International sanctions against the Russian Federation. Sanction - what is it? Sanctions against Russia

Economic sanctions against the Russian Federation have different roots, structures, mechanisms and goals. A distinctive feature of these sanctions is their targeted focus, i. restrictions are not imposed on the state as a whole, but on individual residents of the country: commercial structures and individuals.

Reasons for imposing sanctions against Russia

Key measures

Russian intervention in the situation on the Crimean peninsula in February - March 2014;

Russia's support for the unilateral declaration of independence of the Republic of Crimea;

The entry of the Republic of Crimea into the Russian Federation, which is considered as a violation of the territorial integrity of Ukraine;

Failure to comply with the terms of the Geneva Convention of April 17, 2014 Sectoral measures

"Moscow's support for the militias in eastern Ukraine";

"Failure to promote a peaceful settlement of the conflict in eastern Ukraine, as well as failure to promote access for international experts to the crash site of the Malaysian airliner."

The initiator of the imposition of sanctions with the aim of isolating Russia internationally was the leadership of the United States, under strong pressure from which, at the risk of incurring huge economic damage, the EU countries joined the sanctions. The sanctions were also supported by the G7 states and some other countries that are partners of the US and the EU.

In mid-March 2014, after Russia, contrary to warnings, recognized the results of the Crimean referendum, supported the unilateral declaration of independence of the Republic of Crimea and accepted its proposal to join Russia, the United States and the European Union, Australia, New Zealand and Canada put into effect the first set of sanctions. These measures included asset freezes and visa restrictions for individuals on special lists, as well as a ban on companies from sanctioning countries from supporting business relationship with persons and organizations included in the lists. In addition to these restrictions, contacts and cooperation with Russia and Russian organizations in various fields were also curtailed.

Then the expansion of sanctions (April-May) was associated with the aggravation of the situation in the east of Ukraine. The organizers of the sanctions accused Russia of actions aimed at undermining the territorial integrity of Ukraine.

The next package of sanctions was associated with the crash of a Boeing 777 in the Donetsk region on July 17, 2014, which, according to the leadership of a number of states, was caused by the actions of rebels supported by Russia.

Thus, the main reason for the imposition of sanctions was the actions of Russia during the crisis in Ukraine: the West considered that they threatened civil peace and the territorial integrity of Ukraine.

The sanctions lists were expanded more than ten times more, with the new defendants being mainly state-owned companies and entire sectors of the Russian economy. The last time the EU expanded the sanctions lists was on February 16. Five citizens of Russia fell under the sanctions, including the singer and deputy Iosif Kobzon, 14 residents of the East of Ukraine and nine militias. On February 18, Canada imposed sanctions against Rosneft.

As a result, more than 150 people fell under the sanctions - officials, businessmen, politicians, military and journalists. Assets are frozen, transactions and the issuance of long-term loans to the largest banks with state participation are prohibited: Sberbank, VTB, Vnesheconombank, Gazprombank, Rosselkhozbank and others. Supplies of equipment and technologies for the development of oil and gas fields have been banned in Russia, which, in fact, has suspended the modernization of the fuel and energy complex. Private companies have also joined the official bans. For example, ExxonMobil stopped 9 out of 10 projects in Russia.

The companies and scientific institutes connected with the defense industry fell under the sanctions. Suspended military cooperation between the US and the EU with Russia, including joint exercises, as well as restrictions on the export and import of weapons and defense industry products.

As a retaliatory measure, President Vladimir Putin banned the import of a number of food products from countries participating in sanctions against Russia.

If we analyze the sectoral structure of sanctions against Russia, we can find that they are directed against key ones, i.e. competitive sectors of the Russian economy: oil, gas, nuclear and military industries, as well as against Russian banking capital.

Since a huge share of Russia's exports is oriented to the European market, in practice, the imposition of sanctions means ousting Russian companies from the European market.

Vectors of imposed sanctions in the oil industry :

· Sanctions against Russian oil companies and their subsidiaries, as well as auxiliary companies in the industry.

· A ban on the export of oil production and refining technologies to Russia.

· Refusal of joint projects in the oil sector and investment of promising projects.

Vectors of imposed sanctions in the gas industry :

· Sanctions against Russian gas companies and their subsidiaries, as well as supporting companies in the industry.

· Refusal of joint projects in the gas sector and investment of promising projects.

The promotion of large business to foreign markets is most often associated with the promotion of banking capital to these markets. The strengthening of the positions of Russian business in the European market was associated with the expansion of Russian banking capital to the European market in order to support Russian export companies and the participation of Russian capital in major international investment projects. The financial reserves accumulated by the Russian Federation allowed Russian state and semi-state banks in the first years after the global financial crisis to begin acquiring foreign banking assets and expanding their branch network abroad. Moreover, many banks in Europe and the world found themselves in a difficult financial situation and were willingly sold.

The locomotives of the Russian banking sector have become semi-state banks - Sberbank of Russia OJSC, VTB OJSC [Vneshtorgbank], Gazprombank OJSC and others.

Sberbank of Russia: So far, he has managed to master the markets of 20 countries. In addition to Russia, open direct representative offices in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Germany (Munich), China and India. Acquired assets in Switzerland - SLB; Austria - Volksbank International AG, with a branch network in Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine; Turkey - Denizbank, with a branch network in Turkey, Russia, Austria, Cyprus. It is the largest commercial bank in Russia and Europe.

Vneshtorgbank [VTB]: The second largest bank in Russia in terms of assets, operates in the financial market of many countries, has representative offices in Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Angola, Great Britain, Singapore, UAE, Germany, France, Serbia.

Vnesheconombank: Since 2007, it has been a state corporation, the purpose of which is to provide and attract financial resources for the implementation of large investment projects, support for exports and servicing external public debt. It has representative offices in many countries, participated in the financing of major infrastructure projects (construction of the Ford Sollers plant, reconstruction of Pulkovo airport, construction of Olympic facilities in Sochi, support for projects and companies of Skolkovo, etc.).

Gazprombank: Industry bank, the third in Russia in terms of assets. Participates in the financing of major international projects in the oil and gas industry both within Russia and abroad [Europe, Asia]. In particular, it participates in the projects for the construction of the Blue Stream and Yamal-Europe gas pipelines, and in the development of the European GTS. It also serves companies in the engineering, chemical, nuclear and other industries. Represented in Russia, Switzerland, Armenia, Belarus, China, India, Mongolia.

Vectors of imposed sanctions in the banking industry :

· Freezing of Russian financial assets of individuals and legal entities.

Disable Russian banking structures from international payment systems.

· Reducing the client portfolio abroad.

· Restriction of access to investment projects.

· Restriction of access to external borrowings [credits].

· Restriction of financial freedom of Russian companies abroad.

· Other.

Countries that did not support sanctions against Russia [RF]: China, Brazil, India, South Africa.

Thus, all anti-Russian sanctions can be divided into two groups: political and financial and economic.

Russia's response to sanctions

The Russian response was asymmetrical - on August 6, Vladimir Putin signed a decree imposing a food embargo - a ban on the import of milk, meat, fish, vegetables, fruits and nuts from countries that have imposed sanctions against Russia. On August 20, lactose-free milk, dietary supplements, including vitamins and sports nutrition, fish fry and seed material for potatoes.

In the media, the embargo was assessed on the one hand as a chance for Russian agricultural producers (the most common promise is to fill store shelves with high-quality and useful products), on the other hand, as a factor that will lead to an increase in prices, since, despite investments in agro-industrial complex, dramatically increase production to make up for imports (30% pork, 60% milk, etc.), producers can not. In addition, many publicists "revived" the fears of empty shelves and the monotony of the assortment, forgotten since Soviet times, since sausages, cheeses and various delicacies were banned. The excited citizens were answered with a wave of notes in the federal media about cheese-making industries in Kostroma, Yakutia and Bryansk - where they mastered the technology of cheese production according to Italian recipes. There were also jokes about Belarusian salmon (Belarus has been processing Norwegian salmon for many years, the import of which was banned to Russia) and “black schemes” of food trade, for example, the import of goods to Russia through the countries of the Customs Union.

Consider the main retaliatory sanctions.

Sanctions	Status
Entry ban to a number of officials and members of the US Congress, as well as citizens of Canada, the EU, the US, Japan	Introduced since March 2014 For Japan since August 2014
Stepping up actions to create our own national payment system	March 27, 2014 President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin approved the creation of a national payment system in Russia
Import ban certain types agricultural products, raw materials and food	Introduced for 1 year from August 6, 2014 by Decree No. 560
Restriction of government purchases of light industry goods from foreign suppliers. These measures apply to all states, with the exception of members of the Customs Union	The decision comes into force on September 1, 2014.
Restriction of state purchases of cars, special equipment assembled abroad.	Introduced since July 14, 2014

August 6, 2014 Ban on the import into the Russian Federation of agricultural products, raw materials and food, the country of origin of which is the state that has decided to impose economic sanctions against Russian legal and (or) individuals or acceded to such decision:

♦ Meat and edible offal and products;

♦ Fish and seafood;

♦ Milk and dairy products;

♦ Vegetables, edible roots and tubers;

♦ Fruits and nuts;

♦ Prepared foods, including cheeses and cottage cheese.

The government of the Russian Federation excluded from the sanctions list:

♦ lactose-free milk;

♦ salmon and trout fry;

♦ seed potatoes, onions, hybrid sweet corn;

♦ biologically active additives.

Changes for operators of international payment systems (including VISA, Mastercard):

♦ Security contributions to the Central Bank, equal to two days' turnover;

♦ Penalties for:

Failure to make a contribution;

blocking bank cards Russian credit institutions unilaterally.

You can avoid making a contribution in the following cases:

♦ Processing localization in Russia

♦ Obtaining the status of a nationally significant payment system

"On the establishment of a ban on the admission of light industry goods originating from foreign countries for the purpose of making purchases to meet federal needs."

The restrictive list includes: fabrics, textiles, ropes, nets, outerwear, overalls, pullovers, cardigans, stockings and socks, underwear, furs, leather, suitcases, shoes and soles.

Bypass the ban

♦ Possible only if there is no corresponding production in the countries of the Customs Union.

♦ It is necessary to obtain an opinion from the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

"On the establishment of a ban on the admission of certain types of engineering goods originating from foreign countries for the purposes of procurement for state and municipal needs"

The ban applies to:

Vehicles of officials, public transport, as well as municipal and construction equipment.

Participation in tenders

Foreign manufacturers will have to:

♦ open production in Russia

♦ maintain the required level of production localization.

The level of localization will increase over the years. Now it is from 30 to 40% for various enterprises, and will have to reach 60-70% by 2018.

What conclusions can be drawn from the above.

“Much depends on the duration of the sanctions and on new targeted steps by the government to stimulate specific sectors of the economy.

While the situation is uncertain, I think that few investors and entrepreneurs will seriously invest in the development of production - rather, they will be engaged in schemes to circumvent restrictions.

“After the introduction of mutual sanctions, we decided to focus on working with the markets of the CIS members, primarily Belarus and Kazakhstan.

The adoption of sanctions has already had a negative impact on the Russian economy, as prices for euro- and dollar-dependent products began to rise due to the appreciation of currencies. Moreover, prices are rising for goods that were traditionally traded in the ruble zone. Negative dynamics is recorded throughout the year: a sharp increase in the cost of raw materials today has reached an unprecedented level of 16%.”

EU and US sanctions against Russia can be assessed in different ways, but their impact on the economic and political position countries cannot be recognized. What exactly did the Western countries do and how it threatens Russia.

For several months, the world hysteria has been going on, with the aim of fooling the Western man in the street and presenting Russia as a sort of modern monster, the enemy of the entire civilized world. With great fanfare, economic sanctions were announced, which, according to their authors, should punish and “reason” Russia.

A careful examination and analysis of the most announced sanctions and their consequences shows that no one really wants economic and political exacerbations, and the loudness of politicians is nothing more than a game for the public.

Reacting to the events in Crimea, the United States, the EU, Canada and some other countries loudly announced the imposition of sanctions against Russia. The promptly compiled lists consisted of persons who, according to the sanctions, were involved in the “annexation” of Crimea.

The Russians listed in them were declared visa restrictions and freezing of assets in the countries that imposed sanctions. Companies from these countries were also prohibited from doing business with individuals and organizations on these lists.

Here are some “terrible” steps for Russia taken by some countries:

Among a dozen more sanctions, the US banned the entry of State Duma deputy Elena Mizulina;
Switzerland has stopped the process of creating an FTA (free trade zone) with the Customs Union (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan). In addition to the above, three more positions of sanctions were introduced;
Ukraine turned out to be more modest: due to biased coverage of Ukrainian events, it was announced that the Rossiya TV channel would stop broadcasting on its territory. In addition, another sanction was introduced;
Canada, among the eight sanctions adopted, decided to expel all Russian military from its territory;
Latvia has especially gone to great lengths: among the 13 items of sanctions, a restriction on the stay of Russians on its territory up to 90 days has been introduced.

A landmark reaction to the listed sanctions was the comment of the President of Russia V.V. Putin, in which he said that, for all the difference between Russians and Europeans, they have the same fundamental interests. For a united Europe to take its rightful place in the world, it is necessary to unite efforts, and not move away from each other.

Which organizations have imposed anti-Russian sanctions

So, in response to Russia's foreign policy actions in Crimea, a number of countries introduced sanctions, including visa restrictions and a ban on business contacts with certain Russian companies.

What political institutions of the EU, the US and other countries have joined the sanctions in response to Russian actions in Crimea, and what measures have they taken against Russia?

OECD ( Economic Cooperation Organization from English. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD ) is an economic organization of advanced economies that recognize democratic principles and the priorities of a free market economy.

The OECD Governing Council decided to suspend the admission of Russia to its ranks and expand cooperation with Ukraine.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a military-political bloc that includes the United States, Canada and most EU countries. Founded April 4, 1949. Founded in the USA to counter the influence of the USSR on European countries.

NATO adopted the following sanctions against Russia:

Joint military missions with Russia, as well as military and civilian contacts at all levels, have been suspended.
Frozen cooperation with Russia in the process of liquidation chemical weapons Syria. Russia is actually withdrawn from this process.
All contacts, except for the interaction of ambassadors and above, between NATO and the Russian Federation have been terminated.
The NATO Parliamentary Assembly has stopped contacts with the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
Employees of the Russian mission to NATO are deprived of free access to its headquarters. The exception is the ambassador, his deputies and two assistants.

EU (European Union) is an economic and political union of 28 European countries. It was legally formalized in 1992 by the Maastricht Treaty and entered into force on November 1, 1993.

The EU imposed the following sanctions on Russia:

In early March 2014, the EU suspended negotiations to ease the visa regime for Russians.
In mid-March of the same year, a list of Russian and Crimean politicians and functionaries (individuals) was published who are prohibited from entering the EU or transiting through its territory. In addition, all economic assets owned or controlled by these individuals have been frozen.
On March 20, 2014, the EU-Russia summit, which was planned for June of the same year, was canceled.
On March 21, 2014, due to the escalation of the confrontation in Crimea, the list of those subject to sanctions was expanded by 12 persons, including the head of the Rossiya Segodnya agency, D. Kiselyov.
On March 25, 2014, the EU banned its embassies in Russia from issuing all types of visas to residents of Crimea.
In mid-April 2014, the European Parliament decided to recommend abandoning the construction of the South Stream gas pipeline to all countries participating in the project.
At the end of April 2014, the list of people under sanctions was expanded by another 15 people.

Council of Europe - international organization to promote the development of standards of law, democracy, human rights, legality and contacts in the field of culture. It was founded in 1949 and includes 47 states with a population of more than 800 million people.

The Council of Europe canceled all events in Russia, the Russian delegation lost the right to vote with a ban on its representatives from occupying leadership positions in PACE (parliamentary assembly). Until the end of 2014, Russian representatives are prohibited from participating in PACE observer missions.

eurocontrol(Eng. Eurocontrol) is a public organization for the safety of air navigation in Europe, formed in 1960. Designed to organize air traffic throughout Europe. Includes 40 member states, headquartered in Brussels.

Eurocontrol banned flights to Crimea and flights within the air borders of Crimea.

big eight(eng. Group of eight, G8) is an informal club of the governments of Great Britain, Germany, USA, Canada, Italy, France, Japan and Russia.

The members of the club suspended Russia's participation in the G8 along with preparations for the June meeting of the heads of the G8 countries in Sochi.

Which countries have imposed sanctions against Russia

In addition to international organizations, individual countries have also imposed various sanctions on Russia for the events in Crimea.

Australia canceled government visits to Russia, and also froze the accounts and banned the entry of eight Russians and four Ukrainians who played key roles in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict.
Albania entered the group of European countries that announced sanctions against Russia.
Bulgaria dismantled the South Stream pipeline laid across its territory.
United Kingdom stopped deliveries of military products to Russia and canceled joint exercises of the armed forces.
Germany ceased military cooperation with Russia: the implementation of military contracts worth up to 1 billion dollars, the export of military products to Russia, the sale of satellite technologies. The intergovernmental consultations "Petersburg Dialogue" have been terminated.
Iceland joined the package of EU sanctions against Russia.

Canada, given the presence of a powerful Ukrainian diaspora, it was among the leaders in terms of the number of sanctions against Russia. She stopped all military interaction with Russia, expelled the Russian military from the country, closed visas and froze the assets of Russian and Crimean officials.

The Canadian government imposed sanctions against Joint Stock Bank Rossiya, Chernomorneftegaz, Expobank and Rosenergobank. In fact, the Canadians have stopped cooperation with Russia on the problems of the Arctic, joint space programs. On suspicion of activity, the deputy military attache of the Russian embassy was expelled from Canada, and several Russian officials were personally sanctioned.

Canadian sanctions in almost all positions repeat the sanctions imposed by the United States.

Latvia ceased military cooperation with the Russian Federation and banned the broadcasting of the Rossiya channel on its territory.
Moldova issued sanctions against Russia along with the EU countries.
Netherlands interrupted cooperation with Russia in the military sphere.
Norway interrupted military cooperation with Russia, acceded to EU sanctions and interrupted the process of creating an FTA with the Customs Union.
New Zealand interrupted negotiations on the creation of an FTA with the Customs Union and recalled the Minister of Trade from Moscow.
Poland canceled the forum of regions with the Russian Federation, and the Polish post office stopped delivery for residents of Crimea.

USA On March 4, 2014, they stopped investment and military cooperation with the Russian Federation, canceled negotiations and conferences. On March 17, Barack Obama signed a decree imposing sanctions on certain Russian officials to freeze accounts and ban entry.

Among those sanctioned are senior officials of the Russian legislative, representative and executive authorities of Russia. Already on March 20, 2014, the list was significantly expanded and sanctions were additionally imposed against Rossiya Bank, in which the closest associate of President V. Putin has assets - Y. Kovalchuk, the Rotenberg brothers, G. Timchenko, etc. March 27, 2014 2009, cooperation between the United States and the Russian Federation in the field of drug control was terminated and the export of “potentially dangerous” products to the Russian Federation was stopped.

The list of US sanctions against Russia and the suspension of contacts between various organizations covers a wide variety of areas: law enforcement contacts, cooperation in space and missile defense, energy systems, etc.

In April 2014, the list of Russian and Crimean officials and businessmen who fell under the sanctions was expanded by another 14 people. At the same time, sanctions were imposed against another 17 Russian companies. The United States has stopped deliveries to Russia of high-tech products that can be used in the defense industry, and previously issued licenses have been cancelled.

Company sanctions

The list of companies and banks under sanctions is very wide. Of the most famous - banks "Russia", "Sobinbank", payment cards which (Visa and MasterCard) are no longer served anywhere in the world.

Companies associated with the president's inner circle (Stroygazmontazh, LLC AquaNika, LLC Transoil, LLC Avia Group Nord, CJSC Zest, InvestCapitalBank, Stroytransgaz Holding, LLC Avia Group, Sobinbank, Sakhatrans , SMP Bank, Stroytransgaz, Stroytransgaz LLC, Stroytransgaz OJSC, Stroytransgaz-M LLC, IC Abros and Volga Group) also came under sanctions.

The assets of these companies have been frozen, exports to the US have effectively ceased, and licenses to import from the US will most likely not be issued.

Sanctions from other countries

Ukraine fully acceded to the EU sanctions against the Russian Federation. Broadcasting on its territory of the Russian TV channels NTV Mir, Vesti, Channel One was banned. World Wide Web”, “Russia 24”, “RTR Planet”, military supplies to Russia were frozen, water supply to the Crimean Canal was stopped. More than a hundred Russian officials are deprived of the opportunity to enter the territory of Ukraine, and the entry of men aged 16-60 is also not allowed.
France intends to terminate the agreement on the construction of Mistral helicopter carriers, and also suspended almost completely military cooperation with Russia.
Switzerland stopped the creation of an FTA with the Customs Union, harmonized EU sanctions with its own policy towards Russia, confirmed European visa restrictions for its territory, and suspended defense cooperation with Russia. 33 Russian officials who fell under EU sanctions are deprived of the opportunity to conduct financial transactions in Switzerland, introduced and then expanded their own sanctions list.
Sweden froze cooperation with the Russian Federation in the military field.
Montenegro joined the EU sanctions against Russia.
Czech Republic banned the state postal service from delivering parcels and other correspondence to Crimea.
Estonia froze the assets of a number of Russian officials and companies.
Japan curtailed negotiations on visa facilitation, suspended investment agreements, interrupted joint activities in the military sphere and aeronautics. The issuance of visas to several dozen officials and other persons has been stopped.

As you can see, the list of sanctions against Russia is more than impressive. In the conditions of the global economy, the limitation of the possibility of lending to basic industries cannot but affect the state of the Russian economy as a whole.

The need to repay loans to the main Russian debtors of Western financial institutions is already putting pressure on the Russian budget due to the need to allocate significant funds to maintain their solvency. The termination of cooperation in the energy sector calls into question the development of promising oil and gas fields on the Arctic shelf, and the refusal to cooperate in the military sphere can significantly reduce the export of Russian weapons.

It cannot be said that the West is not interested in cooperation with Russia. In the German economy alone, about 400 thousand people are employed at enterprises working under German-Russian contracts. The economic feasibility of cooperation is shattered by the political ambitions of the parties, which suffer mutual losses.

It is difficult to predict whether a way out of this impasse will be found in the near future. In any case, it seems clear to the parties that further aggravation of relations will seriously affect the economies of the countries, cause a drop in living standards and serious social upheavals.

Montenegro, Iceland, Albania, Norway and Ukraine joined the individual EU sanctions adopted on March 17 and extended on March 21.

On April 12, Canada imposed sanctions on the head of election commission Sevastopol Valery Medvedev and his colleague from the election commission of the Crimea Mikhail Malyshev, as well as in relation to the oil and gas company "Chernomorneftegaz".

On April 28, the US authorities again expanded the sanctions list to include seven more Russian citizens and 17 companies. White House press secretary Jay Carney explained this by saying that Russia "did nothing to comply with the Geneva obligations." Carney also accused Moscow of involvement in the violence in eastern Ukraine. The sanctions affected Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak, the head of Rosneft Igor Sechin, and the first deputy head of the Kremlin administration Vyacheslav Volodin. The list also includes presidential envoy to the CFD Oleg Belaventsev, head of the FSO Yevgeny Murov, head of Rostec Sergey Chemezov and head of the State Duma Committee on International Affairs Alexei Pushkov.

On the same day, April 28, the decision to expand the sanctions list was made by the European Union, and on April 29 the names of those on the list were published. The EU expanded the sanctions list by another 15 people. It included Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak, Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Valery Gerasimov, Chief of the GRU Igor Sergun, Permanent Representative of the President of Russia in Crimea Oleg Belaventsev, Head of the Ministry for Crimean Affairs Oleg Savelyev, State Duma Vice Speaker Lyudmila Shvetsova, State Duma Vice Speaker Sergei Neverov , Acting Governor of Sevastopol Sergey Menyailo, Senator in the Federation Council from Crimea and Sevastopol Olga Kovatidi, representative of the Luhansk militia German Prokopiev, People's Governor of the Lugansk region Valery Bolotov, leaders of the so-called Donetsk People's Republic Andrey Purgin and Denis Pushilin, Deputy Head of the People's Militia of Donbass Sergey Tsyplakov, Igor Strelkov, head of the people's defense of Donbass in Slavyansk.

Canada's sanctions list includes State Duma deputies Vladimir Zhirinovsky and Alexei Pushkov, First Deputy Head of the Kremlin Administration Vyacheslav Volodin, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak, member of the State Duma Committee on International Affairs Alexander Babakov, presidential envoy to the Crimean Federal District Oleg Belaventsev, head of the FSO Yevgeny Murov , as well as the Rotenberg brothers.

The list of companies includes Expobank and Rosenergobank.

Japan imposed additional sanctions against 23 government officials of the Russian Federation who could be involved in the violation of the sovereignty of Ukraine. The names of the officials were not released.

The Swiss authorities have expanded the list of persons subject to financial restrictions by 15 people in response to the expanded list of the EU.

The Prime Minister of Canada said that sanctions are being imposed against 16 Russian "subjects" and apply to the following Russian banks and legal entities: InvestCapitalBank, Sobinbank, Northern Sea Route Bank, Aquanika, LLC Avia Group, LLC Avia Nord Group, ZEST CJSC, Sakhatrans LLC, Stroygazmontazh LLC, Abros Investment Company LLC, Volga Group, Stroytransgaz Holding and its four subsidiaries.

The EU Foreign Affairs Council has included 13 more people on the list of EU sanctions against those responsible, in its opinion, for destabilizing the situation in Ukraine. The list includes the first deputy head of the Kremlin administration Vyacheslav Volodin, the commander of the Airborne Forces Colonel-General of Russia Vladimir Shamanov and the head of the State Duma Committee on constitutional legislation and state building Vladimir Pligin. In addition, Crimean prosecutor Natalya Poklonskaya, Sevastopol prosecutor Igor Shevchenko, acting. Head of the Federal Migration Service of Russia for the Republic of Crimea Petr Yarosh, acting Head of the Sevastopol Migration Service Oleg Kozyur. The EU also decided to freeze the assets of two companies from Sevastopol and Crimea - Feodosia and Chernomorneftegaz.

Canadian authorities have announced additional sanctions against six Russian citizens and six Ukrainian supporters of federalization. The list of sanctions from the Russian side included: Chief of the Russian General Staff Valery Gerasimov, Commander of the Armed Forces of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic Igor Girkin (Strelkov), Acting Governor of Sevastopol Sergei Menyailo, State Duma Vice Speakers Sergei Neverov and Lyudmila Shvetsova, Russian minister for Crimean Affairs Oleg Savelyev, 1st member of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation from the executive branch of the Republic of Crimea Olga Kovatidi.

The Swiss authorities have expanded the list of persons subject to financial and visa restrictions by 13 people in response to the expanded list of the EU.

Montenegro, Iceland, Albania, Liechtenstein and Norway have joined the implementation of the new EU sanctions lists.

Australia has imposed financial sanctions against 50 Russians and 11 companies because of the situation in Ukraine. Earlier, in March, the Australian authorities announced imminent sanctions against 12 Russian and Ukrainian officials.

The Australian government has decided to extend sanctions to 38 more individuals and impose restrictions on 11 companies. The names of those included in the "black lists" were not indicated then.

Regarding Advisor to the President of the Russian Federation Sergei Glazyev, Head of the Federation Council Valentina Matvienko, Senator Andrei Klishas, State Duma Speaker Sergei Naryshkin, Deputies Elena Mizulina and Alexei Pushkov, Deputy Prime Ministers Dmitry Rogozin and Dmitry Kozak, aides to the President of the Russian Federation Vladislav Surkov, Vladimir Kozhin and Andrei Fursenko, the head of the presidential administration of the Russian Federation Sergey Ivanov, the first deputy head of the Kremlin administration Vyacheslav Volodin and Alexei Gromov, acting. Head of Crimea Sergey Aksenov, businessmen Yuri Kovalchuk, Arkady and Boris Rotenberg, Gennady Timchenko, head of Russian Railways Vladimir Yakunin, as well as a number of leaders of the unrecognized DPR and LPR. The list also includes the Bank of Russia, InvestCapitalBank, SMP Bank, Stroygazmontazh LLC, Avia Group Nord LLC, Stroytransgaz Group, Volga Group, Chernomorneftegaz, as well as other companies and individuals.

Canada has imposed additional economic sanctions and a ban on entry into the country for 11 citizens of the Russian Federation.

Washington synchronized its sanctions list with the European one. US imposes visa and financial restrictions on vice speaker Russian State Duma Sergei Neverov, Federal Minister for Crimean Affairs Oleg Savelyev, as well as Prime Minister of the self-proclaimed Donetsk Republic Alexander Borodai, who previously fell under EU sanctions. In addition, US sanctions have extended to the entire Donetsk and Luhansk republics and to Russian presidential aide Igor Shchegolev.

The American authorities are also in relation to a number of Russian defense and raw materials companies. The sanctions list includes Almaz-Antey Concern, Uralvagonzavod, NPO Mashinostroeniya and several structures of Rostec: Kalashnikov Concerns (formerly Izhmash), Constellation, Radioelectronic Technologies (KRET), Bazalt and Konstruktorskoe instrumentation bureau.

The largest Russian oil company Rosneft and Russia's largest independent gas producer Novatek, the oil terminal of Feodosia, as well as the Russian development bank Vnesheconombank and one of the country's largest commercial banks Gazprombank were under sanctions. Sanctions against Russian banks do not involve freezing assets, but a ban on receiving US loans for more than 90 days.

European leaders at their summit limited themselves to agreeing to expand the criteria for sanctions and only by the end of July to draw up a list of companies and individuals, including Russian ones, that will fall under targeted restrictive measures of the European Union.

Canada, following the United States, included a number of Russian defense and raw materials companies and banks in its sanctions list. Sanctions fell, in particular, on Gazprombank, Vnesheconombank and Russia's second-largest gas producer Novatek. The Canadian prime minister explained that the sanctions imply a cessation of lending to energy companies and financial institutions that were blacklisted.

15 names and 18 entities have been added to the EU sanctions list. Among them are FSB Director Alexander Bortnikov, Director of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service Mikhail Fradkov, Secretary of the Russian Security Council Nikolai Patrushev, Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov, Deputy Secretary of the Russian Security Council Rashid Nurgaliev, member of the Security Council Boris Gryzlov, FSB officer Sergei Beseda and State Duma deputy Mikhail Degtyarev . Among the companies are "Kerch Ferry", "Sevastopol Marine trade port", "Kerch Commercial Sea Port", the state enterprise "Universal-Avia", the sanatorium "Nizhnyaya Oreanda", "Azov distillery", the national production and agricultural association "Massandra", the agrofirm "Magarach" and the factory of sparkling wines "New World".

The US Treasury announced the imposition of sanctions against the Bank of Moscow, VTB and Rosselkhozbank, as well as the United Shipbuilding Corporation of the Russian Federation.

The EU has introduced new economic sanctions against Russia, which will be applied within a year. The European Union has restricted access to the EU capital markets for Russian state-owned banks. These are Sberbank, VTB, Gazprombank, Rosselkhozbank, and the state corporation Vnesheconombank, which are among the five largest credit institutions in the Russian Federation. The European Union has published a list of goods that cannot be exported for a number of projects in the Russian oil industry. It consists of 30 items, it includes, among other things, some types of pipes and drilling equipment. The restrictions included new contracts for the import and export of arms from the Russian Federation and for the sale of dual-use goods to Russia for the defense sector.

The European Union also includes the Russian defense concern Almaz-Antey, the low-cost Dobrolet airline flying to Crimea, and the Russian National Commercial Bank. The list includes Alexei Gromov, First Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of Russia, four Russian businessmen — Rossiya Bank shareholders Yuri Kovalchuk and Nikolai Shamalov, businessmen Arkady Rotenberg and Konstantin Malofeev, as well as two representatives of self-proclaimed people's republics in eastern Ukraine.

For investments in Crimea.

The Swiss government has expanded the sanctions list in connection with Russia's position on Ukraine and added 26 citizens of Russia and Ukraine and 18 companies to it. The list, in particular, includes: Prime Minister of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) Alexander Borodai, Director of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service Mikhail Fradkov, Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation Nikolai Patrushev and Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov.

On the same day, the Japanese government approved additional sanctions against 40 individuals and the Crimean companies Chernomorneftegaz and Feodosiya. The sanctions involve freezing the assets of ex-President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych, Acting Head of the Republic of Crimea Sergey Aksyonov, Chairman of the State Council of the Republic Vladimir Konstantinov, former Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Crimea Rustam Temirgaliev, Deputy Commander of the Black Sea Fleet Denis Berezovsky, ex-Governor of Sevastopol Alexei Chaly, ex-chief security services of Sevastopol Petr Zima, adviser to the speaker of the State Council of the Republic of Crimea Yuri Zherebtsov, senators from the Republic of Crimea Sergei Tsekov and Olga Kovitidi, head of the republican Central Electoral Commission Mikhail Malyshev, head of the election commission of Sevastopol Valery Medvedev, governor of Sevastopol Sergei Menyailo.

Petr Yarosh, head of the Federal Migration Service of Russia for the Republic of Crimea, Oleg Kozhura, head of the Sevastopol department of the FMS, Natalia Poklonskaya, prosecutor of Crimea, and Igor Shevchenko, prosecutor of Sevastopol, were also targeted. The sanctions list also includes the commander of the self-defense forces of the proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic Igor Strelkov (Girkin), the ataman of the All-Great Don Army Nikolai Kozitsyn.

Canada has expanded its sanctions list against Russia to include 19 citizens of Russia and Ukraine, as well as five Russian banks. Among the Russian banks included in the list: Bank of Moscow, Rosselkhozbank, Russian National Commercial Bank and VTB Bank. A number of Russian security officials fell under the Canadian sanctions, in particular, FSB Director Alexander Bortnikov, Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service Mikhail Fradkov, member of the Security Council of the Russian Federation Boris Gryzlov, Secretary of the Security Council Nikolai Patrushev, head of the 5th Directorate of the FSB Sergey Beseda, head of the border service of the FSB of the Russian Federation Vladimir Kulishov, deputy Secretary of the Security Council of Russia Rashid Nurgaliyev, and State Duma Deputy Mikhail Degtyarev. In addition, the list included the governor of the Krasnodar Territory Alexander Tkachev, the head of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov, presidential aide and ex-head of the Ministry of Communications Igor Shchegolev, Russian businessman Konstantin Malofeev and shareholder of Rossiya Bank Nikolai Shamalov. The list also includes Crimean Interior Minister Sergei Abisov, one of the leaders of the self-proclaimed DPR Pavel Gubarev, his wife, DPR Foreign Minister Ekaterina Gubareva, speaker of the DPR Supreme Council Boris Litvinov and an employee of the LPR press service Oksana Chigrina.

In addition, several Crimean companies were included in the list: the Kerch commercial port and the Kerch ferry crossing, as well as the Massandra winery, the Novy Svet winery, the commercial port of Sevastopol, National Institute grapes and wine "Magarach", the airline "Universal-Avia". The list also includes the Russian airline Dobrolet and the United Shipbuilding Corporation.

The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Law "On Sanctions", which provides for the possibility of imposing more than 20 types of sanctions against Russia, including the termination of the transit of energy resources. the law was signed by the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, on September 12 the law came into force.

On September 1, Australia imposed a ban on the supply of arms and equipment for the oil and gas sector to Russia, the access of Russian state-owned banks to the Australian capital market, investment in or trade with Crimea. The sanctions list has been expanded to include 63 individuals and 21 companies and organizations.

In addition, Australia uranium to Russia.

On September 12, the European Union published a new sanctions list. Rosneft, Transneft, Gazprom Neft fell under the EU sanctions. The EU has banned the supply of dual-use goods to nine companies in the Russian defense sector, in particular, the list includes Oboronprom, the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), Uralvagonzavod, and the Kalashnikov Concern.

EU to European companies to provide Russian partners with exploration and production services for deep sea and Arctic oil, as well as for shale oil projects.

The European Union to loans from a number of state-owned banks of the Russian Federation and reduced the term of loans.

The deputies of the State Duma Svetlana Zhurova, Nikolai Levichev, Igor Lebedev, Ivan Melnikov, Alexander Babakov got into the new one.

The United States blocked the assets of five Russian defense companies accessible to American jurisdiction. The sanctions list includes Almaz-Antey (one of the world's largest manufacturers of air defense systems), the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (manufacturer of systems for combat aircraft and air defense systems), the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, the Kalinin Machine-Building Plant, as well as a company designated as "Research and production center in Dolgoprudny".

USA on access to the capital market for 6 Russian banks. The sanctions affect Sberbank, VTB and its subsidiary Bank of Moscow, Gazprombank, Russian Agricultural Bank, Vnesheconombank.

New US sanctions on Russian oil companies, including Gazprom Neft, Lukoil and Rosneft. In addition, the list includes Gazprom, Surgutneftegaz, Transneft, Rostec.

Canada announced the expansion of the list of sanctions against Russia. The new sanctions list includes Sberbank and five defense enterprises of the Russian Federation: the Research and Production Center in Dolgoprudny, the M.I. Kalinin Machine-Building Plant (MZiK), the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, and the Research Institute of Instrumentation named after V. V. Tikhomirov" (NIIP) and JSC "Marine Research Institute of Radio Electronics "Altair" (JSC "MNIIRE "Altair"). The list of persons who were banned from entering Canada, as well as possible assets were frozen, included Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Yuri Sadovenko, Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Dmitry Bulgakov, First Deputy General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces Nikolai Bogdanovsky and Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces Oleg Salyukov.

EU candidate countries Montenegro, Iceland and Albania, as well as Liechtenstein, Norway, members of the European Economic Area and Ukraine, joined the EU sanctions package against Russia on September 12.

The European Union included in the sanctions list of candidates for the November 2 elections of heads and parliaments of the self-proclaimed Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics and representatives of the leadership of the LPR and DPR. The organizations that fell under the sanctions were the public organizations of the DPR "Donetsk Republic" and "Free Donbass", from the LPR - "Peace to the Lugansk Region", "People's Union" and "Lugansk Economic Union". In total, the list contains 13 surnames and 5 public organizations. Those on the list are banned from entering the EU, and their assets in the EU are frozen.

The Japanese government has imposed sanctions on a number of individuals and organizations in the Donbass. In total, there are 26 people on the list, as well as 14 organizations.

US President Barack Obama has announced that he has signed a decree on new sanctions against Russia and the annexed Crimea.

The decree prohibits new investments by US residents in the Crimean region of Ukraine, the import of goods, services, technologies into the US from Crimea, as well as the export, re-export, sale and supply of goods, services and technologies from the US or by persons residing in the US to the Crimean region.

It applies to banks operating in Crimea, as well as to financial institutions that directly or indirectly carry out transactions with Crimea.

From the same day, the United States against 24 citizens of Russia and Ukraine, as well as a number of companies. Among those under sanctions is Konstantin Malofeev's Marshall Capital Partners fund. Also on the list of sanctions were a number of leaders of the Crimea and Donbass, as well as the biker organization Night Wolves.

Canada added 11 more citizens of the Russian Federation to the sanctions list. It included 10 parliamentarians, including the vice speaker State Duma and faction leader United Russia Vladimir Vasiliev, deputies Leonid Kalashnikov (KPRF), Igor Lebedev (LDPR), Oleg Lebedev (LDPR), Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Nikolai Levichev ("Fair Russia"), First Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Ivan Melnikov (KPRF), deputies Viktor Vodolatsky ("United Russia"), Svetlana Zhurova ("United Russia") and Vladimir Nikitin (KPRF). In addition, the list includes Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council Yuri Vorobyov, as well as the head of the representative office of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) in the Russian Federation Andrey Rodkin. Thus , the number of individuals who fell under Canadian sanctions has reached 77 people. New package sanctions also provides for restrictions on the export of technologies that are used in the oil and gas industries.

EU sanctions against the economy and tourism industry of Crimea came into force. In particular, ships providing cruise services are prohibited from entering the ports of Sevastopol, Kerch, Yalta, Feodosia, Evpatoria, Chernomorsk and the port of Kamysh-Burun. In addition, the EU has expanded by more than six times the list of goods and technologies prohibited from deliveries to Crimea and for use in Crimea in the areas of transport, telecommunications, energy and exploration, extraction and production of oil, gas and minerals. More than 160 items were included in the list.

Due to US sanctions, two international payment systems - Visa and MasterCard - have decided to suspend servicing cards of Russian banks operating in Crimea.

The head of EU diplomacy, Federica Mogherini, confirmed the extension of individual sanctions against Russia and Donbass militias until September 2015.

The European Union has published a new list of individual sanctions against persons whom the EU considers responsible for the destabilization of the situation in Ukraine.

Canada announced the introduction of new sanctions against 37 individuals and 17 organizations from the Russian Federation and Ukraine.

It became known that by decree 13660 of March 6, 2014, US President Barack Obama extended sanctions against Russia for a year.

Russian retaliatory sanctions

On March 20, in response to sanctions against a number of Russian officials and deputies of the Federal Assembly, the Russian Foreign Ministry published a list of officials and members of the US Congress who are denied entry to Russian Federation. The list includes nine people.

On March 24, in response to Canadian sanctions, the Russian Foreign Ministry published a list of 13 Canadian officials, members of parliament and public figures Canada, which closes entry to Russia.

On April 1, this list was replenished with 10 names, among them - the former Prime Minister of Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko and the leader of the "Right Sector" Dmitry Yarosh.

The official representative of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Alexander Lukashevich, said that Moscow has taken retaliatory measures to expand the sanctions lists from the United States, the EU and Canada, they are in many ways mirrored. At the same time, Russia will not publish the names of specific individuals against whom it imposes sanctions in response to the sanctions lists of Western countries. According to the Foreign Ministry, the people on the "stop list" will find out that they are on the Russian "black list" when they cross the Russian border.

Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov imposed sanctions against US President Barack Obama, President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso, President of the European Council Herman Van Rompuy, EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton and President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz. Kadyrov instructed to freeze their bank accounts and any assets, the listed politicians were banned from entering the Chechen Republic.

Russia has limited the import of a number of goods from countries that have imposed sanctions against it for a year.

On August 6, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree on the application of certain special economic measures for security. The corresponding list includes beef, pork, fruits, poultry, cheeses and dairy products, nuts and other products.

The List of agricultural products, raw materials and foodstuffs, the country of origin of which is the United States of America, the countries of the European Union, Canada, Australia and the Kingdom of Norway, has been approved.

Later, goods that, for one reason or another, are difficult for Russia to replace, were excluded from the list.

On August 11, the government of the Russian Federation limited government purchases of foreign light industry goods. According to the list of goods, foreign fabrics, outerwear and overalls, leather clothing, underwear, footwear, fur products and others are not allowed for purchases that are not related to the state defense order. The restriction does not apply to goods produced in the territory of Belarus and Kazakhstan and goods not produced in the Russian Federation.

Japanese Ambassador to the Russian Federation Chikahito Harada was handed a list of Japanese citizens who are restricted from entering Russia in response to Tokyo sanctions.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Anti-Russian sanctions were introduced after the escalation of the conflict in the south-east of Ukraine and the holding of a referendum on the status of Crimea. Initially, the United States and the European Union imposed personal sanctions against a number of politicians, banning them from entering their territory and announcing the freezing of their funds (if any) in Western banks.

Gradually, the list of these persons, as well as the types of sanctions and the number of countries that joined them, expanded. Russia responded with its own food counter-sanctions.

Three years later, we can say that Negative consequences Everyone felt the restrictions - both those who introduced them and those against whom they were directed. “We often repeat like a mantra that the notorious sanctions do not really affect us. They do. And above all, I see a threat in limiting technology transfer,” Vladimir Putin stated last October during the Russia Calling forum. This, by the way, damages not only the Russian economy, but the world economy as a whole, because the Russian economy is certainly an important sector of the global economy."

At the same time, experts note the positive effect of sanctions on a number of sectors of the economy.

Personal sanctions

Initially, the EU sanctions list included 21 people, the US - 7.

But the lists were constantly expanding and now under sanctions different countries there are 78 federal politicians, officials and military, 29 Crimean and Sevastopol politicians, 16 businessmen and four public figures.

Negative consequences. "The economic and political effect of personal sanctions is negligible. Of course, some may be afraid of falling into such a situation, especially if they connect their future and the future of their children with Europe or the United States through foreign assets. But these are personal stories, the effect is invisible across the country," considers Alexei Makarkin, vice president of the Center for Political Technologies.

positive effect. “Individual officials and businessmen can turn their entry into such lists into immunity, additional hardware weight and opportunities. Since he suffered for the national interest, then now you can’t touch him, on the contrary, you need to help,” Makarkin continues. In addition, sanctions contribute to the consolidation and "nationalization" of the elite, which is now increasingly tied to the country, including materially.

Financial sanctions

Negative consequences. The main problem is the ban on lending to Russian banks and companies in Western banks. This has drastically reduced the access of Russian business to "cheap" money. According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, if in 2013 Russian issuers raised $46.4 billion on the Eurobond market alone, in 2015 they raised only about $5 billion.

In European and American banks, it was profitable to refinance without diverting fixed assets to the payment of interest on old loans. As a result, companies could invest them in development. Experts from the Institute for Economic Forecasting (INP) of the Russian Academy of Sciences estimated in 2015 that "the Russian economy is forced to make up for $160-200 billion of missing borrowed resources." That is, this money must either be sought in Asian banks, which cannot be done quickly, or taken from our own working capital. As a result, money that could be spent on business development often goes to pay interest on old loans.

At the same time, the ban on lending to Russian companies also affected European bankers. Experts from the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences predicted "annual losses of European institutions of $8-10 billion" - we are talking about unreceived interest on unissued loans. A recent study by the Austrian Institute for Economic Research (WIFO), published in Der Standard, confirmed these figures even "overlapping": in 2015 alone, Europeans missed 17 billion euros in benefits.

positive effect. Russian business began to look for alternative ways and enter the Asian financial markets, which they often did not do before simply because of the habit of taking money from "convenient" Western sources.

For example, Gazprom in 2015 for the first time raised $1.5 billion from a consortium of Chinese banks, and last year agreed with the Bank of China on a loan of 2 billion euros. In early February of this year, US Rusal expressed its intention to place bonds worth 10 billion yuan ($1.5 billion) on the Shanghai Stock Exchange.

Russian companies have proven that they can find strategic investors not only in the US and Europe. An illustrative example is the sale of a 19.5% stake in Rosneft. Many analysts doubted to the last that in conditions when Western investors were forbidden to invest in Rosneft shares, it would find an investor at all. But the shares were bought by the international consortium Glencore and the sovereign wealth fund of Qatar.

Another positive moment: in response to attempts to limit the settlements of a number of banks in the Visa and MasterCard systems, the Mir national payment system was successfully launched in Russia.

Restrictions on the export of equipment and technologies

The United States, the EU and a number of other countries have banned the supply of military and dual-use goods to Russia, any cooperation of their companies with enterprises of the Russian defense industry, the supply of equipment necessary for the development of oil and gas fields on the Arctic shelf and in shale formations (drilling platforms, equipment for horizontal drilling, high pressure pumps, etc.).

Negative consequences. The most tangible for the Russian defense industry was the termination of military-technical cooperation with Ukraine.

Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin reported that Russia could not complete the construction of a number of ships for the needs of the Navy due to the suspension of supplies of Ukrainian gas turbine units. It is well known that frigates of projects 11356 (a series for the Black Sea Fleet) and 22350 (the newest frigate "Admiral Gorshkov") for the Russian Navy were equipped with Ukrainian engines today. The construction of a number of ships had to be suspended. The same applies to some other types of military equipment.

But the dependence of the defense industry on imported technologies is incommensurably less than in the energy sector. It is on the energy sector that the sanctions will have the most long-term and painful impact, experts at the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences say. According to their calculations, a slowdown in the development of new fields, under the most negative scenario, will lead to the fact that "by 2030 the volume of oil produced may be reduced by 15%."

Meanwhile, the Western economy is also suffering greatly from the embargo on the supply of equipment. " If we look at the drilling of oil wells and cooperation in this area, there are several billion euros worth of machinery and equipment left unsold due to sanctions," Deputy Secretary General European Commission Henrik Hololei.

In addition, if Russian oil production does decline, this will push up prices and "with current volumes consumption of oil and gas in the EU, this factor can lead to additional losses of $3 billion per year," the experts of the INP RAS note in their work.

Thus, the early lifting of sanctions in the energy sector is beneficial to both parties.

positive effect. Problems with imported, and, above all, Ukrainian components have sharply accelerated the implementation of the import substitution program in the military sphere. According to Dmitry Rogozin, within the framework of this program, production is being launched in Russia for 186 items that were previously produced in Ukraine.

According to the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, by the end of 2016, the enterprises of the Russian defense industry have fulfilled the plan for "Ukrainian" import substitution by 70-80%, and this figure will reach 100% in 2018.

Thus, the Rybinsk NPO Saturn will begin deliveries of gas turbine engines for warships in late 2017 - early 2018.

Another example is the engines for helicopters, which were supplied to us by the Zaporozhye plant "Motor-Sich". "These engines were created at the Klimov Design Bureau in St. Petersburg, then the design documentation was transferred to Zaporozhye, and serial production was established there. Now a serial plant has been built near St. Petersburg to produce such engines and, although it cannot yet completely replace Motor- Sich", the need for engines for our combat helicopters still manages to be compensated," says TASS military observer Viktor Litovkin

It is envisaged to produce in Russia about 300-320 engines per year for Mi-28, Ka-52, Mi-35, Mi-17 and Ka-32 helicopters. 250 of them are intended for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the rest - for foreign customers.

Problems with import substitution were also resolved in the Tactical Missiles Corporation (KTRV), the main manufacturer of Russian aircraft missiles.

"For example, there are air-to-air missiles that were designed at the Vympel State Design Bureau, and some components were Ukrainian-made. We created a new missile, its export version is called RVV-MD, on a completely domestic element base," the head notes. KTRV Boris Obnosov.

He noted that there was a similar problem with the Kh-35E anti-ship missile. Today, a new Kh-35UE missile with an extended range has been created, equipped with a Russian engine manufactured by NPO Saturn.

Food counter-sanctions from Russia

essence of the sanctions. In 2014, Russia imposed an embargo on deliveries to the country for "certain types of agricultural products, raw materials and food, the country of origin of which is the state that has decided to impose economic sanctions against Russia." The list includes meat and dairy products, vegetables, fruits, nuts, etc.

Negative consequences. At first, counter-sanctions contributed to the growth of inflation on food products. As a result, this was one of the factors that, for the first time in many years, double-digit inflation was recorded in the country - 11.4% in 2014, and in 2015 it was 12.9%.

The problem of product quality has become a little more acute. So, in 2015, the head of Rosselkhoznadzor Sergey Dankvert reported that the share of falsified dairy products (using vegetable fats) in Russia was 11%, and among some types of products - up to 50%.

However, Russian sanctions had the main negative effect on European agricultural producers. In 2015 alone, the export of food products from the EU countries to Russia decreased by 29%, European producers lost 2.2 billion euros in profits, and 130,000 jobs were at risk.

positive effect. "Positive effect (from the introduction of counter-sanctions. - Prim TASS), of course, there is,” says Andrey Danilenko, head of the committee on agro-industrial policy of the Delovaya Rossiya association, to TASS. - There are details, nuances, but in general, import substitution worked. Today we are one of the largest exporters of grain, we are largely self-sufficient in meat and milk."

According to the National Meat Association (NMA), Russia's self-sufficiency in poultry meat is currently almost 100%, in pork - 90%, in beef - 65%. The Cabinet of Ministers, in turn, believes that Russia provides itself with milk by 75%. Danilenko notes that "in terms of milk production costs, Russia is more competitive than the EU, the US and South America", but the industry is very hindered high price loans.

To date, the impact of food sanctions on inflation has also been minimized. At the end of 2016, it amounted to only 5.4%.

In early August, the United States published a Congressional bill imposing new sanctions against individuals and companies in the Russian Federation, as well as against public debt, which caused a panic in the currency markets. At the same time, the US State Department announced that President Trump has signed a ban on the supply of dual-use electronics to Russia, which will come into force on August 22. According to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the presented measures will not cause serious damage to the country's economy as a whole.

On August 8, 2018, the US Congress announced new US sanctions against the Russian Federation, which include measures of influence in various areas. The State Department did not stand aside either. He also announced the introduction of new restrictions.

*Congress*	*State Department*
a ban on the work of American citizens and on any cooperation with: state energy companies; oil producing and oil refining organizations.	a ban on flights to the United States carried out by Aeroflot aircraft
ban on entry into the United States, seizure of property and accounts of entrepreneurs and politicians close to Vladimir Putin	ban on export to Russia of dual-use components and electronic devices
individual restrictions for individuals engaged in illegal activities on the Internet and interfering in the political processes of America	Further downgrading of diplomatic relations

Who wants to impose sanctions against the Russian Federation

New sanctions against the Russian Federation are planned to be introduced by three US governance structures at once:

Congress;
State Department;
President Trump personally.

The most rigid and aggressive are the proposals of the Congress. The President offers a softer solution to the issue.

What are the new sanctions for?

The US Congress announced the bill "Protecting American Security from Kremlin Aggression", developed jointly by Democratic and Republican senators, imposing restrictions on work with state banks of the Russian Federation and external public debt. The basis was:

ongoing, according to congressmen, interference of the Russian Federation in the electoral process in the United States;
actions of the Russian Federation in Ukraine;
spreading chaos in Syria.

The State Department decided to impose sanctions because of the Skripal case, i.e. due to the use of chemical weapons by Russia.

Important! The State Department sanctions are not imposed at the request of President Trump, but under American law that provides for restrictive measures for the use of chemical weapons.

The Trump administration, for its part, is drafting an executive order imposing sanctions for meddling in US elections.

What sanctions are proposed

The U.S. Congressional Sanctions Bill provides for the following restrictions:

personal restrictions against Russian politicians and entrepreneurs who promote illegal activities on the orders of President Putin, directly or indirectly - a ban on entry, seizure of accounts and property;
a ban on cooperation with Russian oil companies, including the work of American citizens in them, as well as investments in;
individual restrictions will be placed on all individuals found to engage in illegal activities in cyberspace and interfere in US political processes.

As part of personal restrictions, American insurance companies are required to report to government agencies about individuals and companies from Russia purchasing in the United States. If Congress decides that this person is close to Putin, then the property will be seized.

Reference! This is not the first time that the United States has been trying to impose sanctions against the Russian public debt, but these initiatives have not yet been developed.

US State Department Sanctions:

a ban on the supply to the Russian Federation of components and electronic devices that have a dual purpose;
a ban on US aircraft;
decrease in the level of diplomatic relations.

Also possible complete ban for the export to Russia of American-made goods. However, there are exceptions - these are such areas of cooperation as space, i.e. the ban will not apply to electronic devices necessary for the development of the space industry.

President Donald Trump's executive order does not, in fact, introduce new restrictions, but only gives him permission to personally impose them, against individuals and foreign companies that spread disinformation and interfere in US elections. The President is given the right to impose restrictions on ten of the thirty largest companies in any state.

Important! To date, Congressional sanctions and Trump's Executive Order are just a blueprint. They may be subject to change. Only the first package of State Department restrictions actually comes into effect on August 22.

The timing of the imposition of sanctions

The State Department's measures are divided into two packages. The first, which will come into force on August 22, includes restrictions on the supply of dual-use electronics. The second package is planned to be introduced in three months, i.е. in the end of November. It can include all other declared measures of influence.

Effects

Russian Finance Minister Anton Seluyanov is sure that the new measures will affect, first of all, American investors, since the ban on the purchase of Russian debt bonds deprives them of a guaranteed stable income.

In connection with breaking news, Ministry of Finance and analysts provide three possible options consequences:

positive;
negative;
moderate.

According to the first, positive scenario, restrictions will be expanded only by adding new companies and individuals to the "black" lists. This will not cause any significant damage to the Russian economy, since this type of influence has been used by the Americans for several years now and everyone has already got used to it and adapted to it. It is this scenario that is considered the most probable. The explanation for this is simple: the ban on holding and buying Russian debt securities has negative consequences, primarily for the Americans themselves. Investors are in no hurry to sell Russian debt bonds. In addition, the Ministry of Finance in recent days has successfully placed another issue of securities in the amount of 15 and 25 million rubles.

Important! At the moment, the market is seeing an increase in quotations for Russian federal loan bonds. Of course, in connection with this, their yield decreased by 7%, but this is a confirmation of the demand for securities.

A moderate scenario for the development of events provides for the introduction of restrictions on public debt, but only on new issues of securities. In this case, American investors will have to be replaced. The Central Bank and the Ministry of Finance are already preparing for this option, but it does not imply a significant impact on the country's economy.

In the worst case, US sanctions on Russia's national debt will be introduced in full. This will entail:

release on the market in the shortest possible time of a large number of securities;
within 30%;
losses for holders forced to sell securities.

Analysts' expert opinion on the consequences of the introduction of new sanctions can be found by watching the video

According to Maria Zakharova, a representative of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Russia is preparing retaliatory “mirror” sanctions. They are being worked out and will be adopted depending on the actions of the United States.

What sanctions have already been introduced in 2018

Since the beginning of 2018, the United States and the European Union have already imposed sanctions against Russia.

Table 2. US and EU sanctions against Russia imposed in 2018

*When introduced*	*USA*	EU
January	expansion of the sanctions list introduced in connection with the events in Ukraine. Added 21 citizens of Ukraine and Russia and 21 companies
January	restrictive measures against politicians and entrepreneurs, as well as their families. The list includes 210 names and is divided into 4 parts: Administration of the President; oligarchs; cabinet of ministers; other political leaders
March	the sanctions list has been expanded: 13 people have been added, including representatives of the FSB and the GRU	expulsion of Russian diplomats from a number of EU countries in connection with the case of Sergei and Yulia Skripal
March	closing of the Russian Consulate General in Seattle
April	restrictive measures against politicians and entrepreneurs, as well as their families: arrest of accounts, entry ban. The list includes 38 people and 14 companies
April	extension for a year of the sanctions imposed in 2014 in connection with the conflict in Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea to Russia.
June		extension of the sanctions imposed in 2014 for another six months.