What is the name of the coat of arms? Where is the coat of arms of the Russian Federation depicted? What do the main elements of the Russian coat of arms mean: St. George the Victorious

The basis of the coat of arms is the shield. With a description of this main element we will begin our presentation of the rules of heraldry. In heraldry there are shields of the most different forms- from simple to very intricate. The most common form of a knight's shield in the era of the birth of heraldry was triangular, which became the main one. But other configurations also appeared in different historical periods. Today, the shape of the shield can serve as a starting point for the examination of the coat of arms.

Since the coat of arms is fundamentally an attribute of chivalry, the heraldic shield is primarily the shield of an equestrian knight, and its shape changed along with the development of military art. This is how P. von Winkler talks about it in his book “Weapons” (St. Petersburg, 1894)

“In the history of the development of weapons in Europe, there is not a single period that would be of greater importance than the period of the X and XI centuries. The reason and reason for this was given by the northern people, who already in the VIII century terrified all of ancient Europe with their brave raids. These were the Normans. Having established themselves in the north of the Frankish state (912), they took an active part in the development of chivalry, thanks to their abilities, activity and enterprise, they soon became the first people in military affairs, they were seen everywhere as an example and example of everything that concerns war, its means and method of waging.Back in the 9th century, the Normans were in Andalusia, landed on the African coast, passed through Italy, gained extraordinary military experience from these campaigns and, under fire and sword, did not lose sight of anything that was new to them and useful among other peoples. Thus, they made significant transformations in military affairs, transformations that became the basic position for all the Middle Ages and which, in their organization with offensive tactics, corresponded to the feudal system, the elements for these transformations they for the most part borrowed from the eastern peoples. On Bayo's wallpaper, depicting pictures of the conquest of England, at first glance the influence of the East is noticeable in the armament, although further development, one cannot but admit, is carried out according to peculiar national beliefs. There we find for the first time, next to the ancient pilum, a sharp helmet with a characteristic nosepiece, a tight-fitting shell, but, at the same time, we notice that the Norman, like the Saxon, retains the use of his large national shield with a long sword."

The ancient Bayeux Tapestry depicting the Norman conquest of England - a 73-metre long scroll made using appliqué - has become a valuable source of information about the Normans for historians. In the tapestry you can see that the Anglo-Saxons, like their opponents, were armed with large, elongated shields, specially designed to protect as much of the body as possible. During this period and in the following centuries, warriors fought mainly on foot, and “bodylength” shields elongated in height provided good protection from archers. However, cavalry is becoming increasingly important. The Normans, immigrants from Scandinavia, were sailors, but quickly mastered the art of mounted combat. Their ancestors, the Vikings, conquered the peninsula in northern France, now called Normandy, and settled there. The Normans created a strong state and sought to expand their possessions. Under the leadership of Duke William the Conqueror, they invaded England. On October 14, 1066, at the Battle of Hastings, a battle took place between William's nine thousand-strong army and ten thousand English infantry led by King Harold. The Anglo-Saxons successfully defended themselves, but a thousand-strong detachment of Norman horsemen, launching a false attack, lured them from their positions, after which they were completely defeated, and King Harold himself died in battle.

At the end of the 9th century, the warlike Normans enthusiastically embraced the idea of ​​conquering the Holy Land. An era has begun crusades, which had a huge influence on military tactics and weapons. The role of cavalry in European wars increased. The shape of the shield underwent significant changes, since the knight now needed protection not from frontal, but from side blows, since with the advent of new small arms, such as a crossbow, capable of piercing steel armor with its “bolts,” the importance of the shield as a means of protection from shooters decreased . It should be noted here that the mounted knights held the shield obliquely, which is why many artists depict the heraldic shield “couche”, that is, inclined at an angle between 25 and 45 degrees. So the height of the shield decreased and the shield eventually took on a shape known as a "heater". The classic "heater" has precise dimensions and is depicted according to a specific pattern.

Initially, the shape of heraldic shields repeated the shape of actually existing ones, and changed along with the development of weapons. But over time, the heraldry began to move away from the classical (plausible) forms. Wide possibilities for the imagination of artists were opened by the appearance of the “bouche” - a round cutout on the right side of the shield, which served as a support for the spear.

At least nine main forms of heraldic shields can be distinguished: “Varangian”, “Spanish”, “Italian”, “French”, “English”, “Byzantine”, “German”, rhombic, square. However, these “national” names are purely conventional, and in the description of the coat of arms the shape of the shield is not mentioned at all. The most convenient in terms of free space is the so-called French shield, which provides, in comparison with shields of more complex shapes, the maximum area for filling. This shield has long been used in heraldry as the main one. It is a rectangle with a base equal to 8/9 of the height, with a protruding point in the middle lower part and rounded lower corners.

The helmet is placed above the shield. The shape of the heraldic helmet changed over time, depending on fashion and improvements in armor. Gradually, rules were developed according to which the helmet was depicted in accordance with the title, dignity or rank of the owner of the coat of arms. This is what this system looks like in English heraldry. A golden helmet with a lattice visor, turned straight - for the coats of arms of sovereigns and princes of royal blood. A silver helmet with a gold lattice visor, facing heraldic to the right - for peers. Silver helmet with a raised visor, turned straight - for baronets and knights. Silver tournament helmet, facing heraldic right - for squires and gentlemen. The multi-part coat of arms of the princes of Barclay de Tolly-Weimarn was formed in the process of merging several noble families with their own coats of arms. An integral part of these coats of arms were also crests, which in certain cases were also inherited, which is why the coat of arms has five helmets with different pommels. It is easy to determine which part of the shield each of them corresponds to (we add that in this case the central helmet, unlike the other four, is crowned with a princely crown corresponding to the title of the owner of the coat of arms).

pommel

A pommel, crest or helmet crest is a decoration fixed to the top of a helmet, originally made from animal horns and bird feathers. This element was developed during knightly tournaments. It served as an additional identification mark by which one could recognize a knight in the general scrum of a tournament battle, since from a distance this figure was visible better than the coat of arms depicted on the shield. Crests were made of light wood, leather and papier-mâché, but over time they began to be made from more valuable materials. Crests did not immediately become an indispensable part of the coat of arms. In England, heralds in the 16th century legalized this element so that they could charge extra for it. Currently, crests are automatically included in new coats of arms. The helmet and crest should be turned in the same direction. The crest is attached to the helmet, usually together with a burlet or a helmet crown. The crest itself is a repetition of the main figure of the coat of arms, but can often be a separate, independent sign. Some of the earliest coats of arms do not have crests, as they were approved before crests came into fashion.

Crests should, if possible, match the coloring of the coat of arms, although this is not always observed.

According to the conventional classification, crests are auxiliary And independent.

Auxiliary crests completely repeat the image on the coat of arms. For this purpose, so-called panel boards And wings, providing an area often equal to the area of ​​the shield itself. Independent crests do not repeat the image on the shield, but in most cases they correspond to it in tinctures.

The main types of crests are as follows: 1. Horns 2. Wings 3. Feathers and flags 4. Natural figures (human or animal) 5. Artificial figures 6. Shield boards 7. Headdresses

There are two types of horns: ox horns, crescent-shaped, and bull horns, S-shaped. They are always depicted in pairs, protruding from either side of the helmet. Until the 14th century, helmets were decorated with sickle-shaped pointed horns, and later they acquired a more curved shape with sawed off ends. This is where the second type of heraldic horns came from - S-shaped, open, that is, having small bells at the ends, which makes them look like elephant trunks. They also resemble hunting horns, which has led some heraldists to confuse the two terms. However, hunting horns were sometimes depicted in the likeness of horns, in pairs, coming out on the sides of the helmet, with the mouthpiece up. Already on the earliest coats of arms, the horns are decorated with twigs, feathers and bells embedded in them; branches, feathers, etc. were stuck into the holes of the open horns.

The horns are colored in accordance with the coloring of the shield. Sometimes a minor figure from the coat of arms is placed between the horns: some animal, a human figure, some object.

Other types of horns are often found: the horns of the goat, the deer and the unicorn, the latter, always single, serrated and bent back. These horns are independent crests and do not bear the image of armorial figures.

Wings are usually depicted in pairs, and their position - straight or profile - depends on the position of the helmet. If the helmet is facing straight, the wings are depicted outstretched; on a helmet facing in profile, the wings are depicted parallel to each other, with sharp ends facing back.

On ancient coats of arms with pot-shaped helmets, the wings were depicted in a stylized manner, looking more like boards painted to resemble feathers or seated with individual feathers. With the development of heraldry and the departure from primitive Gothic forms, the wings acquired a more natural appearance.

The wings are painted in accordance with the coloring of the shield and, like the shield boards, sometimes completely repeat the primary and secondary figures depicted on it. Sometimes a minor coat of arms figure (such as a star or rose) is placed between the wings, depicted in the coat of arms itself.

There are three types of feathers - rooster, peacock, ostrich. They are depicted separately, in threes, in fives, etc., usually in the form of a fan.

Cocktails, depicted as a bunch of narrow long feathers of unequal length, are the most ancient. They are attached to the tops of headdresses worn on a helmet, or inserted into special quivers.

Peacock feathers are depicted both individually and in the form of a whole peacock tail, fan-shaped. The feathers have a natural coloring - green with yellow-red-blue “eyes”.

Ostrich feathers, which appeared in heraldry later than the previous two, are depicted separately, but most often in threes, curved at the top. Ostrich feathers have shield tinctures. If there is one feather, it is painted in several colors, or painted with the metal tincture of the shield; if there are three feathers, then their coloring alternates: metal-enamel-metal, or enamel-metal-enamel.

Feathers are often inserted into quivers that have a cylindrical, elongated or pointed bottom, painted with armorial figures in accordance with the coloring of the shield.

The feathers cannot be shown coming straight out of the helmet, so they always come out of either the quiver or the crown.

Natural figures (human and animal)

The most diverse and picturesque family is formed by crests bearing images of humans and animals. There are the following types of such crests:

1. Separate parts of the human or animal body. These are primarily heads, as well as full arms, hands and legs.

2. Torso or busts of humans and animals. This is primarily the upper part of the body with the head, neck and chest, but without arms or front legs (and the neck and chest are depicted unusually elongated, the neck bent back in the shape of the letter S).

3. Increasing figures. Unlike the above, this method involves depicting a figure of a person or animal from the waist up or below, with arms or front paws, as if growing out of a helmet.

4. Full figures of a person or animal. In this case, the figures are depicted as they are represented in the shield, although animals, such as a lion, are sometimes shown sitting on a helmet.

Artificial figures

Heraldry has big amount so-called non-heraldic figures, any of which can be transferred to a crest either separately or in combination with other figures, forming a complex structure. Particularly interesting are those crests in which, with the help of several figures, some plot is encrypted, repeating or complementing the image on the coat of arms.

Panel boards

Panel boards have a round, hexagonal or fan-shaped shape. They are large enough to fully reproduce the image on the coat of arms. The edges and corners of these boards are often decorated with tassels, bells, and feathers. The boards themselves are sometimes mounted on a cushion, decorated with tassels at the corners, which rests on the helmet.

Hats

The crown is placed on the helmet or, as in state coats of arms, directly above the shield (for example, the princely crown in the coat of arms of Liechtenstein). The crown in the coat of arms indicates the title of the owner of the coat of arms. There are many types of crowns, and any of them can be found in coats of arms, placed on a helmet, above a shield or above a mantle. The following types of heraldic crowns can be distinguished: imperial, royal and princely crowns, which are depicted in the coats of arms of monarchs and in state emblems (as well as in the coats of arms of administrative regions), symbolizing sovereignty; crowns of marquises, counts, viscounts, barons; noble tiaras; tiaras, miters and clergy hats; wall crowns, composed of fortress towers and walls, placed in city coats of arms.

The mantle (lambrequin, mantling), reminiscent of a whole or tattered cloak, is depicted in the form of matter attached to the helmet. The origin of the heraldic marking is described in the section “History of Heraldry”. The outer and inner surfaces of the mantle should be painted alternately with enamel and metal, and in modern heraldry it is customary to paint the surface of the mantle with the main color of the shield, and the back (lining) with the main metal of the shield. The last rule is considered to be artificially introduced into heraldry during the period when “living heraldry” gave way to “clerical” (“paper”). Thus, the principles of classical heraldry will not be violated if:
a) the surface of the basting will be metal, and the lining will be enamel;
b) the color of the mantle will not match the color of the coat of arms.

The mantle can be painted using furs. Sometimes the mantle is covered with shield figures embroidered on its surface, and sometimes the surface of the mantle is dotted with small non-heraldic figures, for example, linden leaves, stars, hearts, etc.

If two, three or more helmets are used in the coat of arms, each of them must have a personal inscription. The mantle can be painted not in two, but in four colors (especially when the shield is made up of two coats of arms). In this case, the right side of the mantle is painted in the colors of the more honorable part of the coat of arms - the right, and the left - in the colors of the left part of the coat of arms.

Three types of helmet markings can be distinguished, each of which corresponds to a specific period in the development of heraldry.

The mantle (mantling, lambrequin) is a traditional part of the monarch's ceremonial attire. In heraldry, this attribute of sovereignty is present in the coats of arms of monarchs and sovereigns, as well as representatives of the highest aristocracy. The heraldic mantle can be seen as a piece of clothing, but probably also as a reminder of the tent in which the knight rested and changed clothes during the tournament, and of the tents in which the crusaders sheltered their weapons and armor from the weather during military campaigns. The robe is usually depicted as purple, lined with ermine and tied at the corners with gold cords and tassels. On some large state emblems (for example, on the large coat of arms of the Russian Empire), a canopy is depicted on top of the mantle - a round tent made of the same material.

Shield holders

Shield holders are the figures located on the sides of the shield and supporting it. As a rule, these are the same heraldic animals - lions, eagles, griffins, unicorns, or human figures - savages with clubs, angels or warriors. However, shield holders may not be taken from classical heraldry, but act as independent symbols of something. For example, in many state emblems of relatively young countries in Africa, Asia and America, the shield holders are the most characteristic representatives of the local fauna - kangaroos, ostriches (Australia), antelopes, tigers, zebras. The choice of shield holders for the coat of arms is not limited by any special rule of heraldry, although in Russian heraldry, which is thoroughly clerical, it is accepted that only representatives of the highest aristocracy can have shield holders. In Western heraldry, the same principle applies to shield holders as to mottos - they can be changed at the request of the owner of the coat of arms.

Coat of arms of the Austrian lands of the Austrian Empire (drawing by H. Streul)

Base

The base is the platform on which the shield holders stand and on which the entire coat of arms is located. It could be a hill or lawn, as on the coat of arms of Great Britain, an ice floe, as on the coat of arms of Iceland, a carved slab, as on the coats of arms of Greece and Sweden, a mountain, as on the coat of arms of Malawi, or an island in the sea, as on the coat of arms of Malta. The base can also be a fancifully curved branch, similar to a detail of a cast-iron lattice, as on the coat of arms of the princes Barclay de Tolly-Weimarn. The base is not a mandatory element of the coat of arms; it is often served by a motto ribbon. Shield holders must always stand on a base, no matter what shape it may be. The only exceptions are shield holders floating in the air, that is, flying angels.

The motto is a short saying, usually written on a ribbon at the bottom of the shield. Sometimes mottos are placed in the coat of arms without a ribbon; if the shield is round, the motto is usually written around the shield. Obviously, the basis for the motto could originally have been a knight's war cry (such as "Crom boo", the motto of the Dukes of Fitzgerald, meaning "Crom (the old ancestral castle) forever!"), but the motto could be a short statement reminiscent of something important historical event. or expressing the creed of the owner of the coat of arms. The text of the motto can be encrypted and understandable only to initiates. In Western heraldry, it was customary to write mottos in Latin, although this rule is not mandatory. The meaning of some ancient mottos is generally impossible to understand - either history has not preserved data about the events that the motto spoke about, or due to various circumstances the phrase was distorted and errors crept into it. The motto is not a mandatory and permanent part of the coat of arms, so the owner can change it at will. When drawing up new coats of arms, the motto is always included in their design. In state monarchist coats of arms, the motto is sometimes placed on the canopy - a tent located above the mantle. The colors of the ribbon and letters must match the primary colors and metals of the coat of arms. Here are examples of heraldic mottos. "God is with us" - state motto of the Russian Empire. "Gott mit uns" (German) - German imperial state motto of similar content. "Dieu et mon droit" (French) - "God and my right" - Great Britain's motto... "Dieu protege la France" (French) - old French motto "God bless France" .
On the modern French coat of arms are the words:
"Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite" (French) - "Freedom equality Brotherhood" . "Je maintiendrai" (French) - "I'll save it" - The Netherlands.. "Nihil sine Deo" (lat.) - "Nothing without God" - Romania.. "L"union fait la force" (French) - "Unity gives strength" - Belgium. "Providentiae memor" (lat.) - "I remember predestination" - Saxony.

The following examples can be given from noble mottos. "Treu auf Tod und Leben" - the motto of the German counts Totlebenov, which plays on their surname -
"Faithful in death and in life" . "Labor et Zelo" - Latin motto of the Arakcheev counts - "With labor and diligence" . "Semper immota fides" - the motto of Count Vorontsov - "Loyalty is always unwavering" . "Deus conservat omnia" - the motto of the Sheremetev counts - "God preserves everything" . "Honor and Loyalty" - the motto of the Most Serene Princes of Warsaw, Counts Paskevich-Erivan.

The motto ribbon is usually located at the bottom of the coat of arms, under the base or in its background (except in Scottish heraldry, in which the motto is placed above the crest).

Although flags are found in some large coats of arms, they are not a heraldic element. However, they are worth mentioning because of their close connection with heraldry.

Flags and banners have long been used as identification marks, clearly visible from a distance. They were indispensable on the battlefield, but also during knightly tournaments. With the development of military technology, tournament armor became so massive and durable that knights could abandon the shield as the main element of protection. In this regard, it was necessary to transfer the image of the coat of arms from the shield to the pennant, which replaced the shield with the coat of arms as an identification mark.

There are three main types of coat of arms flags: the actual flag (banner), standard (standard) and flag, or pennant (pennon).

Banner

The medieval flag, bearing the image of the owner's coat of arms, was a vertically elongated rectangle with a width to height ratio of 2 to 3. The edge of the flag opposite the flagpole could be equipped with numerous “tongues”, or one large “tongue” in the upper right corner (then called a “schwenkle” "). No one below the rank of Knight Banneret had the right to a flag (Knight Banneret is a now defunct ancient title that gave the privilege of leading his men under his own flag during battle, unlike Bachelors, lower-ranking knights who did not have a sufficient number of vassals, to gather them under your banner). The rank of banneret was inferior to that of the Knights of the Order of the Garter when it was awarded by the king in time of war, and in normal times it followed the title of baronet. The picture shows the royal banner of Scotland.

Standard

Thomas Howard	Henry Stafford (1475)
Ser Robert Welles (1470)	Ser Maester Guilford
Count Edmund Roos (1460)	Lord Robert Willoughby (1440)

The standard is a long panel, tapering towards the end and rounded. Moreover, the rounded end bifurcated if the standard did not belong to a prince of royal blood. The standard, the size of which varied from 11 yards (10 meters) for the emperor to 4 yards (1.5 meters) for the baron, was usually divided into three parts: the first contained the knightly or national coat of arms, the second - the armorial badge, and the third part - an image of its pommel (there were other options). These parts were separated by stripes on which was inscribed a knight's battle cry or motto. The color of the standard corresponded to the knight's family colors or the colors of his coat of arms.

During the battle, the standard served as a reference point for the troops. It did not show the physical presence of the commander-in-chief, but the location of his headquarters. The picture shows the standards of Sir Henry Stafford (1475) and Thomas Howard, a participant in the Wars of the Roses (from 1455 to 1485). The cross of St. George on the rise (the area near the shaft) shows the national (English) affiliation.

Checkbox (pennon)

It is a flag, or pennant, of medium size (about three feet or one meter), triangular in shape and attached to the shaft of a spear. Like the banner, it indicated the physical presence of the person whose coat of arms it carried. The smaller triangular flag was called a "pavon pennon". Shown here is a flag with a forked end - the pennant of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

The drawings of coats of arms and crests placed on the page were made by I. Louda.

Coat of arms (Polish herb, from German Erbe - inheritance)

emblem, hereditary distinctive sign, a combination of figures and objects that are given symbolic meaning expressing the historical traditions of the owner. G. are divided into the following main groups: G. state, G. land (cities, regions, provinces, provinces and other territories that are part of the state), G. corporate (medieval guilds), G. tribal (noble and bourgeois families ). G. is a specific historical source, studied by the auxiliary historical discipline of heraldry (See Heraldry). G. is depicted on banners, seals, coins, etc., placed as a sign of ownership on architectural structures, household utensils, weapons, works of art, manuscripts, books, etc.

The most ancient prototype of g. were totemic images of animals, patrons of a tribe or clan in primitive society (see Totemism). The beginnings of geography are seen in numerous symbolic images that existed among the peoples of the ancient world. The immediate predecessors of G. were tribal and family signs of property (“banners,” “borders,” “marks” among the Slavs, “tamgas” among the Turks and Mongols, etc.). The first symbols were emblems that were constantly repeated on coins, medals, and seals of the ancient world. Already in the 3rd millennium BC. e. there was a g. of the Sumerian states - an eagle with a lion's head; Also known are the snake of Egypt, the eagle of Persia (later it was also the coat of arms of Rome), and the crowned lion of Armenia. IN Ancient Greece were G.: owl of Athens, winged horse Corinth, rose of Rhodes, peacock of Samos, etc. The coat of arms of Byzantium was a double-headed eagle (later borrowed by Russia). In the Middle Ages, cities that have survived to this day arose: the red lily of Florence, the winged lion of Venice, the rook of Paris, the cross and sword of London, etc. In most Muslim countries, where religion forbade the reproduction of living beings, patterns were used for decoration, for example, the coat of arms of Samarkand ; three rings - Timur's coat of arms. In Rus', the cities of many cities had ancient historical roots. The lion - the coat of arms of Vladimir - was the symbol of the Vladimir princes from the 12th century. Coat of arms of Novgorod from the 15th century. symbolized the veche system (veche degree, i.e. tribune, and the mayor’s staff on it); in the 16th century The republican emblem was replaced by a monarchical one: instead of a degree, a throne began to be reproduced, and instead of a staff, a scepter. The coat of arms of Pskov - a lynx - was depicted back in the 15th century. on the republican seals and coins of this city. Coat of arms of Moscow - horseman, so-called. "rider", known since the 14th century. The coat of arms of Yaroslavl - a bear on its hind legs, and the coat of arms of Perm - a bear on all fours - are associated with the ancient cult of the bear, which for many centuries characterized these areas, judging by many archaeological finds. In a similar way, the coat of arms of N.-Novgorod - elk - is associated with the ancient local cult of the elk: in the 18th century. elk was replaced by deer. The coat of arms of Smolensk - a cannon with a bird of paradise on it - was minted back in the 15th century. on the princely coins of this city. The coat of arms of Kazan - a winged serpent - is explained by Tatar legends about the founding of the city in an area where the serpent reigned. The coat of arms of Astrakhan - a saber and a crown above it - is very similar in outline to the coat of arms of Bukhara (an arc and a flower garden above it); these cities clearly go back to a common prototype: in Bukhara in the 17th - mid-18th centuries. The Astrakhan dynasty reigned. The coat of arms of Vyatka - a bow and arrow - arose in connection with the ancient local veneration of arrows, which for a long time played a role in this city even in church rites.

G. noble families in Western Europe arose during the era of the Crusades (11th-13th centuries) and were caused by the need for external differences between knights clad in armor. G. were created directly from the elements that made up the knight’s weapons. Traces of this origin are preserved in the names of G. in German (Wappen), French (armes) and English (arms). Initially, the knight chose the content of the drawings on the shield arbitrarily. As the custom spread, the emblems became hereditary. The source of individual noble symbols were the emblems of ancient cities. In turn, some ancestral cities turned into the cities of feudal monarchies. When dynasties changed, elements of the state of the previously ruling dynasties often remained in the state government. Family G. bourgeoisie (without helmet and crest) appeared at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. in France, where for fiscal purposes the sale of G. was undertaken to representatives of the non-noble classes.

On a different basis, ancestral towns arose in Poland, where for a long time there were banners with ancestral signs, around which neighboring landowners united in case of military danger. The number of these banners was constant and every new person was assigned to one of the existing banners. These family signs (to a large extent common to all Slavic peoples) were subject to the rules of heraldry that penetrated from the West, and became the symbols of the Polish noble families.

In Russia, the first noble G. appeared at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries, but their widespread distribution began at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. after the destruction of localism. Under Peter I, it became a necessary accessory for a nobleman. From the end of the 18th century. The compilation of the “General Armorial Book” began the official codification of family clans. In the clans of ancient Russian clans, images were used on the seals of appanage princes and on the banners of lands and cities Ancient Rus'. G. clans, which considered their ancestors to come from abroad, were borrowed from Poland and other states. The documents of the newly granted nobles were drawn up in relation to their ranks and merits. In pre-revolutionary Russia, all provinces, regions, cities, city administrations, towns and fortresses had gargoyles.

The city of the Russian Empire took shape during the formation of a centralized state: it consisted of 2 main emblems: a horseman (“rider”) with a spear striking a serpent (from the end of the 14th century), and a double-headed eagle (from the end of the 15th century), which were placed on seals of the great Moscow princes and kings. The state g. under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (reigned 1645-76) was a double-headed eagle with raised wings under three crowns, with the Moscow G. (horseman) on the chest, a scepter and an orb in its paws. With the approval of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (1698), the shield with the image of a horseman began to be surrounded by the chain of the order. Under Catherine I (ruled 1725-27), the colors of the city were established - a black eagle on a yellow background, a horseman on a red field. In 1730, G.’s drawing was approved; in its description, the horseman was first named St. George the Victorious. From the 2nd quarter of the 19th century. the double-headed eagle began to be depicted with widely spread wings, thunder arrows and a torch intertwined with ribbons appeared in the eagle’s right paw, and a laurel wreath appeared in the left paw. By decree of 1832, the coats of arms of the kingdoms (Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberian, Polish and Tauride) and the Grand Duchy of Finland began to be placed on the wings of the eagle: then the number and location of the kingdoms and principalities changed. Since the mid-1860s. the horseman in Moscow began to be depicted according to heraldic rules - in right side. In 1882 the Great Russian Federation was approved. state g. with many heraldic details, but retaining at the base a double-headed eagle with the Moscow g. on the chest. After the February Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Government retained the double-headed eagle as the state emblem, but the eagle was depicted with lowered wings, without crowns, rider, scepter and orb. Under the eagle, in a cartouche (in an oval), there was an image of the building of the Tauride Palace, where the State Duma met.

On the state emblems of the USSR, union and autonomous republics, as well as on the state emblems of modern foreign states, see the articles State emblems of the USSR and State emblems of foreign countries.

Rus. armorials: General armorial of the noble families of the All-Russian Empire, vol. 1-10, St. Petersburg, 1798-1840; Lukomsky V.K. and Troinitsky S.P., Index to the General Armorial..., (part 1-18), St. Petersburg, 1910; Lukomsky V.K., Index to the General Armorial..., parts 19-20, [P., 1914-17]; Portraits, coats of arms and seals of the Great State Book of 1672, P., 1903; Winkler P. P. von (comp.), Coats of arms of cities, provinces, regions and towns of the Russian Empire, included in the Complete Collection of Laws from 1649 to 1900, P., ; Armorial of Anisim Titovich Knyazev, P., 1912; Troinitsky S.N. (comp.), Coats of arms of the life company of chief and non-commissioned officers and privates, [P., 1914]; Lukomsky V.K., Modzalevsky V.D., Little Russian armorial, St. Petersburg, 1914. See also lit. at Art. Heraldry.

A. V. Artsikhovsky, Yu. N. Korotkov, A. N. Luppol.

Rice. to Art. Coat of arms.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

Synonyms:

See what “Coat of Arms” is in other dictionaries:

Coat of arms, a; pl. s, ov... Russian word stress

coat of arms- coat of arms, and... Russian spelling dictionary

coat of arms- coat of arms/ … Morphemic-spelling dictionary

A; m. [Polish] herb from it. Erbe inheritance]. A distinctive sign, emblem of a state, city, class, clan, etc., depicted on banners, coins, seals, etc. State city Family city G. city. Seal with coat of arms. House with a coat of arms on... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Moscow. Approved in 1781. coat of arms From the 14th century. The coat of arms (emblem) of Moscow was an image of a horseman striking a dragon or serpent with a spear. This image is first found on the seal of the Grand Duke. Later the horseman was associated with St. George... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)

- (from German Erbe heir). Hereditary emblem assigned, as a distinction, to some state, city, famous noble family, and depicted on coins, banners, flags, seals, etc. for example, the double-headed eagle is the coat of arms of the Russian Empire... Dictionary foreign words Russian language

Coat of arms- St. Petersburg. The prototype of the city coat of arms emblem placed on the company banners of the St. Petersburg regiment in 1712, red cloth, in the upper corner of which, near the shaft, a flaming heart is depicted in gold under a golden crown and with... ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"

Coat of arms- (Polish herb, from German Erbe inheritance) a heraldic symbol of status (a definition introduced into scientific circulation by the staff of the State Heraldry P.K. Kornakov and M.Yu. Medvedev). G. are divided into state, land, corporate,... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Husband. a type of shield, with the image on it of signs assigned to the state, city, noble family, etc. Armorial, related to the coat of arms; wearing a coat of arms, in a brand, seal. Stamp paper, deed, with the state emblem, serving as... ... Dictionary Dahl

A permanent design is a sign of some feudal family or corporation, made in imitation of medieval defensive weapons in compliance with heraldic rules. The main parts of the coat of arms are: a coat of arms with an image; and the top... ... Financial Dictionary

Every country in the world has state symbols that contain deep meaning. The coat of arms of Russia, like the flag of Russia and the anthem, are among the main symbols of the country. Over the long history of these lands, it has changed more than once, been supplemented, and become the subject of heated debate and debate at all levels of political and public life. The Russian coat of arms is one of the most complex among the coats of arms of other countries.

Coat of arms of Russia - greatness and beauty

The modern Russian symbol is a beautiful heraldic shield, bright red, rectangular in shape with lower rounded edges. In the central part of the country's coat of arms there is an image of a double-headed golden eagle with wings wide open and raised upward.

In this case, the bird's heads are crowned with small crowns, and a third, larger one is placed on top; the crowns are connected by a ribbon. The eagle itself holds in its paws symbols of power: a scepter (in the right) and an orb (in the left). On the chest is another red shield, on which is an image of a horseman dressed in a blue cloak. The warrior has a silver horse and a spear of the same color, with which he strikes a black dragon.

Every detail of the Russian coat of arms has one or another symbolic meaning. Crowns are a symbol of sovereignty Russian Federation, both as a whole country and in its individual parts. The scepter and orb act as symbols of state power.

Similarities and differences between the coats of arms of Russia and Moscow

The horseman depicted on the coat of arms of Russia is often called St. George the Victorious, confused with the coat of arms of Moscow, which actually depicts this historical character. However, there are major differences between the two images:

• On the Russian coat of arms, the horseman does not have a halo, a symbol of holiness.
• The horse on the coat of arms of Russia has three legs, the fourth tramples the dragon, while on the capital's coat of arms the horse has two legs.
• The dragon on the Russian coat of arms is overturned and trampled upon by a horseman, on the Moscow one it stands on four legs.

That is, upon careful examination, one can note the difference not only in small, but also in significant details.

Long haul

Modern symbol Russian state has quite long story. In its main features it coincides with the official coats of arms of the Russian Empire, which were finally formed only by end of the 19th century century, are the Large Coat of Arms (1882) and the Small Coat of Arms (1883).

On the Great Russian Coat of Arms the shield was gold in color, a black eagle, imperial crowns connected by St. Andrew's ribbon. The capital's coat of arms with George was depicted on the eagle's chest. The Small Coat of Arms of the Empire also depicted an eagle with two black heads, and the shields of the principalities were placed on its wings.

Acceptance date: 30.11.1993, 25.12.2000

In a scarlet field there is a golden double-headed eagle, crowned with two golden imperial crowns and above them the same imperial crown with infulas, holding a golden scepter in his right paw, a golden orb in his left, having a shield on his chest, in the scarlet field of which a facing riding silver rider in azure cloak, striking with a silver spear a turned, overturned and trampled by a horse black dragon.

Official description in constitutional law:
The state emblem of the Russian Federation is a quadrangular red heraldic shield with rounded lower corners, pointed at the tip, with a golden double-headed eagle raising its spreading wings upward. The eagle is crowned with two small crowns and - above them - one large crown, connected by a ribbon. In the eagle's right paw is a scepter, in the left is an orb. On the eagle’s chest, in a red shield, is a silver rider in a blue cloak on a silver horse, striking with a silver spear a black dragon, overturned on its back and trampled by its horse.

Reproduction of the State Emblem of the Russian Federation is permitted without a heraldic shield (in the form of the main figure - a double-headed eagle with all attributes).

Since 2000, the saddle under the rider is usually depicted in red, although this is not specified in the description (but exactly this image is given in Appendix 1 to the Federal Constitutional Law “On the State Emblem of the Russian Federation”). Before this, the saddle was usually depicted in white.

Approved Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (#2050) “On the State Emblem of the Russian Federation” dated November 30, 1993; Federal Constitutional Law (#2-FKZ) “On the State Emblem of the Russian Federation”, adopted on December 8, 2000 by Resolution (#899-III) of the State Duma State Duma Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, approved on December 20, 2000 by the Federation Council and signed by the President of the Russian Federation on December 25, 2000.

Rationale for symbolism:
The coat of arms of the Russian Federation is based on the historical coat of arms of the Russian Empire. The golden double-headed eagle on a red field preserves historical continuity in the colors of the coats of arms of the late 15th - 17th centuries. The eagle design goes back to images on monuments from the era of Peter the Great. Above the heads of the eagle are depicted three historical crowns of Peter the Great, symbolizing in the new conditions the sovereignty of both the entire Russian Federation and its parts, the subjects of the Federation; in the paws there is a scepter and an orb, personifying state power and a unified state; on the chest is an image of a horseman slaying a dragon with a spear. This is one of the ancient symbols of the struggle between good and evil, light and darkness, and the defense of the Fatherland. The restoration of the double-headed eagle as the State Emblem of Russia personifies continuity and continuity national history. Today's coat of arms of Russia is a new coat of arms, but its components are deeply traditional; it reflects different stages of Russian history and continues them on the eve of the third millennium.

Where is the coat of arms of the Russian Federation depicted? On the most important buildings government agencies, on official seals and document forms, on official banners of the country, on banknotes, on state awards, on border pillars.

Slide 8 from the presentation "State symbols of Russia". The size of the archive with the presentation is 5407 KB.

Social studies 6th grade

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