy and therefore very orderly in the face of the greatest danger. He knows the use of all branches of the military and sets an example everywhere.” So, as we see, everything was fine with the grandfather of the last commander of the Convoy. I will say more, anyone would be proud of such an ancestor.
The father of the last commander of the SEIV convoy, infantry general, Count Nikolai Pavlovich Grabbe, also followed the military line. He fought in the Caucasus, commanded various regiments, and was repeatedly awarded orders for courage and bravery, including a gold saber with the inscription “For courage” and a gold saber with diamonds with the inscription “For crossing the Caucasus ridge three times.” In 1859 he was sent to Alexander II with a report about the capture of the village of Gunib and the capture of Imam Shamil. Later in St. Petersburg he commanded the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. And finally, the younger brother A.N. Grabbe-Nikitina - Lieutenant General, Count Mikhail Nikolaevich Grabbe continued the military dynasty. He commanded various units, including the Life Guards Consolidated Cossack Regiment. During the Great War, he commanded the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Guards Cavalry Division and the 4th Don Cossack Division, and was awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree, for his distinction. From May 1916 to March 1917 - Ataman of the Don Army.
Have you found any “Germans” anywhere? Me not. From the above it follows that Count A.N. Grabbe-Nikitin, like all his close relatives, was directly connected through his service with the Cossacks. One can only guess where I.Ya. Kutsenko acquired information about the “German trace” of the Convoy commander, is the name confusing? As for the “Kuban Circassian”, then, excuse me, the ceremonial and everyday Circassian coats were the uniform uniform of the SEIV convoy. Blaming A.N. Grabbe-Nikitin flight abroad, A.Ya. Kutsenko forgets that he emigrated, like most of the convoys, not of his own free will; otherwise, he would have been subjected to repression already in the 1920s, and a little later he would have rotted in the Gulag (at best).
Finally, according to I.Ya. Kutsenko, “none of the brilliant officers, so beautiful, brave and seemingly very formidable, who took full advantage of the pleasant (!!), generously paid for by the treasury life at court (!!!), each time assuring the tsar of their devotion to him to the last sigh, did not lift a finger in order to somehow protect the overlord’s family, for example, to take the initiative - to organize a sabotage group to rescue her somewhere on the stretches St. Petersburg - Moscow or Tobolsk - Yekaterinburg. The works of Alexandre Dumas Papa are guilty of such adventurous plots in the Hollywood style, who talentedly and well, sometimes even beyond measure, diluted historical realities with the author’s fiction, which made it possible to keep readers in suspense, “action”, just remember his musketeers, who “ special sabotage group" tried to save the English King Charles I from execution by hiding under the scaffold. Of course with Mikhail Boyarsky! Well, in fact, the convoys had plans to save Nicholas II and his family, as N.V. reliably tells. Galushkin in his book “His Imperial Majesty’s Own Convoy,” which, apparently, turned out to be inaccessible to the professor.
The inherent quality of each author is objectivity and avoidance of free handling of sources and their dual interpretation. In this article we adhered to these principles, to the extent we succeeded - it is not for us to judge. Let us express this thought: the situation in February 1917 in Russian Empire had similar features to October 1993 in Russian Federation. However, the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin learned the lessons of Russian history very well and did not allow himself to show excessive softness. And he didn’t sign anything, but brought up the tanks in response to Alexander Rutsky’s threats to bomb the Kremlin, and fired several volleys at White House. Just business. Russia might not be able to endure another Civil War...
